IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

Irrig. and Drain. 65: 48–57 (2016)

Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/ird.2087

FIELD TESTS AND BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS OF SAEMANGEUM INNER DIKE

CONSTRUCTION WITH GEOTEXTILE TUBE METHOD APPLIED

JONG GUN PARK1*, HAK WON KIM2, JEONG HEE KO3 AND TAE SUP PARK4
1
Department Director, Jeonbuk Regional Headquarters, Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea
2
Director, Jeonbuk Regional Headquarters, Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea
3
Deputy Director, Jeonbuk Regional Headquarters, Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea
4
Vice Director Quality Control Department, Woojin Construction Co. Ltd, Republic of Korea

ABSTRACT
Geotextile tubes hydraulically or mechanically filled with dredged materials have been successfully applied to hydraulic and
coastal engineering in recent years (e.g. shore protection structures, sea dikes, groins, jetties, detached breakwaters). This
method is becoming popular and has been widely applied in the developed countries of the world. It is economical as well
as useful, and enables us to store and isolate contaminated materials obtained from harbour dredging. In this study, a numerical
analysis was performed to investigate the behaviour of geotextile tubes in terms of various properties of the material, shape
condition and pumping pressure. The computer program GeoCoPS was employed for this analysis. Also, field tests were con-
ducted in order to identify the construction workability of Saemangeum inner dike when the geotextile tube method is applied.
In the field tests, geotextile tubes of 62 m in length and 4.0 m in diameter were used. The field tests found that geotextile tubes,
when filled, did not have the same diameter as the unfilled theoretical one, but might reach approximately 55% of the
theoretical diameter. At that time, the effective height of a geotextile tube was about 2.2 m. The behaviour during and after
construction was measured to confirm the construction method and workability, which ended in successful identification.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
key words: Saemangeum inner dike; geotextile tube; computer program GeoCoPS; construction workability; ultimate tensile strength

Received 24 February 2016; Revised 23 August 2016; Accepted 23 August 2016

RÉSUMÉ
Les tuyaux géotextiles mécaniques ou hydrauliques remplis de matériaux de dragage ont été appliqués avec succès à
l’ingénierie hydraulique et côtière au cours des dernières années (par exemple l’infrastructure de protection côtière, les digues
de mer, l’épi, les jetées, les brise-lames, etc.). Cette méthode devient populaire et a été largement appliquée dans les pays
avancés du monde parce qu’elle est économique ainsi que utile et permet de stocker et d’isoler les matériaux contaminés
provenant de dragage des ports. Dans l’étude, l’analyse numérique a été réalisée pour étudier le comportement des tuyaux
géotextiles en termes de diverses propriétés du matériau, l’état de forme et la pression de pompage. Le programme
informatique GeoCoPS a été utilisé pour cette analyse. Aussi, les essais sur le terrain ont été menés afin d’identifier la faisabilité
de la construction de la digue intérieure Saemangeum lorsque la méthode de tuyau géotextile est appliquée. Dans les essais sur
le terrain, les tuyaux géotextiles de 62 m de longueur et 4.0 m de diamètre ont été utilisés. Les essais sur le terrain ont montré
que les tuyaux géotextiles, une fois rempli, n’atteignent pas le même diamètre que le diamètre théorique vacant, mais peuvent
atteindre environ 55% du diamètre théorique. A cette époque, la hauteur effective de tuyau géotextile était d’environ 2.2 m. Le
comportement pendant et après la construction a été mesuré pour confirmer la méthode de construction et de faisabilité, et a été
identifié avec succès. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
mots clés: digue intérieure Saemangeum; tuyau géotextile; programme informatique GeoCoPS; faisabilité de la construction; résistance à la traction

*Correspondence to: Mr Jong Gun Park, Korea Rural Community Corporation. 137 Seowon-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si Challabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
E-mail: park2630@kornet.net
†
Essais sur le terrain et l’analyse du comportement de la construction de digue interieur saemangeum avec l’application de la methode des tuyaux geotextiles.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


