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    78purl Engg-Hydrogfg

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    Himanshu Gupta

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    2019- a A a WORKBOOK Answer key and Hint of Objective & Conventional Questions Civil Engineering Engineering Hydrology i Precipitation and General Aspects of Hydrology me : EES 227375) B® : Ew i ms iw : Ea om — i. : me mw — [ 24. I) me a (b) c) Ea @ Ew ‘mw 3 Eg @ a wwwmadeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © Copyright MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook 3 BEY wien ei Solution : 1 ‘The Hydrologic Cycle: Most of the earth’s water sources, such as, rivers, lakes, oceans and underground sources, get their supplies from the rains, while the rain water in itself, is the evaporation from these sources, Water is lost to the atmosphere as vapour from the earth, which is then precipitated back in the form of rain, snow, hail, sleet or ftost, etc. This evaporation and precipitation continues for ever, and thereby, a balance is maintained between the two. This process is known as hydrologic cycle. It can be represented graphically as shown in figure Transpaton Predation omogetine (Rain, snow, hail, etc.) “y FSR cea e666 Evaporation ttt Hydrologic cycle Runoff Process in hydrologic cycle: Rainfall-Runoff Process: When a rain starts falling, itis first of all intercepted by buildings, trees, and other objects, which preventit from reaching the ground. This quantity is known as rainfall interception. The difference between the total rainfall and that which is intercepted is called ground rainfall Secondary, when the rainfall rate exceeds the interception rate, water starts reaching the ground and infiltration into the sub soil starts. Thirdly, the excess rainwater gets collected into the innumerable small and large depressions existing in the basin, filing them to their overflow levels. This quantity is known as depression storage. Itafter the depression storage is filed, the rain intensity (P) continues to exceed the infiltration capacity of the soil (f. The water that reaches the stream channel of a basin in this manner is called surface runoff or direct runoff Cann MADE EASY vrwimadeeasypubliationsor 4 | Civil Engineering @ Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY Pusllestions Solution : 2 Hyetograph: Rainfall intensity vs. Time ‘Cumulative rainfall | Rainfall in successive | Rainfall in successive] Rainfall intensity, Time “15 minuto interval | 30 minuto interval fem) (em) (em) fem) 10.415 22 18 - 72 10.30 40 : 14 [22 1100 51 : 18 32 7130 67 : 2a a2 72.00 38 : 03 06 72.30 ea 04 - 16 12.48 85 02 : [0a 13.00 97 : : L 12 é 42 z t 2 : : ‘s i i : = 22 £ | 0s ross f 1100 f 1200 f 1245 so48 10% 902301300 Intent draton cure Tine (a) Solution : 3 Optimum number of raingauges ay (©) © 78% C, ~ Coett. of variation G s ~ £ x10 X — Meanrainfall value ‘ 2% — EAE _ AN 514 824 55+ 50468 _ 40 5 omy ~ NE®) 6 — 9 Standard deviation = root mean square value O57 19.5 + (5049.5) + (6k 19.5) + (51- 49.5F + (32 49.5)" + (65 € Publications —EE | wonmadeeasypublcations org MADE ERSY © copyrisht) MADE EASY Publications No. of raingauge optimum —> Optimum no. of raingauges Given that error estimation = Rank Improvement Workbook | 5 = 12.276 em © x 100 = 12278 x 100 = 24.8% x 49.5 24.8 (2) -061 : 8 So rainfall values recorded at station should be within limit of 8% error. A X= error = $0 8. = c. D. = E = F G= = Xe-X = [xe -X| > 6 raingauge stations are already installed out of 10 raingauges, required as optimum. So, we will distribute/allocate rest and raingauges to stations having |X, - X| ‘www madeeasypublications.org ) Publlaations Civil Engineering ® Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY 6 Publications (i) The probability of occurrence of an event ifa random variable (e.g. rainfall) whose magnitude is equal to or in excess of a specified magnitude X is denoted by P. The recurrence interval of a rainfall/ rainstormis inverse of probability of its occurrence. As there will be less probability of occurrence of a rainstorm of large magnitude. T > Timeperiod/Recurrence Interval P Probability of occurrence T= 4P Where Trepresents the average interval between occurrence of a rainfall of magnitude equal to or greater than X. Solution : 5 Total inflow in the year = Summation of the given monthly inflows = 283 +425 +566 + 18.40 + 22.64 + 2264+ 19.81 + 849 +7.10+7.10 + 5.66 +5.66 = 130.24 x 108m? Since the hydropower plant is providing water at a uniform