Welcome back now. Module two. Lecture three.

We're going to talk about

a tool called a Histogram. It's a bar chart. But guess what? The bars just fall
into
whatever place they belong in. We don't just move the tallest bar off
to the left like we did on Pareto chart. The histogram will show us how things
are actually happening in the world. It's a graphic display where the data is
grouped into ranges,
each bar is plotted as a range of data. Shows us information
as it actually exists. Allows us to make decisions. What we're looking at, with all
of
these tools is, what are causing these problems and what kind of solutions can we
put in place to deal with these problems? Histogram is a thing that
will help us focus in on areas where we want to put our efforts. One way to display
and
examine what's going on. You're looking at what's going
on out here in the world. Three most common characteristics. We have shape, we have
central tendency,
and we have dispersion. So, let's talk about those three things, cuz they're going
to all give us some good
information that will help us focus in on where to look to solve
some of our problems. Shape. Let's take a look at what the shape
of this Histogram is like. So we can have the shape of
a Histogram like this, or we can have these other shapes. Skewed to the right,
skewed to the left,
uniform, or the typical bell shaped curve. In most situations,
if you gather enough samples of what's going on you will get something
that's very close to a bell shaped curve. It may be skewed one direction or
the other, but very close to a bell shaped curve. This one's skewed off to the
right. What happened here? Well, this is a class
that's gotten some grades. Let's say this is a class in
biology that happens to be at a Big Ten university, who accepts every
student that applies from that state. You can't turn down a student. They get to
come to the university
no matter what their SAT or ACT scores might happen to be. It doesn't make any
difference. They all get to come there. So, right away in their freshman year,
there's a couple of classes the university puts in to just to start to weed out
the people that really can't keep up, or the people that just won't. Or, it might
focus some of those
people that are having a hard time going to school and taking care of
their classwork instead of gee, it's my freshman year,
I think partying's kinda fun. And, it may refocus those people. So these classes
are not
easy to get through. And you may end up with a lecture
class of 600 people, and this is what the grade
dispersion looks like. Skewed off to the left,
purposely made to be a very hard class. Very few people get A's and B's,
lot of people get less than C's. Or, we may have a class
that's designed really well. The instructor's laid the class out well, there's a
lot of transfer of knowledge
from the instructor to the students. It's been laid out so that people can
actually do the work, understand it, it's clear, and all you have to do is just
do the work required by the class and you're able to get a good grade. This is the
kind of class where
everybody comes in with an A and it's really theirs to lose. It's very hard to lose
that. You have to work pretty hard at doing
that, although some people do, so a different way to look at a class. And so you'll
see different shapes
to the classes because of this. One of them is a pretty
tough class to get through. This one,
this is an easier class to get through. Designed better and
designed purposely to transfer knowledge. We may end up with
a curve shaped like this. We may end up with a bell-shaped curve,
like this. In the old days when people used
to use the bell-shaped curve to give people grades, didn't make
any difference as to what you did, it just made a difference how you compared
to the other people in the class. There's another element that
comes into play with this, and why we wanna look at Central tendency. If we are
doing something for a group of
stakeholders, they have some expectations. They want it to be at least this good,
and they don't want it
really any better than this. Because they now start to perceive
that it if it's better than that, they're having to pay more
money than they really need to. So we don't want to put too many extra
things in there because now people say, eh, too much. [INAUDIBLE] I don't wanna pay
for
that extra. So you have an idea, of, well, you know,
I'm kinda lookin' at this range in here. We want all of the things that we do
to fall within that range, someplace. All of our efforts to fall in there. It maybe
that we have
a curve that's pushed off to the right here, where we're taking care
of everything that our stakeholders need. And. we're giving them some extra. Now in
this class that we're looking at,
most people in the class are doing fine. But we have a whole bunch of people up
here that they're not even challenged by this class. Class needs to be redesigned
so
that it takes care of everybody. We also have another class that may
not have been designed quite right, because there's a bunch of people
that are just left behind. It's challenging to the most to
the higher level students in the class, but some of the other students,
they're not able to keep up at all. It's not a value to them at all,
in either of these cases. So we need to figure out,
how we put this class together so everybody is getting
something out of this class. This is what it would look like. Now, we get it put
together so everybody's
getting something out of the class. Central tendency. Three measures of central
tendency,
mean, median, and mode. And I'm sure you've all
heard these terms before. We'll just quickly go
over them one more time. We're just talking about kind of
where's the middle of this histogram? However you want to define middle, that's
what these three things
are all about, the middle. Mean. The mean is the sum of all
the measures divided by the total number of measures, which means,
what we're looking at is the average. And most of the time,
when people talk about, we're gonna look at the center of
something, we're talking about the mean. If we take a look at,
let's just examine the mean one more time. Mean is just that average piece. Median,
now, is the middle. We just draw a line down the middle so that this thing is
divided
into two equal parts. Doesn't have anything to do with
the average, just the middle part. If you think as the median as the median
strip in the freeway, that's what it is. Just that dividing piece
right in the middle. And then we have mode. Mode is simply when we put
all these numbers together. A plus, A, A minus, B plus, C, D. Other, incomplete.
One of those comes up the most. Which thing comes up the most? That's the mode.
It's the easiest to identify. So, we just look at all the numbers and,
numbers or values and say, oh, that one. That one comes up
the most number of times. And, a lot of times,
it's the least useful way to do things. The mean or
the median are usually much more useful measures of central
tendency than the mode. Although the mode is there for you for some, sometimes when
you
may be able to use that. We're also looking at Dispersion, what
does the shape of this thing look like? Is it all squished out here? And it just,
thinks just sort of
happen all along the way, or gee, you know,
kind of in the middle here there's kind of a area where people are starting
to do better, or, this third one. Yeah, we've really got something
that's working really well, and most everybody is hovered around
that central part there, and everybody's getting
a lot out of this class. So we're looking at the voice
of the customer and these are our specification
limits out here. Upper and
lower that we've been talking about and these are all our data
points along the way. So what does this curve look like compared
with what people are expecting from us? Dispersion and standard deviation. There's
all kinds of calculations you
get into with standard deviations and dispersion. And one of the things that comes
out of all of this is a term that
we hear once in a while called Six Sigma. All we're trying to do if you hear
that term Six Sigma is it means, we're just trying to do
almost everything right. Simply what we're trying to do. We're trying to make sure
that all
of that histogram is within those requirements that our
customers have given us. So dispersion might look like this,
where everything is pretty centrally located
around that mean or, you know, we've got some things starting to spread
out a little farther from the mean. Some customer's really, really happy. Some
customer, eh, not quite so happy. Or A, we have almost all of
our customers equally happy. Everybody's happy with this thing. The value of
Histograms. Give us three measures, the shape,
central tendency, and the dispersion. And we can make well-founded decisions
based on the information that we get from these things, and then we can have
effective actions that we take.