INTRODUCTION
It has become very expensive to construct and maintain
structures mainly due to shortages of natural rock. Usually,
natural rock has been used for traditional construction of
river and coastal structures. The materials used in river and
coastal structures are changing from traditional rubble and
concrete to less expensive materials. Their main advantages
in comparison with traditional materials (rock, prefabricated
concrete units, block mats, asphalts, etc.) are: reduction in
work volume; reduction of execution time; reduction in cost,
as well as low-skilled labour; and more use of locally avail-
able equipment. Geotextile tubes are hydraulically or me-
chanically filled with dredged materials and thus have
been applied to river and coastal engineering projects.
Geotextile tube technology has been adopted as an alterna-
tive construction technique, and, in fact, has advanced to be-
come the most effective solution. Therefore, hydrodynamic
behaviour against wave attack is a very important factor in
the design and analysis of geotextile tubes. Most design
and analysis issues are focused on hydrodynamic stability
and ways of more accurately predicting final tube height
during and after construction. The construction of
Saemangeum inner dike Dongjin Division 1 was initially
planned to be carried out using riprap produced in the vicin-
ity of the area. Fearing environmental damage in the region,
residents were strongly opposed to such a plan, delaying as a
consequence the long-term development of the project. To
push the project through smoothly, it was decided to adopt
the geotextile tube method that can replace the use of riprap.
Liu (1981) conducted experiments on polyvinyl chloride
tubes, each about 2.5 m long, filled either with water or
mortar. Silvester (1986, 1990) presented the results of a
numerical analysis in a format of a non-dimensional chart
and table for a particular circumference of a tube. The numer-
ically resulted shapes of the tube began to be verified exper-
imentally. Koerner and Welsh (1980) and Pilarczyk (1996)
provided an overview of the many primary erosion control
applications by using various types of geotextile containers.
Kazimierowicz (1994) suggested an instructive numerical
approach to solve the problem. By using the computer
program GeoCoPS, the results of one type of slurry and
different pumping pressure were compared. The numerical
agreement of computed results was very good. Pilarczyk
(1998) designed the geotextile tube breakwater seaward de-
fence system for Amwaj Island under storm surge conditions
for a return of 50 years. The US Army Corps of Engineers
(Leshchinsky and Leshchinsky 1996) have developed the
geotextile tube method for two dimensional (2-D) strain
analysis programs. The technologies related to geotextile
systems have been utilized extensively in Europe, North
America, Mexico, Japan and Australia, often producing
successful installations, but with only few technical details.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
49
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyse the be-
haviour of geotextile tubes to be applied to the construc-
tion of Saemangeum inner dike Dongjin Division 1 by
using the computer program GeoCoPS, and to verify the
applicability and construction workability of geotextile
tubes through field tests. Geotextile tubes can be properly
designed and constructed under various environmental
conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description and location of Saemangeum inner dike
The Saemangeum Project, a national project of the Republic
of Korea, was initiated with the objective of agricultural
land development in mid-1989. Construction of the
Saemangeum sea dike, connecting Gunsan-si and
Buan-gun, started in November 1991. The final closure
was completed on 21 April 2006, and the Saemangeum Pro-
ject, as a whole, was successfully dedicated in April 2010.
The Saemangeum Project is one of the world’s biggest
comprehensive agricultural development projects. It has cre-
ated 28 300 ha of reclaimed land area and a 11 800 ha fresh-
water lake, making 40 100 ha in total, by constructing the
world’s longest 33.9 km sea dike connecting Gunsan-si
and Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, on the mid-west coast of Ko-
rea. Furthermore, construction of the Saemangeum inner