rate, therefore average monthly rate at which water can be withdrawn to avoid any wastage Le. max. average monthly rate _ 130.24 10° 12 Now, to calculate, the storage capacity, the comp 10.8533 x 105m? ions are tabulated as follows: Monthly | Monthly [Monthy deft] Monthly suplus] Cumulative | Cumulative | Net water Month | inflow | outflow | (40m) | (e10%m®) | defict | surplus ayalehie mn (10% m*)| («10% m*)| col3—col2 | col2—cols |e 10°m*) | (x 10m) | (10° m*) oO, @ @ @ & @ @. @ van | 203 | 10.8593 | e023 = = = = Feb | 4.25 | 10.8533] 6.6033 = - = _ mar | ses | 10.8533 | 5.1993, - 19.82 — | eis8e tor | te4o | 10.8533) 7.5467 - = - May | 2264 | 10.9593] 9 — 117867 - = — une | 2264 | 108593) 11.7867 - = = July | 1981 | 108533) 8.9567 - 4008 | (+)2026 aug | e49 | 108593] 2.3609 = - = = sep | 7.10 | 108533] 3.7533 - = = - oc | 740 | 108839} 37533 - - - - Nov | 506 | 10.8593 | 5.1993, = = - Dec | 566 | 10.8593] 5.1935, = 20.28 = ‘The highest value in col.6 and col.7 is 40.08 x 10° m? which represents the minimum storage capacity required to meet the demand without any spiling. To compute the minimum intial storage, the nel storage lett in the reservoir with the above inflows and @ outflows is calculated. The maximum negative storage here works out to be 19.82 x 108 m®. In order the reservoir fully meet the demand, there should be no negative storage init, and in the limiting case, the maximum initial storage should be equal to zero, Hence the minimum initial storage in the reservoir should be 19.82 x 108 me. —EE | wonmadeeasypublcations org MADE ERSY © Copyright | Publications MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook 7 Publications Solution : 6 Mean rainfall over the circular basin = 100 om Solution :7 Type of precipitation: Precipitation is often classified according to the factors responsible for lifting, Broadly speaking, there are four type of precipitation: 4. Cyclonic precipitation 2, Convective precipitation 3. Orographic precipitation 4, Precipitation due to turbulent ascent 1. Cyclonic precipitation: Cyclonic precipitation results from lifting of air masses converging into low pressure area of cyclone. The cyclone precipitation may be divided into (a) frontal precipitation and (bb) rnon-frontal precipitation (a) Frontal Precipitation: A border region between two adjacent air masses having different characteristics such as temperature and humidity is called a front, When a flow of warm and moist air, mass from the south meets cold air mass of polar region, the cold air being heavier, under run the warm air flow in the form or fiat wedge forcing the warm ait aloft. The lifted warm air mass cools down at high altitudes, causing precipitation. A front may be warm front or cold front depending upon whether there is active or passive ascent of warm air mass over cold air mass. (b) Non-frontal Precipitation: In the case of non-frontal precipitation, the moist warm air mass is stationary and the moving cold air mass meets it. Thus, due to lightness of the warm air there is passive ascent of warm air over cold air owing to the active under cutting. When the lifted warm air cools down at higher altitude precipitation occurs, 2. Convective precipitation: Convective precipitation is caused by natural rising or warmer lighter air in colder, denser surroundings. The difference in temperature may result from unequal heating at the surface, unequal cooling at the top of the air layer, or mechanical ting when air is forced to pass over a denser colder air masses. Convective precipitation is spotty and its intensity may vary from light showers to cloud bursts 3. Orographic precipitation: Orographic precipitation is due to ltting of warm moisture laden air masses due to topographic barriers (such as mountains). All the precipitation we have in Himalayan region is because of the oragraphic ascent of air masses, rich in moisture content because of their long trave! over oceans. 