Section A

1. (a) (i) (1) Mass spectrometry

The abundance of an isotope is proportional to the height of the peak (current intensity) of its
cation

or, Abundance of 85Rb / Abundance of 87Rb

= height of peak at m/z = 85 / height of peak at m/z = 87

(II) relative atomic mass of Rb

= 84.939 (0.7215) + 86.937 (0.2785)
= 85.495
(Deduct I marks for giving a unit.)
(ii)
Hlattice = Hf[RbCl(s)] - Hat[Rb(s)] - ½Hdissociation[Cl2(g)] - IE [Rb(g)] - EA[Cl(g)]
= ½ (-861) - 82 - ½ (242) - 403 + 348
= -688.5 kJ mol-1
( deduct 1/2 marks for giving a wrong unit/no unit)

(iii) Effervescence occurs/rubidium melts (dissolves/burns) explosion

2Rb + 2(CH3)3COH -> 2(CH3)3CORb + H2

(b) (i) Reduction potential measured under standard conditions : gases at 1 am pressure,
conc. of ions = 1.0 moo dm-3 temperature = 298 K
with the standard hydrogen electrode (E ° = 0.00 V) as the reference
(ii) Cl2 is a stronger oxidizing agent than Cr2O72- . The reaction

Cr2O72- + 6Cl- + 14H+ --> 2Cr3+ + 3Cl2 + 7H2O will not occur. (.’. E ° =-0.03V)
MnO4- is a stronger oxidizing agent than Cl2. The reaction

2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10Cl- -> 2Mn2+ + 5C12 + 8H2O

is feasible reaction because
E° = + 1.51 - (+1.36) = +0. 15 V i.e., Cl- will be oxidized.
(iii) Cathodic protection : rovering/coating iron with a more electropositive metal (e.g. Zanzibar) When the
coating is broken, the more electropositive metal will be oxidized instead of iron. or, Connect iron to
the negative pole of a battery. The negative potential on the structure of iron inhibits the formation of
Fe2+(aq) ions.

(c) (i) Heat the compounds separately with NaOH(ag)

NH4Cl(s) gives an alkaline gas/a gas which forms white fumes with HCl(g) but CsCl(s) not.
(Do NOT accept flame test.)
(ii) Treat the compounds separately with HCl(aa)
Na2S2O3(aq) gives white/yellow ppt. of sulphur (+SO2)
Na2SO3(aq) gives a gas with a choking smell (SO2) and a clear solution
or, Only Na2S2O3(aq) gives a white/yellow precipitate.
Alternative answer
Treat the compounds with AgCl(s)/AgBr(s)
Na2S2O3(aq) gives a clear solution
Na2SO3(aq) gives a white/yellow precipitate
o o
2. (a) (i)
P A X A  PB X B
= 12.5(0.70) + 9.9(0.30)
= 11.72 kPa (Deduct 1/2 marks for wrong/no unit.)

(ii) In the vapour,

12.5(0.70)
XmeOH =
11 .72
= 0.747
= 74.7 (mol %)
 mole fraction of HNO3 ->
(<- mole fraction of water)

( ½ marks for each axis; 1 mark for the vapour and liquid curves + labelling; ½ marks for labelling the azeotrope)

(ii) Upon boiling, the mixture gives a vapour containing a lower mol % of NHO 3 than the liquid mixture.
Repeated (fractional) distillation increases the concentration of HN3 in the liquid phase and gives H2O
as the distillate. When the concentration of the residue reaches the azeotropic composition, the mixture
boils at 394 K and the distillate contains 35.3 mol % of HNO3,
(c) (i) (I) Coordination no. of Ca2+ = 8
Coordination no of F- = 4
(II) Calcium ions : face-centred cubic structure/fcc
Fluoride ions : simple (primitive) cubic structure

(II) simple cubic structures; simple cubic structure

(d) (i) The solution changes from blue to green/yellow

Cu2+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) = CuCl42-(aq)

or [Cu(H2O)62+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) = CuCl42-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
(ii) Heat is evolved
NH3(aq) + H+(aq)  NH4+(aq)
or Formation of dense white fumes
NH3(g) + HCl(g)  NH4Cl(s)
or The solution changes from green/yellow to blue
[CuCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) =[Cu(H2O)6 ]2+ (aq) + 4C1-(aq)
A blue not. is formed
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) - Cu(OH)2(s)
Blue ppt. dissolves in excess NH3(aq) to give a deep blue solution
Cu(OH2)(s) + 4NH3(aq) -> [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

3. (a) (i) Under the same initial conc. of A, initial rate remains the same when conc. of B is doubled .’. order
w.r.t. [B] = 0

Under the same initial conc. of B, initial rate doubles when concentration of A is doubled .’. order
w.r.t. [A] = 1 rate equation : rate = k[A]
6.4 x10 5
(ii) k = 1.6x 10-2 (Deduct 1/2 marks for wrong/no unit.)
4.0 x10  2
(iii) Possible energy profile

(1 mark for labelling the axes; 1 mark for showing a correct curve i.e., rate determining step involves only one molecule of
A; ½ marks for labelling the reactants, products and intermediate.)