dike started in April 2010. The agricultural area to be
reclaimed was approximately 8570 ha. A total of 11 divi-
sions for construction of the Saemangeum inner dike was
extended to a total of 68.2 km. The construction period
was 2010 ~ 2015. The location of the Saemangeum inner
dike Dongjin Division 1 is shown in Figure 1, in which
the sea dike is divided into four divisions, namely dike #1,
dike #2, dike #3 and dike #4. The construction of the
Saemangeum inner dike Dongjin Division 1, which belongs
to public waters, is geographically located in Gyehwa-
myeon and Haseo-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Repub-
lic of Korea, started in full scale in September 2010. The to-
tal length of the Saemangeum inner dike Dongjin Division 1
after completion is going to be 5400 m (No. 205 + 00 ~ No.
313 + 00).
Tide level and wave condition
The water management level after construction of the
Saemangeum Reservoir is Earth Level (EL) (
) 1.5 m,
and the water management level during construction is EL
(
) 1.6 m. The height of the water level (HWL) for the
100-year designed return period of the Saemangeum Reser-
voir is EL (+) 1.3 m, and 1.6 m is set as the wave height. The
minimum water level of EL (
) 2.20 m should be main-
tained by opening and instantly shutting down the sluice
Irrig. and Drain. 65: 48–57 (2016)
50 PARK J. G. ET AL.
Figure 1. Location of the Saemangeum inner dike Dongjin Division 1.
gate to allow continuous circulation of seawater and main-
tain good water quality in compliance with the local condi-
tions. Design wave heights and water levels of
Saemangeum Reservoir are given in Table I.
Properties of dredged soils and geotextile tubes
Geotextile tubes used in this study are produced by a
company in the Netherlands with high-strength woven poly-
propylene. The permeability coefficient and ultimate tensile
strength of the geotextile tube is 1.6 × 10
1 cm s‾1 and
205 kN m‾1, respectively. Dredged soils from Saemangeum
Reservoir are classified as SP ~ SM by the Unified Soil Clas-
sification System. The natural water content is approxi-
mately 14.2% for dredged soil samples from the detention
basin, with a specific gravity of 2.67. The physical properties
of dredged soils are given in Table II. The percentage passing
sieve no. 200 is about 90.4% for dredged soils. The grain-
size distribution of dredged soils is shown in Figure 2.
Dimension and shape of geotextile tubes
A geotextile tube is a tube made of permeable but soil-tight
geotextile and filled with sand or dredged materials. Its
Table I. Design wave heights and water levels of Saemangeum Reservoir
Water level
HWL 100-year HWL 30-year Water management
of reservoir (EL. m) of environment level after construction
land (EL. m) (EL. m)
(+) 1.3 (+) 0.7 (
) 1.5
Note: H1/3 refers to the significant wave height.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
diameter and length are specific for each project and are lim-
ited only by the installation possibilities and site conditions.
Geotextile tubes used in this study were 62 m long and
ranged from 2 to 4 m in diameter. The tubes will acquire
their desired shape when they are filled up to about 71.7–
74.4% of their capacity. The dimensions and shape of
geotextile tubes used in this study are given in Table III.
Field tests of geotextile tubes
The construction site of the Saemangeum inner dike Dongjin
Division 1 and the dredged material disposal area are located
in the public waters in Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of
Korea. A field test was conducted at the Saemangeum inner
dike Donggin Division 1, while the construction field test
of geotextile tubes was carried out near the inner dike No.
273 ∼ No. 274 in Saemangeum inner dike Donggin Division
2. A map showing the location of construction field test is
shown in Figure 3 and geotextile tubes after installation are
shown in Figure 4. The geotextile tube is a tube made of per-
meable but soil-tight geotextile tubes and filled with dredged
material. Geotextile tubes used in this study were 62 m long
and 4.0 m in diameter. The width of geotextile tubes
(GT400) was 4.9 m and the circumference 12.56 m. The
Designed return period of 100 years
Wave direction Wave height (H1/3, m) Cycle (H1/3,s)
W 1.6 4.10
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 51