4. Precipitation due to turbulent ascent: Air mass is forced to rise up due to greater friction of earth surface after its travel over ocean, The air mass rises up because of increased turbulence and friction, when itultimately condenses and precipitation occurs. Winter rainfall in Madras State is mainly due to this process. Innature, the effects of these various types of cooling are often inter-related and the resulting precipitation ‘cannot be identified as being of any one type. Solution : 8 Precipitation atX = 2671 mm a cpa © copyright MADE EASY vwonmadeeesypublationsorg) Publlaations | CvilEngineering @ Engineering Hydrology Solution : 9 The mass curve coordinates of precipitation at C and also the combined mass curve coordinates of precipitation at A, B, D, E and F will be as follows: 2000 Serial] Mass curve | Correctedmass for | Corrected Corrected © — No. fore A.B,D,EandF | curveforC | precipitation at C (mm) 1 378 3200 = — 2 780 6589 - - 3 1168 9796 = - 4 1601 19501 = = Graph 5 1975 16699 = = changes 6 peat 20495, = = slope 7 2823 23895, - = _- 8 3540 28092 3302 479 8 4240 31890 3756 545 10 4920 35496 4173 air 000 = | 4000 : z & | 1000 3000 curve of precipitation in mm A graph of mass cutve of precipitation at A, B, D, E and F versus mass curve of precipitation at C was plotted on a simple graph paper. twas noticed that the curve follows a straight line up to 1997. It changes ts slope from 1997. This mean that due to the change is topography at C, the observations from 1997 were incorrect. The straight line graph up to 1997 was extended further and the precipitation at C was corrected (as shown in figure.) from this extended graph for the respective years and entered in the table. Solution : 10 Solution :11 Rate of evaporation = 4.25 mayhjm? In a time period At the water budget for the lake can be written as Input volume - Output volume = Change in storage —EE | wonmadeeasypublcations org (Tat-+PA)- (Qat+EA) = as MADE ERSY =. © Copyright | MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook 9 Publications Where 7 wurface erage inflow rate, G = average outflow rate, P = precipitation, E vaporation, A area of the lake and $ = change in lake storage volume Here, At = 1 month = 20 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 2592 x 10° s = 2.592 Ms In one month: Inflow volume = Tat = 6.0 x 2.592 = 1.552 Mm? Outflow volume = Gar = 6.5 x 2,592 = 16.848 Mm* 14.5 x 5000 100x100 “oO nT0 Mm® = 7.25 Mm? Input due to precipitation = PA flow d oem w 8:19, 5000%100%100 _ 5.95 Yn? Outflow due to evaporation = 100 TOF Hence, AS = 15.552 + 7.25 ~ 16.848 ~ 3,05 = 2.904 Mm® Change in elevation az = 88. 2904x1F —_ 9058 m “A 5000 100x100 New water surface elevation at the end of the month = 103.200 +0,058 = 103.258 m above the datum Solution : 12 Precipitation, P =1105mm Annual average evaporation = 532.4mm Runoff coefficients of sub-areas ‘Area | Runoff coefficient A (1030530) /1030 = 0.485 B |r, =(@30—488)/@80= 0.472 c (200-430) / 900 = 0.522 D [fq =(1800—600)/ 1900 = 0.538 For the entire catchment r= (1105 -532)/1105 = 0.518 oo ‘cuepeeeeeeenennn MADE EASY ‘wwwmadeeasypublications.org | ——— Publestions 7) y) Evaporation, Transpiration and Stream Flow Measurement a : ) 3 = ) ‘i Ee |e (a 2 = 7 3 © 3 me : Ea» 2 @ 2 @ Ee Ei . @ Ee =a Ee F Ego Ee al 2s. I) e 3 — |e c) ) i ca :| Ea» || Ele 3 wwwmadeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © Copyright MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook | 4 4 BEY wien ei Solution :1 The minimum storage capacity neecied to maintain uniform demand is 16.936 million cubic meters, Solution :2 There are several actors which affect the evaporation process. They are the followings. 1, Vapour pressure: Rate of evaporation is proportional tothe difference between the saturation vapour pressure (c,) and actual vapour pressure in a (0). E, = C(e,-6,) ‘Temperature: Rate of evaporation increases with an increase in water temperature, 3. Wind: Wind aids in removing evaporated water vapour from zone of evaporation and consequently creates scope for evaporation. 4, Atmospheric pressure: A ciecrease in barometric pressure, as in high alttuces, increases evaporation 5. Soluble Salts: When a solute is dissolved in water, the vapour pressure of solution is less than that of pure water and hence causes reduction in rate of evaporation 6. Heat storage in water bodies: Deep water bodies have more storage than shallow ones. A deep lake may store radialion energy received in summer and release it in winter causing less evaporation in ‘summer and more evaporation in winter compared to a shallow lake exposed to a similar situation. Penman’s Method: Penman’s equation is based on sound theoretical reasoning and is obtained by a combination of energy balance and mass transfer approach PET ~ Potential Evapotranspiration in mmiday, AH, + Ey Aty A— Slope of saturation vapour pressure vs. Temp.-curve H, > Net radiation in mm of evaporation water per day. E, Parameter ie wind velocity and saturation deficit v-» Psychromatric constant = 0.49 mm of Hg/"C p PET = 1e mean air temperature inmm of Hg per °C. H,= H{t-o(a+b?)