Professional Documents
Culture Documents
T T Sreekumar*
The member countries of World Tourism Organization A close look at the process of formulation of the Code,
(WTO) at its 13th General Assembly in Santiago, Chile however reveal that the role of the civil society has been
adopted the new Global Code of Ethics for Tourism on marginal. It was initially drafted by entities known to
1 October 1999. Acclaimed for its lofty goals and safeguard the interests of the industry and at the instance
coverage, the Code soon became the reference point for of CSD, a notional participation was elicited from mem-
debates on a wide spectrum of issues relating to tourism ber states and civil society organizations. This is not
such as sustainable development, equity and protection surprising given the fact that the structure and processes
of local cultures. The formulation of the Code was the of international consensus building often undermine the
culmination of a process of debates and deliberations essential principles of democratic debate.
within the global civil society as well as tourism indus-
try on the negative impacts of tourism on environment Nevertheless, if we consider the fact that the overwhelm-
and on cultural heritage and growing doubts on the ing demand for restructuring tourism practices had in
claims that tourism benefits the residents of tourism the past and present emerged from individuals and or-
destinations. ganizations of the global the civil society, it is remark-
able how hard it is to find their imprint in the text of the
According to the Secretary General of WTO, "the Glo- Code. WTO has in its turn tried to project that the Code
bal Code of Ethic for Tourism sets a frame of reference is a comprehensive document capable of addressing the
for the responsible and sustainable development of world complex web of tourism issues both in the developed
tourism at the dawn of the new millennium. It draws and in the underdeveloped world. According to them,
inspiration from many similar declarations and indus- the formidable challenge is in the implementation of the
try codes that have come before and il adds new think- Code and they refuse see any whiff of tensions or con-
ing that reflects our changing society at the end of the tradictions within the Code that could come in the way
20th century". He also describes the process of formu- of its easy acceptance and implementation. Hence, it is
lating the guidelines. The code was first called for in a suggested by the secretary General of WTO that it "is
resolution of the WTO General Assembly meeting in intended to be a living document. Read it. Circulate it
Istanbul in 1997. Subsequently, a special committee for widely. Participate in its implementation. Only with your
the preparation of the Global Code of Ethics was cooperation can we safeguard the future of the tourism
constituted. The Secretary-General and the legal adviser industry and expand the sector's contribution to eco-
to WTO in consultation with WTO Business Council, nomic prosperity, peace and understanding among all
WTO's Regional Commissions, and the WTO Execu- the nations of the world".
tive Council prepared a draft document. The United
Nations Commission on Sustainable Development meet- The civil society organizations at the local and global
ing in New York in April 1999 approved the concept of levels have been upholding an unequivocal opposition
the Code. WTO was also asked to seek further inputs to the processes and practices of mass tourism in the
from the private sector, civil society organizations and past decades which had resulted in the massive destruc-
labour organizations. The Secretary-General remembers, tion of local cultures, livelihood of Indigenous People,
"Written comments on the code were received from more deterioration in environmental quality and depletion of
than 70 WTO Member States and other entities. The natural resources, uneven economic gains, growth of
resulting 10 point Global Code of Ethics for Tourism - exploitative commercial sex, child abuse, trafficking and
the culmination of an extensive consultative process- an overall escalation of resource drain from the third
was approved unanimously by the WTO General As- world through under pricing as well as surplus extraction.
sembly meeting in Santiago in October 1999." The need for a code of Ethics in Tourism emanated from
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the urgency of combating these maladies as well as set- the code at the outset itself argues a case for understand-
ting new rules of the game for the industry practitioners. ing tourism as an instrument for peace. The preamble of
Nonetheless, it is surprisingly clear that the text of the the Code asserts, "Through the direct, spontaneous and
Code does not reflect the wide set of concerns and is- non-mediated contacts it engenders between men and
sues that triggered the demand by the civil society orga- women of different cultures and lifestyles, tourism rep-
nizations to set new rules. resents a vital force for peace and a factor of friendship
and understanding among the peoples of the world".
It appears that the Code was formulated simply to pro- While we have reports from the grassroots about the
vide legitimacy and to shore up the ailing travel indus- conflicts over resources and cultural practices conse-
try whose global operations still smack of the very same quent on the increased flow of tourists into relatively
nefarious practices condemned by the civil society. The quiescent regions of the world, the case for tourism as a
acceptance of the Code by 106 member countries have tool for peace or conflict resolution has been very weekly
not, according to reports from various local and global argued. Its role in mediating for increased international
organizations w o r k i n g the area of s u s t a i n a b l e understanding has never been worth considering. The
development, equitable tourism, trafficking and child geo-politics of the evolution of many of the tourism des-
abuse, resulted in any mitigation of the exploitative char- tinations is intertwined with economic aggression,
acter of tourism industry particularly in the developing occupation, colonization and war. As Eredric Jameson
world. When confronted by this contradiction, the offi- points out in his Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic
cial response is profoundly indifferent to the conflict- of Late Capitalism, "the underside of culture is blood,
ing and contradictory' nature of the text of the Code itself. torture, death and horror".
Instead these problems are often counted as emanating
from floppy implementation of the Code of Ethics. The Another major assumption of the Code of ethics is re-
failure of the respective national, regional or even local garding the free market economy and its benefits. The
governments in sincerely adhering to and implement- code looks at the issue of marketization from the per-
ing the Code of ethics is highlighted as the major reason spective of the industry and ignores the diverse views
for the continued ill effects of tourism in the third world. of local communities and the pangs of their integration
However in this discourse, the most important fact that into its fold. Hence it is argued, "World tourism indus-
is overlooked is the failure of the Code to reflect the try has much to gain by operating in a market economy
aspirations and concerns of the marginalized communi- and environment of free trade". The Code is callously
ties and political and economic questions raised by the insensitive to the enormous problems created as a result
civil society. As a consequence of this official indiffer- of the incorporation of local communities into the mar-
ence to the larger questions of development, redistribu- ket economy.
tion and ethics in the process of formulation of the Code,
there are at least two important aspects of the Code that As a corollary to this, and in gross violation of the posi-
calls for a critical reassessment of its usefulness. One tion held by the representatives of the civil society, the
pertains to the limitations of the assumptions and prin- Code asserts that tourism is compatible with the liberal-
ciples of the code. Second pertains to the tension be- ization of the conditions governing trade in services. In
tween the assumptions and principles of the code. We one stroke it disowns the concerns of the local commu-
shall here discuss these two points. These conflicts are nities and takes a pro-GATS approach while it is de-
rooted in the gross negligence of the issues raised by the nounced by majority of the developing countries and
civil society as incorporated in the "Position Paper for the global civil society for its exploitative character. The
further discussion on the issue of a Global Code of Eth- Code hence argues that 'responsible and sustainable tour-
ics for Tourism" submitted to WTO by Equations, Tour- ism' is "by no means incompatible with the growing
ism European Ecumenical Network (TEN) and Ecumeni- liberalization of the conditions governing trade in ser-
cal Coalition on Third World Tourism (ECTWT). vices and under whose aegis the enterprises of this sec-
tor operate and that it is possible to reconcile in this
Let me begin by taking a close look at some of the ma- sector economy and ecology, environment and
jor the assumptions of the Code. These assumptions are development, openness to international trade and pro-
detailed in the preamble of the code. In its eagerness to tection of social and cultural identities". The worldwide
paint an exceedingly rosy picture of tourism practices practice of mass tourism has in fact been a telling ex-
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