Slides - 01-02 - Fertilization To Bilaminar Embryo

Fertilization to Bilaminar Embryo
From Zygote to Trilaminar Embryo
With Peter Ward, Ph.D.
MARIO VICTOR RIVERA ROJAS, 72573715@continental.edu.pe

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Single-celled Zygote
Meiotic spindle Zona pellucida
Corona radiata
Secondary oocyte
First polar body
A single spermatozoa is
called spermatozoon
Keith L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud & Mark G. Torchia, The Developing Human, 10th Edition, 2016, p. 28, Fig. 2-14 A, Elsevier
Pronucleus
Pronucleus
Degenerating A single spermatozoa is

tail of sperm
called spermatozoon
Second pola
Cleavage spindle
Chromosomes
Zygote
Breakdown of
pronuclear membranes
Keith L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud & Mark G. Torchia, The Developing Human, 10th Edition, 2016, p. 28, Fig. 2-14 B E, Elsevier
• Single cell has diploid complement of

chromosomes
• Can resume activities that have been on

hold in the egg
• Can divide
• 30 hours after fertilization: Zygote divides

via mitosis to create 2 daughter cells
Keith L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud & Mark G. Torchia, The Developing Human, 10th Edition, 2016, p. 28, Fig. 2-14 A E, Elsevier
Morula
2-cell (1 day) 4-cell (2 days) 9-cell (2 ½ days)
16-cell (Morula) 58-cell (Blastocyst) 107-cell (Blastocyst)

(3 days) (4 days) (5 days)
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Morula
Zona pellucida
• About the same size as the zygote
• Consists of an outer cell mass that

surrounds an inner cell mass
• Fluid penetration of the zona pellucida
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Blastocyst
Fluid forms the blastocyst cavity (a.k.a.

blastocele)  now called a blastocyst
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Late Blastocyst
Trophoblast
Inner cell mass
As the blastocyst cavity enlarges

 inner cell mass moves to 1 pole
Blastocoel
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Morula to Blastocyst
Trophoblast
Embryoblast
Blastocyst
16-cell 58-cell 107-cell
Morula Blastocyst
Outer cell mass Trophoblast Placenta (later)
Inner cell mass Embryoblast Embryo

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Overview: Embryoblast
Days: 7 8 9 10 12 12 13 13 14 15
Gary C. Schoenwolf & Steven B. Bleyl & Philip R. Brauer & Philippa H. Francis-West, Larsen's Human Embryology, 5th Edition, 2015, p. 45 49,
Fig. 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, Churchill Livingstone (Elsevier)
Embryoblast Day 7
Hypoblast
Epiblast
As the embryoblast implants into the uterus, it differentiates into 2 cell sheets, the hypoblast
and epiblast layers.
Gary C. Schoenwolf & Steven B. Bleyl & Philip R. Brauer & Philippa H. Francis-West, Larsen's Human Embryology, 5th Edition, 2015, p. 45,
Fig. 2-1, Churchill Livingstone (Elsevier)
Embryoblast Day 7
Hypoblast layer Epiblast layer
Layer of embryoblast cells Cells of the inner cell

that are in contact with the mass that remain
blastocyst cavity become
small and cuboidal

Embryoblast Day 7
Amniotic cavity
Cells in the epiblast layer grow tall and require their own cavity the amniotic cavity.
It may not look like much but it will eventually surround the entire fetus.
Embryoblast Day 8-9
Hypoblast cells proliferate and line the blastocyst cavity as .

Once this process is complete, the cavity is called the primary (primitive) yolk sac.
Embryoblast Day 10-12
Primary yolk sac
Amniotic Cytotrophoblast
cavity
Extraembryonic
mesoderm
The cells surrounding the primary yolk sac proliferate and form a layer called the
extraembryonic mesoderm. This layer expands to completely surround the embryoblast.
Extraembryonic
mesoderm
Chorionic cavity
The extraembryonic mesoderm develops fluid-filled gaps, the extraembryonic coelom, that
fuse and enlarge. Once these spaces surround the embryo, they become the chorionic cavity.
Embryoblast Day 13
Extraembryonic
mesoderm
Definitive yolk sac
Chorionic cavity
Extraembryonic mesoderm lines all surfaces of the chorionic cavity.

Expansion of the chorionic cavity pinches the primitive yolk sac into 2 parts.
Embryoblast Day 13
Definitive
yolk sac
Chorionic
cavity
Exocoelomic
cysts
The remnants of the primary yolk sac move to the other side of the chorionic cavity and are
known as exocoelomic cysts.
Connecting stalk
High-yield
As the chorionic cavity enlarges, the embryo remains attached to the trophoblast by
extraembryonic mesoderm at the connecting stalk, the future site of the umbilical cord.
This document is a property of: MARIO VICTOR RIVERA ROJAS
Note: This document is copyright protected. It may not be copied, reproduced, used, or
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Fertilization to Bilaminar Embryo

From Zygote to Trilaminar Embryo

With Peter Ward, Ph.D.

MARIO VICTOR RIVERA ROJAS, 72573715@continental.edu.pe

Meiotic spindle Zona pellucida

Degenerating A single spermatozoa is

• Single cell has diploid complement of

• Can resume activities that have been on

• 30 hours after fertilization: Zygote divides

2-cell (1 day) 4-cell (2 days) 9-cell (2 ½ days)

16-cell (Morula) 58-cell (Blastocyst) 107-cell (Blastocyst)

• About the same size as the zygote

• Consists of an outer cell mass that

• Fluid penetration of the zona pellucida

Fluid forms the blastocyst cavity (a.k.a.

As the blastocyst cavity enlarges

16-cell 58-cell 107-cell

Outer cell mass Trophoblast Placenta (later)

Inner cell mass Embryoblast Embryo

Hypoblast layer Epiblast layer

Layer of embryoblast cells Cells of the inner cell

MARIO VICTOR RIVERA ROJAS, 72573715@continental.edu.pe

Hypoblast cells proliferate and line the blastocyst cavity as .

Primary yolk sac

Definitive yolk sac

Extraembryonic mesoderm lines all surfaces of the chorionic cavity.

MARIO VICTOR RIVERA ROJAS, 72573715@continental.edu.pe

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