-07, + (056-0002,6,(0.1+-09") H, = f(Latitude, period of year) a= constant depending upon latitude § and is given by ( b= a constant duration of bright sunshine in hours N= Maximum possible hours of bright sunshine (a function of latitude) 6 ~ Stefan boltman constant = 2,01 x 10° mmiday T,~Mean air temperature in degrees kelvin = 273 + °C 8, Actual mean vapour pressure in air in mm of Hg. (opt = 035 (1 fa] (e.-4) t mean wind speed Saturalion vapour ‘a2 mabove ground Teka A pressure in mm of Ha 0.29.cos 6) ‘Actual vapour pressure (©copyright MADE EASY woramadeeasypubliations.org) 12 | Civil Engineering © Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY Pusllestions Solution : 3 Discharge, Q = 81.07 m/sec Solution : 4 Correlation betwen Rand P R = 0.43P 1.93 Solution :5 The characteristic equation is given as Vins) = 0.65 N +0.03 where Nis the number of revolutions per second. Assuming depth at a distance of 27 m from one bank is zero. The total discharge is calculated by method of mid sections For the first and last section average width, WW 3.375 m =, 3.3 Distance from | Depih(m) | Average wiath(m)] _V | Segmental discharge onebank(m) | W AQ =yxVxW 30 Of 3375 016 0.216 60 og 30 028 0.672 20 12 30 0.485 1.746 120 20 30 0.843 5.058 15.0 30 30 1.655 14.895 18.0 25 30 263 19.725 210 22 30 214 14.124 24.0 4.0 3375 0.48 1.62 27.0 0 = =| 210 =58.056m*/s Total discharge, Q = 58.056 m*/sec Solution : 6 724 million m® Monthly evaporation loss = 7.724 x 10 m? = Publications —EE | wonmadeeasypublcations org MADE ERSY © copyrisht) MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook | 4 3 Publications Solution :7 There are 2 sets of methods for finding value of discharge. (a) Direct Methods: (i) Area Velocity Method: > The stream should have a well defined cross section which does not change in various seasons. > The gauging site should be tree from backwater effects. > For purpose of discharge estimation, the cross-section is considered to be divided into a large no of subsections by verticals. » Average velocily in these subsections are measured by current meterifloats. 3 Wr width of river tot w— segment wiath wt (5a) > The discharge in each subsection + 10% of total discharge. > The difference in velocities in adjacent sections should not be more than 20% (li) Moving Boat Method: > Suitable for estimating flow in large alluvial rivers such as Ganga. > Suitable for estimation of very fast flow. > Aspacial propeller type current meter which is free to move about a vertical axis is towed in a boat ata velocity V, al right angles to stream flow. + The moter will align itself in direction of resultant velocity Vamaking an angle Qwith boat direction. (ii) Dilution Technique: » Also known as chemical method, depends upon the continuity principle applied to a tracer which is allowed to mix completely with flow. > Tracer in small volume with high concentration is injected. Dilution method techniques based on assumption of steady fiw. I flow is unsteady then systematic errors may arise, > The length of reach between dosing and sampling section should be adequate to have complete mixing of tracer with flow, » Mixing length becomes very large for large rivers and high discharge, major constraints of this technique. ~ Very beneficial method for estimating flow from small turbulent streams in mountainous areas. > Tracer should be cheap, non reactive (chemically inert) and non toxic. (iv) Ultrasonic Metho + Anatea velocity method with the average velocity being measured by using ultrasonic signals. > Rapid method and gives high accuracy, > Cost of installation is independent of size of rivers. > Itcan handle rapid changes in magnitude and ditection of flow, as in tidal and floody rivers. Accuracy of this method is liable to be affected by ‘unstable cross section 7 + fluctuating weed growth } * high loads of suspended solids » vot b + airentrainment Q Cross-section + Sattar ono. changes | 8 8 — opppeppneennnennen (copyright MADE ERSY vvavmadeeasypubationsor) 14 | Civil Engineering © Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY Pusllestions (v) Electromagnetic Method: > Based on Faraday's principle that an emis induced i field. > Method requires sophisticated and expensive instrumentation > Specially suited for field condition where cross sectional properties can change with time due to weed growth, sedimentation ete. > Specific application is in tidal channels where flow undergoes rapid changes both in magnitude as well as in direction. 