Section A

1. (a) (i) X : 10n /neutron

(ii) Y: 126C

(iii) Z : 0-1e / β-particle

(b) (i) In the ionization chamber, AB3 molecules were bombarded by fast moving electrons.
Knocking out an electron from AB3(g) give AB3+(g).
or, AB3(g) + e  AB3+(g) + 2e
fast slow

(ii) The formula masses of AB2+ and AB+ are 69 and 50 respectively. The relative atomic
mass of B is 19 (or B is fluorine). The peaks at m/c ratios 31 and 19 are due to A + and
B+ respectively. .-. The relative atomic mass of A is 31 (or A is phosphorus)

(iii) PF3

(c) (i) (I) Clean a Pt wire/use a clean Pt wire (silica rod for flame test).
Stick a sample of the salt onto the Pt wire with concentrated HCl.
Heat the wire with the sample in a non-luminous (bunsen) flame

(II) Electron transition from a higher energy level to a lower energy level leads to
the emission of a photon with a wavelength in the visible (red) region.

(ii) Heat a sample of the blackboard chalk (with a known mass) in a crucible until there is
no further reduction in mass.
Assuming that the initial mass and the final mass of the sample are m 1, and m2
respectively.
no. of moles of CaSO4 = m2 /(40+32+16x4) = m2 / 136 = a
no. of moles of H2O = (m1 - m 2) / 18 = b

no. of moles of water of crystallization per formula unit of CaSO4 = b/a

(d) (i) Both NH3 and PH3 have a pyramidal shape:

Electronegativity difference between N and H is greater than that between P and H.

N-H bonds in NH3 are more polar than P-H bonds (almost non-polar) in PH3.
Stronger repulsion between bond pairs in NH3 than in PH3 causes the bond angles in
PH3 to squeeze to a smaller value (about 94°)

(ii) Ammonia forms H-bond with water

P-H bonds in PH3 are non-polar and lone pair on P is not readily donated ... PH 3 is
only sparingly soluble.

2. (a) (i) ΔHf[C3H6(g)] = 3ΔHc[C(graphite)] +3ΔHc[ H2(g)] - ΔHc[C3H6(g)]

= 3(-394) + 3(-286) - (-2090)

 = +50 kJ mol-1

ΔHf[C3H6(g)]=3ΔHat [C(graphite)] +3EH-H - 3EC-C(inC3H6(g)) - 6EC-H

+50 = 3(715) + 3(436) - 3EC-C-6(413) )

.’. EC-C= +308 kJ mol-1

(iii) The C-C bond in cyclopropane is weaker than a normal C-C bond. Cyclopropane has
a triangular shape and the C-C-C bond angle is squeezed/there is angular
strain/overlapping of orbitals is ineffective.

(b) Plot the successive ionization enthalpies of Mg against number of ionization

The 3rd I.E. is much greater than the 2nd I.E. and the 11th I.E. is much greater than the
10th I.E., indicating an electronic arrangement of 2, 8, 2.

(c) (i) Silicon has a giant covalent network structure

Melting of Si involves breaking down of the network structure, i.e. a large number of
covalent bonds. A large amount of energy is required.

(ii) Strength of metallic bond increases with no. of electrons taking part in metallic bond
per atom and decreases with increase in size of atom. For Na, Mg and Al, no. of
valence electrons : Al > Mg > Na; size of atom : Al < Mg < Na. .*. boiling point
increases in the order Al > Mg > Na

(iii) For metals, metallic bonding persists in the liquid state and this strong bonding has to
be overcome during vaporization. Non-metals (P, S, Cl, Ar) exist as simple
molecules. The molecules are held by weak van der Waals' forces. Only a small
amount of energy is needed for the element in liquid state to undergo vaporization.

(iv) Sulphur exists as S8, phosphorus as P4, chlorine as Cl2 and argon as Ar
Strength of van der Waals' forces depends on the polarizability of molecule / the no.
of electrons per molecule/relative molecular mass S8 has the highest relative
molecular mass .-. melting point of sulphur is the highest.

3. (a) (i) & (ii) Plot ln(v∞ - vi) against t

 k = -(slope)
= 0.073 s-1

graph : half-life of reaction is constant.

t½ = 9.9 s
k = ln2
= 0.070 s-1

(iii) Determine the rate constant (k) of the reaction at different temperature
Plot a graph of Ink against 1/T
where T is the temperature in Kelvin

Slope of the graph = - Ea /R

 (ii) Half equation for cathodic reaction:

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e  4OH-(aq)

Half equation for anodic reaction

2H2(g) + 4OH-(aq)  4H2O(l) + 4e

Overall reaction:

2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l)

The enthalpy change of the reaction is liberated in the form of electrical energy.

(iii) Any one of the following:

Fuel cells are more efficient than batteries in the conversion of chemical energy into
electrical energy.
Fuel cells cause less environmental problems.

(c) (i) For reaction (1),

Kc(1) = [Ag(NH3)2+(aq)] / [Ag+(aq)][(NH3(aq))2

For reaction (2),

Kc(2) = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl-(aq)]

(ii) For reaction (3),

Kc(3) = [Ag(NH3)2+(aq)] [Cl-(aq)]/[NH3(aq)]2

= [Ag(NH3)2+(aq)] [Ag+(aq)] [Cl-(aq)] / [Ag+(aq)] [NH3(aq)]2

= Kc(l) Kc(2)
= 3.6 x 10-3

(iii) Assuming that [Ag(NH3 )2+] = [Cl-(aq)]

.’.3.6 x 10-3 = [Cl-]2 / (0.1)2

[C1-] = 6 x 10-3 mol dm-3

Solubility of AgCl(s) = 6 x 10-3 mol dm-3

(Accept answers from 5.3 x 10-3 mol dm-3 to 6.3 x 10-3 mol dm-3 )
4. (a) (i) The attraction (H-bond) between methanol molecules and that between ethanol molecules
are similar in strength to that between methanol and ethanol molecules.

(ii) Formula masses: CH3OH = 12 + 4 + 16 = 32

CH3CH2OH = 2(12) + 6(1) + 16 = 46
In a solution containing equal masses of methanol and ethanol,
mole fraction of methanol (m /32) / (m/32 + m/46) = 0.59
vapour pressure= 17.2(0.59) + 8.4(0.41) = 13.59 kPa

(iii) mole fraction of MeOH= 17.2(0.59) / 13.59 = 0.75

(iv) fractional distillation

(ii) (I) Mg2+ and O2- are doubly charged, while Na+ and F- are singly charged. Ions in
MgO(s) are more strongly binded than those in NaF(s) .’. MgO(s) has a much higher
m.p.

For compounds with small canons and anions (as in MgO and NaF), attraction
between canons and anions (lattice enthalpy) is the dominant factor. MgO(s) has a
very negative lattice enthalpy.

MgO(s) has a lower solubility than NaF(s).

(c) (i) A complex consists of a central metal (ion) bonded to a number of ligands. The ligands
donate electron pairs to the central metal to form dative bonds.

(ii) d-block elements have low-lying d-orbitals which can accept electron pairs from ligands

Ions of d-block elements have a high charge ratio :. can exert stronger attraction on radius
the lone pairs of the ligands.

(d) TNT contains NO2 groups which can act as oxidant and the hydrocarbon part which is
combustible.
Oxidation of TNT gives a large volume of gases (CO2(g) and H2O(g)).
The oxidation of TNT is highly exothermic and the reaction takes place rapidly.
Section B