(b) In benzene, each of the C atom is sot hybridized.

Each C atom uses its hybrid orbitals to form a bond with adjacent C atoms and with a H atom.
The unhybridized p orbitals overlap sideways to form a delocalized  electron cloud
 Supporting evidence (Any TWO of the following)
- All carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are equal and are intermediate in length between single and double
bonds/benzene has a regular hexagonal planar structure of benzene/bond angle =120°
- The magnitude of the enthalpy change of hydrogenation/combustion of benzene is less than that of a
non-conjugated triene.
- benzene undergoes substitution rather than addition
(c) (i) 3-dimensional structures

(ii) SiH4 : evolution of hydrogen

SiH4 + 4H2O  Si(OH)4 + 4H2
or SiH4 + 2H2O  SiO2+ 4H2
or SiH4 + 4H20  SiO2.2H2O + 4H2
PH3 : no reaction
H2S : formation of an acidic solution
H2S + H2O  HS- + H3O+
Explanation :
Si is more electropositive than H. The Si-H bond is polar and a 8+ is located on Si/ a 8- is located on H.
Nucleophilic attack of OH, on Si gives Si(OH)4 and H2_

P-H bond is non-polar. Nucleophilic attack on P will not occur.

S is more electronegative than H. The S-H bond is polar and a - is located on S. Nucleophilic attack of
8-OH, on H gives H3O+ and HS-.

b.p. of H2S > b.p. of SiH4

SiH4 : the molecule is symmetrical./Dipole moments on the Si-H bonds cancel each other/the molecule does
no possess a net dipole moment H2S : the non-linear arrangement of the two S-H bonds results in a net
(resultant) dipole moment in the molecule. The intermolecular force/van der Waals' forces between H2S
molecules is stronger than that between SiH4 molecules

4. (a) (i) When equilibrium is attained

[N2(g)] = 0.5 x 0.75
= 0.375 mol dm-3
[H2(g)] = 1.50 - 3 x (0.5 x 0.25)
= 1.125 mol dm-3
[NH3(g)] = 2 x 0.5 x 0.25 =0.25 mol dm-3
(1 mark for method ; 1 mark for each answer; deduct 1/2 marks for wrong unit.)
(ii)
[ NH 3 ( g )] 2
Kc 
[ N 2 ( g )][ H 2 ( g )]3
(0.25) 2
=
(0.375)(1.123) 3
= 0.117 mol-2 dm6
(Deduct %2 marks for wrong/no unit.)
 (iii) (I) Kc decreases with increasing temperature
The reaction is exothermic .-. Increase in temperature will cause the equilibrium position to
shift to the left.
(II) The reaction proceeds slowly at low temperatures. The yield of NH3 is low at high temperature.
.’. The process is operated at around 723 K.
(b) (i) Quantity of current = 1 x 1800
No. of moles of Ag deposited = 2.02/107.9

1800
Faraday constant = 2.02 = 96150 C mol-1
107.9
(Accepted range : 96000 to 96300 C mol-1
(Deduct 1/2 marks for wrong/no unit)

Charge on an electron = 1 Faraday / Avogadro constant

= 1.597 x 10-19 C
(Accepted range : 1.597 to 1.600 x 10-19 C)
(ii) O.S.of Au in the gold salt / O.S. of Ag in gold salt
2.02
=
107.9 = 2.998
1.23
197.0
OS. of Au in the gold salt = +3 / III

(c) (i) Acidity: CH3CO2H < HCO2H < CF3CO2H

The acidity of a carboxylic acid depends on the equilibrium
RCO2H  RCO2- + H+
The electron withdrawing effect/negative inductive effect of F causes the dispersion of the negative
charge on the RCO2- ion/stabilizes the conjugated base. The eqm. position will thus shift to the right .-.
CF3CO2H is the strongest acid.
CH3- is an electron donating group/exert positive inductive effect and will destabilize the RCO 2- ion.
The eqm. position will shift to left. .’. CH3CO2H is the weakest among the three.

(ii) Transfer a known volume (v) of HCO 2H(aq) to a flask. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein. Add
NaOH(aq) from a burette until the indicator changes from colourless to pink.
Add an equal volume (v) of HCO2H to the mixture.
Measure the pH of the resulting mixture (let it be x.)
pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
or Ka = [H+] [A ] / [HA]
In the mixture, [A-] = [HA]
.’. pH = pKa or Ka = 10-x

Alternative answer
Transfer a known volume (v) of HCO2H(aq) to a flask.
Use the calibrated pH meter to measure pH of the solution.
Add NaOH(aq) from a burette
Plot a pH titration curve
Determine the equivalence point from the curve
Find the pH at the mid-way of the titration

pH = pK a + log [A-] / [HA]

or Ka = [H+] [A] / [HA]

In the mixture, [A-] = [HA]
.’. pH = pKa or Ka = 10-x

(iii) Hydrolysis of the ester functionality by enzymes/bacteria

 (d) (i) Sodium benzoate - antimicrobial
MSG - flavor enhancer
BHT - antioxidant
(ii) Any two : burning sensation, thirst, headache, vomiting, hyperactivity etc. ',
(Accept any correct description of MSG syndrome)
(iii) sterically bulky henol group
(0 marks for giving more than one functional group.)
vitamin E reacts with the free hvdroperoxide radical (ROO-) involved in the autoxidation of fats and
oils to give relatively stable radical

thereby stopping the chain reactions in oxidative spoilage.