1@ conductor when itcuts anormal magnetic (b) Indirect Methods: (i) Flow Measuring Structures: > These structures produce a unique control section in the flow. a= HH The discharge Qis a function of water surface elevation + Thin plate structures * Long base weirs + Flumes (ii) Slope Area Method: > Iterative method requiring the use of energy equation. Selection of reach in which cross-section properties IC bed elevations are known at its ends, value of manning’s n and water surface elevation at both ends + Useful method for determining flood flow with the help of high wat subside > longer the reach, greater is the accuracy in estimated discharge. F marks left by flood after Solution : 8 ¢:index of the storm is 0.42 emih and the duration of rainfall excess, {, is 10 hours Solution :9 (a) ve ky" it 4 ke kf” J vay = “fy dy = a aj (my) Vog = Velocity at 0.6 depth that is at y = 0.4 d zk 1 Yoo > (m+ (aay a (0.4)"(rm+ 4 Form = 1/6 = 0.16667, = 1.001 os (b) Yoo = K(0.8)" a" Vowge = K(0.18)" a —EE www.madeeasypublications.org MADE EASH © copyrisht) MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook | 45, Publestions —v tt (252) . [estsexr (tem) 2 2 Substuting m = 0.1667, RHS of above equation is equal to 1.0036. Solution : 10 Mixinglength, — L = 10975m Solution :11 1, The required gauge-discharge relationship is Q = 159.44(G-a)'2”" 2, Byequation coefficient of correlation = 0.938 3. Discharge corresponding to stage values of 42.50 m and 48.50 m are 2525 m/s and 5368 m*/s respectively. Solution : 12 Actual discharge, Q, = 164.4mY4s Infiltration, Runoff and Hydrographs = 7 é EA» EE Hie g Ee o x me : Ego = iz Ee : mw Ea @ ro Ew Ho Eas ©) oT s i Eg Ew |= Tr i [ 30. I) iw : Ea ® 3 wwwmadeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © Copyright MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook | 47 BEY wien ei Solution :1 Time (hn) | Time Starts | Observed discharge] Ordinate of UH 18/85) | from (hr) (m/s) fx 18:00 (6/8165) ° 230 3091 2400 (68/85) 6 940 128.34 6:00 (7/8/85) 12 2980 401.88 2-00 (ves) | 18 3260 438.17 8:00 (v5) | 24 2350 315.88 200 sie) | 30 2900 309.78 6:00 (68/85) 35 1760 236.58 200 ees) | 42 1514 203.49 18.00 e885) [48 1240 168.67 2400 65) | _54 910 22st 6:00 (978/85) a 713 25.83 ‘200 0185) | 66 527 70.83 1800 (ees) | 72 430 5770 ze00 ees) | 78 395; 5282 00 (10765) | 64 280) 37.63 30, 20887 Direct runoff depth, O26EOf, 0.36xtxEO, A A 0.36x6x 20437 = = Seo adem Solution :2 There are 2 types of factors affecting flood hydrograph 1, Physiographic factors (i) Basin characteristics: (a) shape (0) size (6) slope (d) nature of valley (@) elevation (f) drainage density (ii) Infiltration characteristics: {@) Land.use and cover (0) Soll ype and Geological conditions (6) Lakes, swamps and other storage. (ii) Channel character ross-section, roughness, storage capacity Cann MADE EASY woramadeeasypubliations.org) 1g | “iil Engineering © Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY Pusllestions 2. Climatic factors (i) Storm characteristics: precipitation, intensity, duration, magnitude and movement of storm. (ii) Initial loss. (ii) Evapotranspiration There are 3 limbs/segments of hydrograph 1. Rising limb: also known as concentration curve. Itrepresents building up of storage in channels. The intial losses and high inftration losses during early period of storm cause discharge to rise rather slowly. — Basin with large slope leads to steep rising limb as well as quick depletion of storage. — More the intensity of storm, steeper the rising limb. Elongated catchments have elongated rising limb. Nearly semicircular fan shaped catchments give small length of rising limb, 2. Crest segment : It contains the peak flow — Steeper the slope of catchment, more willbe the peak flow and vice versa. — Fan shaped catchments give high peak value — Larger the catchment area, more willbe peak discharge. — More the vegetation cover and inftration losses, less will be the peak discharge. — High intensity storm with large duration will give very high peak discharge 3. Recession limb: — extends from point of inflection at the end of crest segment to commencement of natural ground flow. — The shane of his part of hydrograph is independent of storm characteristics and depends entirely on basin characteristics. — Large slope of catchment gives rise to quicker depletion of storage and hence a steep recession limb or vice versa. — High drainage density implies steeper recession limb. — Urbanisation is the cause of more and more steep recession limb and becoming a grave concern. Vegetation and soil cover provide elongated and flat recession limb Solution : 3 To determine 2 hour synthetic unit hydrograph we shall