Table II. Physical properties of dredged soils

Specific Plasticity Natural water Grain size distribution (%) USCS

gravity index (%) content (%)
(Gs)
Sand (0.075 ∼ 4.75 mm) Silt(0.005 ∼ 0.075 mm) Clay(〈0.005 mm)

2.67 NP 14.2 90.4 6.2 3.4 SP ∼ SM

condition and material properties. GeoCoPS (Geosynthetic

Figure 2. Grain-size distribution of dredged soils.
geotextile tubes are filled with dredged material, which is
pumped through the line of a sucking dredging machine in
the form of a water–soil mixture. It was filled by pumping
in dredged soils at the site. When filled, geotextile tubes
may not reach the same height as the unfilled theoretical di-
ameter, but reach a maximum of 50 ~ 60% of the theoretical
diameter. The pressure control valve and pressure gauge
should be installed to control the in-filling pressure of
geotextile tubes so as not to exceed 5 psi. After surveying
the area where geotextile tubes will be installed, all types
of obstruction must be removed in advance to protect the
tubes from damage. To prevent mats from being displaced
or floating after installation if there are strong currents, sand-
bags (10 ~ 15 kg each) should be laid down.
Outline of numerical analysis
The purpose of the field test was to provide design and con-
structability in consideration of pumping pressure, shape
Confined Pressurized Slurry), version 1.0, was written in
Fortran and compiled with Microsoft PowerStation Com-
piler. This compiler utilized a 32-bit configuration, using
memory outside the DOS domain. This was achieved by in-
voking a DOS extender program, called DOSXSF.EXE,
which must be present in the directory path of GeoCoPS.
To run with full properties utilized, GeoCoP requires at least
2 MB RAM and an IBM PC compatible system with 386 or
higher processor. The public-domain computer program
GeoCoPS, developed by Leshchinsky and Leshchinsky
(1996), computes the geometry of the tubes and two other
parameters. This program was developed as a design tool
and allows the user to specify various safety factors related
to the geotextile tube strength. In this study, the specialized
computer program GeoCoPS (version 3.0) based on numer-
ical and plane strain analysis was used. The computer pro-
gram analysed theoretical behaviour such as geotextile
tube material, shape, pumping pressure, effective height
and so on. The computer program GeoCoPS used the fol-
lowing reduction factors :
T ult ¼ T work ðRFIDRFSSRFBCRFCDÞ (1)
where Tult = ultimate tensile strength of the required
geosynthetic, Twork = calculated tensile force in the
geosynthetic under the working load condition, RFID = re-
duction factor for installation damage (1.3), RFSS = reduc-
tion factor for seam strength (2.0), RFBC = reduction
factor for chemical and biological properties (1.0) and RFCD
= reduction factor for creep and durability (1.5 or 2.0).

Table III. Dimensions and shape of geotextile tubes

Designed Diameter (m) Length (m) Effective height Filling volume Circumference (m) Width (m) Filling percentage
parameters after filling (m) (m3)

GT400 4.0 62 2.2 9.20 12.56 4.9 73.2

GT350 3.5 62 2.0 7.15 9.62 4.3 74.4
GT300 3.0 62 1.7 5.25 7.06 3.7 74.3
GT250 2.5 62 1.4 3.55 4.91 3.1 72.4
GT200 2.0 62 1.1 2.25 3.14 2.5 71.7

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Irrig. and Drain. 65: 48–57 (2016)
52
Figure 3. A map showing location of the construction field test.
Figure 4. View of installed geotextile tubes.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Design variable analysis according to material
properties
Design variables according to material properties of
geotextile tubes are given in Table IV, in which the ultimate
tensile strength for GT200 ~ GT300 was kept at 120 kN
m‾1 and that for GT350 ~ GT400 at 200 kN m‾1. The re-
sults of the analysis for settlement behaviour after construc-
tion according to material properties are shown in Figure 5,
in which the height of the outside fluid, for instance, de-
creased to 2.6 m immediately after construction and further
to 2.3 m after consolidation, with the maximum width of
4.9 m in the case of the ultimate tensile strength of GT400
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PARK J. G. ET AL.
set at 200 kN m‾1and water level at 1.7 m. It turned out that
the maximum and final height of consolidation increased
while the maximum width diminished when the water level
was raised.
Design variable analysis according to shape condition
Design variables according to shape condition of the
geotextile tubes are given in Table V, in which the ultimate
tensile strength is 185 kN m‾1 for the circumferential direc-
tion and 143 kN m‾1 for the axial direction at a water depth
of 1.7 m in the case of GT400. From measurements, it was
found that the required ultimate tensile strength was 185
kN m‾1 for GT400, 154 kN m‾1 for GT350, 101 kN
Irrig. and Drain. 65: 48–57 (2016)
 53