6. (a) (i) (CH3CO)2O / CH3COCl

(ii) Shake mixture with dilute HCI and ether in a separating funnel.
The amine will form the hydrochloride salt and dissolve in the aqueous solution.
The amide is not basic enough to be protonated by HCI and dissolves in the ether.
Separate the aqueous layer from the ethereal layer. Treated aqueous layer with NaOH(aq) to liberate
the free amine.
Use ether (or an appropriate solvent e.g. THF, hexane etc.) to extract amine from aqueous layer.
Distill ether from the ethereal layer to obtain the amide.
(iii) (I) Chemical test
Heat compound with acid, smell of vinegar can be detected or, Heat compound with alkali. Test
for NH2 group by means of diazocoupling
(II) Spectroscopic method
IR : strong absorption at 1680-1750 cm-1 indicates the presence of C=O functional group/at
3350-3500 cm-1 indicates the presence of N-H group

(Award 1/2 marks for the glucose unit; 1/2 marks for the (3-glycosidic linkage. Correct configurations
at the C atoms are not required.)

(ii) (1) PVC

Incineration and treat flue gas in wet scrubber! iw th Na2CO3(aq) or an appropriate alkali.
. ‘.’Incineration of PVC produces HCl which is an acidic gas.
(Award 1/2 marks for controlled incineration.)

Cellulose
Incineration. Burning cellulose gives CO2 and HQ which are not air pollutants.
or Landfilling.
Cellulose can be degraded by micro-organisms.
(c) (i) identical compound
(ii) geometrical isomers / cis-trans isomers / Z-E isomers
(iii) enantiomers/optical isomers

(d) (i) (1) SO2  BaSO4

conc. Of SO2 in air sample
0.0583
= x5
(137.3  32.06  16x4)
= 1.249 x 10-3 mol m-3
= 80020 (g m-3) g m-3)
(II) pV = nRT
partial pressure of SO2 =(v)RT
 = (n/V)RT
=1.249 x 10-3 x 8.31 x298
= 3.093 Pa
3.093
conc. of SO2 = x10 6
101x10 3
= 30.6 (ppm)
(ii) (1) Sulphur-containing compounds are present in fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. These
compounds give SO2 upon burning.
(II) Use low sulphur content coal/fuel
install flue gas desulphurization system/wash flue gas with alkali

(½ marks for the appearance of cloudiness; 1 mark for the difference in rate of the three alcohols.)
(ii) The appearance of cloudiness is due to the formation of haloalkanes which are immiscible with water.
Due to the formation of the relatively stable 3o carbocations, 3o alcohols reacts rapidly with
Lucas reagent. the mechanism of reaction is SNl
1o carbocation is relatively unstable. The reaction of 1o alcohol with Lucas reagent proceeds through a
mechanism which is not favoured in acidic conditions.
(The reaction rate of 2o alcohols with Lucas reagent is moderate.)
('/2 marks for the immiscibility of haloalkanes with water; 1 mark for the relative stability of the
carbocations; 1 mark for the mechanism involved.)

7. (c) (i) C H
mole ratio 88.2/12.01 11.8/1.008
= 5 8

empirical formula of M is C5H8

relative molecular mass of M = 136.2
. .’. molecular formula is C10H16
(For the empirical/molecular formula, award 1 mark for the answer + deduction.)

(ii) M reacts with H2 in mole ratio of 1 : 2

M posseses two C=C bond/one CC bond
Upon ozonolysis, M gives HCHO and a compound with 3 carbonyl groups.
.'. M possesses a terminal C=C bond and a cycloalkene/cyclohexene structure
 Structure of M

(d) (i) P, R and S

(ii) CH2-OCOC17H35
|
CH-OCOC7H14CH=CHC8H17
|
CH2OCOC17H35

(Accept correct structure of trigdyceride derived from glycerine and fatty acid(s) chosen in (i).)

(iii) (I) The unsaturated carboxylic acid chains in triglyceride undergo catalytic hydrogenation to give
the corresponding saturated counterparts

(II) Fats and oils having a high degree of unsaturation are more susceptible to oxidation/
oxidative rancidity which causes deterioration. Hardening reduces the no. of
unsaturated centres can therefore increase the shelf life of the substances.