need to calculate salient features of hydragraph. We just know that t= 2 hours itis effective rainfall duration which is mention ¢ in problem itseit, By snyder's method, we have some empirical relations to calculate all salient features. These are followings: 4, ty ) Be (inhis) f, = basin log time {p(ltis the difference between centroid of input (rainfall excess) and the output (ORM). Calculate t, 2.78 C,A 0 to A ~ Catchment Area (In km?) 2 Peak discharge Qp, Q,,In m/sec —EE | wonmadeeasypublcations org MADE ERSY © copyrisht) Publications MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook | 49, Publications G, ~ regional constant C,€ (0.56, 0.63) (Indication of retention and storage capacity of watershed) ‘Assuming it a standard rainfall elevation. 3 T, (ime base) = (72+34,) hours 4, Widtn of unite hycrogranh at 50% and 75% of peak Wy, ~ S80 nes (time units) q Woo = ee Wis = 475" Qos 4 As fin km?); qin m3/s/krr? Lettake A= 1000km*; Standard rainfall duration; C, = 0.6 so t= 554 (ot, 2hv8) f= 652211 hes. 2.78 2.78x0.6 x 1000 = ap = RE RTE OEX 1000 = 151.64 mils e 11 = T= 72431,=7243% 151.64 shenen? > = Tage = 015164 msi 5.37 = Yoo = erei6ay® > 45 hours Woy _ 45 Wg = Te = = 25.71 hours So all the required data has been calculated to construct 2 hr. synthetic unit hydrograph by snyder's method. => Synthetic unit hydrograph are constructed for those catchment areas which are in remote locations and. inaccessible. For these catchments rainfall data would be scanty. So by the help of empirical equations of regional validity are used to generate SUH Solution : 4 Attenuation in peak flow discharge = The outflow hydrograph has a peak value at 10.87 mis 36 hrs. Solution : 5 (i) Channel storage after one how (i) Maximum storate = 96000 m Maximum stroate occurs at t 4800 m? 20 hr. Solution : 6 Let the unit hydrograph have ordinate of Up, Us, Up, Up, Usp, Ug: Uyg: Una at S hours intervals. The direct runoff hydrograph will be obtained by multiplying the unit hydrograph values with 2, 4 and 3.cm respectively with successive hydrographs having six hours lag, — —— ‘© copyright MADE ERSY vvavmadeeasypubationsor) 20 | SivilEngineering © Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY Publications Then U; or u, =0 2U, or 10.5 cumecs 2U, + 4U, or 40 cumecs 2U,+ 4Us, or 20 cumecs 2U yy + 4Ug+ BU, or 14.5 cumecs 2U5 = 4U, + 8U, or Uys = 5.75 cumecs 2Usy t+ AU yp 4 SUy or 3.0cumecs 2Uz, + AU,s + SUy or 2.0cumecs 2U gq + 2Uyg + SU, = 555 or Uy = Ocumecs ‘Therefore, ordinate of unit hydrograph are as follows: Timehour Jo 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 24] Tota Flow eumecs |0 |105| 40 | 20 | 145) 5.75 | 30| 20| 0 | e775 ‘The ordinates of unit hydrograph will be correct if it gives a direct runoff af 1.cm 95.75%3x3600 _ 103.410" ‘The successive unit hydrographs will have the same ordinates but will be shifted laterally by 6 hours as shown in above figure, Directrunott = tom Solution :7 (2) Runoff volume over the catchment = 22365 m? (0) Total runoff volume over the catchment, 350 104 x 18,66 /(1000) = 65310 m* Solution : 8 The required annual rainfall runoff relationship of the catchment is given by R= 0.4828 P — 0.2535 with both and R being in cm and R20, when P = 15.50 em, R = 7.23 em = 5.061 Mm? Solution :9 [16.74 Mm? 1.41 Mm*day; Nil] Minimum storage required = 16.74MCM Solution : 10 For catchment Mt 60h (aot s4h= (so) f, = 34.05h f = C(LL,,)°8 34.05 = C(148x 76/9; C= 2.074 Ee MADE ERS © copyiche Hence MADE EASY Publications For catchment N. Using t, = 60h Time base: or Use Solution :11 Rank Improvement Workbook 21 2.78% Cy x2718 @, = = 200 mse0 G, = 0.90 G, = 2.074 CG, = 0.90 § = 2.074 (106 x 52)°% = 27.5h 275 Oh (27sx2t)+(8)- 27 75h zl la _ 2.78%0.9%1400 Q, 126.2; say 126 m*/s 27 —_587__ 9p, (1261400) 79 7 2 asp Ws 1,75 6 1, = (2 +(@x 2778) = 165h = 5(27.75 +3)= 154h T,, = 156 hours as a convenient time base Since the ordinates are given at uneven time interval, by interpolation the ordinates of IUH are assembled at regular interval of one hour. Calculations are shown in table. Time | u(t) Ju) lagged ford, of | TR UN | TRU | Sum of [Ord of gh hy [mije| by theur | hun | 29924 PY |laaged by | Cols UH thour | 2hour | 4,586] (m/s) 0 | 00 0.00 0.00 00 1 [to] 00 5.50 0 5.50 18 2 [avo] 110 | 2400 | 550 0.00 | 29.60 98 3 [eoo| 370 | 4850 | 2400 550 | 78.00 | 260 4 [710[ 600 | 6550 | 48.50 2400 | 138.00 | 46.0 5 [7s0| 710 | 7300 | 6550 4350 | 187.00 | 623 6 [720| 750 | 7350 | 73.00 550 | 21200| 707 7 [eso[ 720 | 6900 | 7350 7300 | 21550 | 718 @ [eoo| 660 | 6300 | 69.00 7350 | 20550 | 685 a [s2s| 600 | 5625 | 63.00 0.00 | 188.25 | 628 to [450] 625 | 4875 | 5625 300 | 168.00 | 560 17 [390] 450 | 4200 | 4875 6.25 | 147.00 | 490 12 [330] 390 | 3600 | 42.00 aa7s | 12675 | 423 MADE ERSY a) Publlaations 22 | SivilEngineering © Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY Publications 13 [27.0] 33.0 30.00 | 36.00 42.00 | 108.00] 36.0 14 [eto] 27.0 24.00 | 30.00 36.00 | 90.00 30.0 15 [765] 21.0 18.75 | 24.00 30.00 | 72.75 24.3 ie [i20| 165 14.25 | 18.75 24,00 | 87.00 13.0 17 | 90 12.0 10.50 | 14.25 18.75 | 43.50 145 18 | 60 90 7-50 10.50 14.25 | 32.25 108 i9 | 30 60 4.50 7.50 10.50 | 22.50 75 20 | 0.0 3.0 1.50 4.50 7.50 13.50 48 24 00 0.00 1.50 450 6.00, 2.0 22. 0.00 1.50 1.50 0s 23 0.00 0.00 0.0 SUM=716.00 Volume of 1-h UH = 716 (m*Js, hour) = 716 x 3600 m* If A = Area of catchment in km?, A x 108 x (1/100) = 716 x 3600 A = 257.76 km? Publications —EE www.madeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © Copyright Floods, Flood Routing and Flood Control rm! 3 eo f@) 2 = a e Ea» Em i Eo : al ( 3 = © 3 | «© ae Ei fa) . i on rC} we rm re a a [2 1) fa) Ha { Ea mo Es Ew fo. 1 @ (a) © copyright MADE EASY wonwmadeeasypublications org 24 | CivlEnsineering * Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY BEY wien ei Solution : 1 Given, K = 22hour, x= 0.25 For best results routing interval (At) should be selected such that, 2Ke < Ate K or 2x 22x05 < At< 22 or tt < Ar <22 Hence assume At = 12hour As per Muskingum's method, Q, = Cyl CyIns + CoQ O5.At—-Kx 0.5x12-22x0.25 Where, K(i-x)+05at ~ 22(1-0.25)+0.5x12 ~ OSAtKKs —_0.5%12+22%0.25 = K(i-x)+O5at ~ 22(1-0.25)+05x12 ~ K(l-x)-O05 at — 22(1-0.25)-0.5x12 & = Kms) +05 at ~ 2A1-0.25)+0.5x12 = Check, Cy+ 0, + C, = 0.022 +0.511 + 0.467 = 1.0 Time (hours), Inflow (m'/s) Outflow (m’/s) 0 40-1 = 40.00, Beer, @,=4055 24 165" 0,=55.78 36. T 250 =I, Q,= 115.86 “@ 240 I, ,= 187.14 oo 206 0,= 21458 72. i 170 Q, = 208.68 4 180-1 ,= 187.18 %6 ,= 156.97 108 = 19808, 720 0,2 10739 732 y= 0724 144 | ET Q,s= 72.59 Cyl + Cyl + CoQ, Gl + CI, + GQ Assuming 1, = 40 m/s 0.022 x 65 + 0.511 x 40 + 0.467 x 40 = 40.55 mi/s Cola + Cy + CQ, = 0.022 x 165 + 0.511 x 65 + 0.467 x 40.55 = 55.78 mis Q, = Cylg + Cy + 0,0, | wonmadeeasypublcations org MADE ERSY © Copyright | MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook | 25, Publications = 0.022 x 250 + 0.511 x 165 + 0.467 x 55.78 = 115.86 m/s Q = Cylg+ Cl, + 0,2, = 0,022 x 240 + 0.511 x 250 + 0.467 x 115.86 = 187.14 m/s Q = Cole + Oly + 0,05 0.022 x 205 + 0.511 x 240 + 0.467 x 187.14 = 214.54 m/s, Col + Cyl + CQ, 0.022 x 170 + 0.511 x 205 + 0.467 x 214.54 = 208,68 m*/s, Col + Cyl + CQ) 0.022 x 120 + 0.511 x 170 + 0.467 x 208.68 = 187.18 mY/s, Col + Cyl + CQ 0.022 x 115 + 0.511 x 130 + 0.467 x 187.18 = 156.37 m/s, Colo + Cyly + CpQy 0.022 x 85 + 0.511 x 115 + 0.467 x 156.37 = 133.66 mY/s Coy + Co + CoQ 0.022 x 70 + 0.511 x 85 + 0.467 x 133.66 = 107.39 m/s Cohig + Cody + CoQry 0.022 x 60 + 0.511 x 70 + 0.467 x 107.39 = 87.24 m/s Cos Che + C2Qe 0.022 x 54 + 0.511 x 60 + 0.467 x 87.24 = 72.59 m/s Peak inflow is 250 m/s which occurs after 36 hours and peak outflow is 214.54 m/s which occurs after 60 hours. Attenuation = 250~214.54 = 85.46 mis Lag time, {, = 60-36 = 24 hours 250 200 we i50 Bs 50 OE BFE TE FBS TOE TTS TET “Tim (hours) Solution : 2 Time, 42.28 yoars Solution : 3 Def.: An area of low lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding 26 Civil Engineering ® Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY There are 2 measures for flood control: 1. Structural Measures: (i) A. Storage and detention reservoirs: "Apart of storage in reservoir is kept apart to absorb incoming flood. Further the stored water is released in a controlled way over an extended time so that downstream channels do not get flooded. B. Retention reservoir: * It consists of an obstruction to a river with an uncontrolled outlet, These are essentially small structures and operate to reduce flood peak (ii) Levees: * Also known as flood embankments, are earthen banks constructed parallel to course of river to confine it to a fixed course and limited cross-sectional width. Suspected of being overstopped cheapest and require care and maintenance. (lil) Floodways: + These are natural channels into which a part of flood will be diverted during high stages. (iv) Channel improvement: + Widening/deepening of channel to increase cross-sectional area. + Reduction of channel roughness, by clearing of vegetation from channel perimeter. + These are short term measures and require regular maintenance. (v) Watershed Management: * Watershed management in catchment aims at cutting down and delaying runoff before it gets into river * Watershed management measures include developing vegetative and soil cover to improve water infitrating capacity of soil and reduction of soil erosion 2. Non Structural Measures: (i) Flood Plain Zonin: + Identifying flood prone areas of a river and regulates land use to restrict damage due to floods. * Land of food plains is classified into some zones for various human activities and chances of witnessing flood Zone Flood return Period 1 100years Residential Houses/tactories 2 25years Parks 3 Frequent Noconstruction/encroachment (ii) Flood Forecasting and Warning: * Forecasting sufficiently in advance enables a warning to be given to people like to be affected and further enables civil authorities to take appropriate precautionary measures, ShortRange forecasts: 1240 hrs. warning Medium Range forecasts: 2-5 Days warning — Long Range forecasts: Using radars === MADE EASY econnon) MADE EASY Rank Improvement Workbook | 37 (iii) Evacuation and Relocation: * Evacuation of communities along with their live stock and other valuables and relocation of them in nearby safe locations, (iv) Flood Insurane * Provides a mechanism of spreading loss over large number of individuals Solution : 4 The main difference between hydrological and hydraulic routing is the approach way. Hydraulic Routing: Employ the continuity equation together with the equation of motion of unsteady flow, also known as St. Venant Equations Hydrologic Routing: Employ essentially the equation of continuity. + For unsteady flow, hydraulic rouling is preferred over hydrologic routing Examples of Hydraulic routing: — Kinematic wave model — Diffusion analogy method Examples of Hydrological routin: Muskingum Equation — Modified Pul's Method = Goodrich Method * The passage of a flood hydrograph through a reservoir or a channel reach is an unsteady flow, called gradually varied unsteady tlow. ds 1-0-4 Tat-Qat = As ("star (B22)ar as 5.05, At- should be sufficiently short so that the inflow and outflow hydragraph can be assumed to be straight lines. 1 si o Ah) 5=5ih) Output At | h elevation S$ storage Q discharge Cann MADE EASY woramadeeasypubliations.org) 28 | CivilEngineering © Engineering Hydrology MADE EASY Pusllestions Ian uncontrolled spillway outlet is provided in a reservoir. = Qh) HH head over spillway crest C,- Coett. of discharge For reservoir routing * Storage volume vs. Elevation * Storage vs. outflow discharge + Inflow hydrograph 1 = 1(2) + Initial values of S, /and Qat t= 0 (8)(6-2) (6-98) Method ene Qat * From the known storage-elevation and discharge elevation data, prepare a curve of (s+) vs. elevation. Here At = (20 ~ 40%) of time of size of inflow hydrograph. + Onthe same curve prepare a curve of outflow hydrograph vs. elevation + The storage, elevation and outflow discharge at starting of routing are known, For the frst time interval At (A52)ae and (s+ is determined. ot outflow discharge Q, at the end of time stop Atis found from discharge elevation curve at aat + Dedveting @,atttom (Ss + ost) aives (S- ou) for beginning of next time step. * Procedure is repeated till entire inflow hydrograph is routed Solution : 5 ‘Thus discharge corresponding to return period of 500 years = 565.54 m®/s = 566 m*Js (say) Solution : 6 () Annual flow with 50% dependability = 1462.16 Mm? (i) Daily discharge with 75% dependability = 41.837 mY/sec Solution : 7 () 25 year peak runoff from watershed = 64.46 m*/s (ii) Peak discharge, Q, = 99.72 mis Solution :8 ‘or storage routing, S,-S, = (ete) gp (OO) gp ht le) Since, 8 = KQand (este) i, = KQ,-KQ, yar (OO ay Publications —EE www.madeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © copyrisht) MADE EASY Tank improvement Werkbook | 29 Publestone at at Ka, 40, = Trat-a,S+KQ, at) > at a,(k+4) = harea(k ¥) at K- 2at ( 3) (2k-at) Where, c Beeay) = oat) Ra 2 In the present problem, ©. mayo c, oa 6 xd Q, = 0.47, +0.60, ie 1,(m*/s) Lith) 047, |0.6Q, | a(m*/s) 0 [0 ° 0.09 2 | 20 7 | 4 | 000 | 400 4 [60 40 | 16 | 240 | 18.40 6 | 100 | 20 | 32 [110s] 3.04 @ | 80 90 | 36 [2502] 61.82 10 | 60 70 | 28 [37.00] 65.09 2 [40 50 | 20 [3906] 59.06 14 [30 3 | 14 [35.43] 4048 1 [20 25 | 10 [29.06] 39.66 18 10 15 6 23.80 | 29.80 20 oO 5 2 17.88 | 19.88 22 oO oO 11.93 | 11.93 24 0 [0 [rte | 716 26 oO oO 4.29 4.26 28 oO oO 2.58 2.58 30 oO oO 1,55 1,55 32 oO oO 0.93 0.93 Publlaations a cpa © Copyright MADE EASY vwonmadeeesypublationsorg) 30 |

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