Table IV. Design variable analysis according to material properties

Case no. Ultimate Shape after Shape after

tensile strength construction consolidation

Diameter (cm) Water depth (m) T (kNm‾1) Taxial (kN m‾1) H(m) W(m) H(m) Po(kPa)
GT200 0.6 120 81 1.6 2.3 1.4 10.7
1.1 120 67 1.8 2.1 1.5 13.5
GT250 0.9 120 87 1.8 2.9 1.6 7.2
1.4 120 70 2.1 2.8 1.8 10.0
GT300 1.2 120 94 2.0 3.7 1.7 4.9
1.7 120 73 2.4 3.4 2.1 7.7
GT350 1.5 200 151 2.4 4.2 2.1 7.9
2.0 200 119 2.9 3.9 2.5 11.7
GT400 1.7 200 157 2.6 4.9 2.3 6.0
2.2 200 123 3.2 4.6 2.7 9.5

Figure 5. Results of the analysis for settlement behaviour after construction according to material properties.

m‾1 for GT300, 64 kN m‾1 for GT250 and 36 kN m‾1 for
GT200, respectively. The results of the analysis for settle-
ment behaviour after construction according to shape condi-
tion are shown in Figure 6, in which the maximum height of
the outside fluid was 2.6 m immediately after construction
and decreased further to 2.2 m after consolidation in the case
of GT400.
Design variable analysis according to pumping
pressure
Design variable analysis according to pumping pressure of
the geotextile tubes is given in Table VI, in which the form
of geotextile tubes was changed to circular instead of oval.
Thus, the ultimate tensile strength exceeded 120–200 kN

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Irrig. and Drain. 65: 48–57 (2016)
54 PARK J. G. ET AL.

Table V. Design variable analysis according to shape condition

Case no. Ultimate tensile strength Shape after construction Shape after consolidation

Diameter (cm) Water depth (m) T (kN m‾1) Taxial (kN m‾1) H (m) W (m) H (m) Area (m2)
GT200 0.6 36 28 1.2 2.5 1.1 2.3
1.1 19 13 1.2 2.5 1.1 2.2
GT250 0.9 64 50 1.6 3.1 1.4 3.6
1.4 32 22 1.6 3.1 1.4 3.5
GT300 1.2 101 78 1.9 3.7 1.7 5.2
1.7 48 33 1.9 3.8 1.7 5.3
GT350 1.5 154 118 2.3 4.3 2.0 7.1
2.0 72 48 2.3 4.3 2.0 7.2
GT400 1.7 185 143 2.6 4.9 2.2 9.2
2.2 86 58 2.6 4.9 2.2 9.2

Figure 6. Results of the analysis for settlement behaviour after construction according to shape condition.

m‾1under full (100%) pumping pressure. The results of
the analysis for settlement behaviour after construction ac-
cording to pumping pressure are shown in Figure 7, in
which the maximum height of the outside fluid was
3.6 m immediately after construction and decreased further
to 3.1 m after consolidation in the case of GT400. Given
the maximum pumping pressure, the geotextile tubes
changed to circular instead of oval in shape regardless of
water level.
CONSTRUCTION FIELD TESTS
Construction workers and equipment
The construction equipment used included one suction
dredger set (2000 HP), excavator capacity (6 m3), flat barge
ship, setting barge ship, tugboat and so on. The divers were
engaged in spreading and injecting geotextile tubes, etc. The
planned minimum number of workers and equipment are
given in Table VII.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Irrig. and Drain. 65: 48–57 (2016)
 55

Table VI. Design variable analysis according to pumping pressure

Case no. Ultimate tensile strength Shape after construction Shape after consolidation

Diameter (cm) Water depth (m) T (kN m‾1) Taxial (kN m‾1) H (m) W (m) H (m) Po(kPa)
GT200 0.6 282 157 1.9 2.1 1.6 34.1
1.1 282 149 1.9 2.1 1.6 34.1
GT250 0.9 378 213 2.4 2.6 2.0 35.9
1.4 378 201 2.4 2.6 2.0 35.9
GT300 1.2 439 253 2.8 3.1 2.4 34.4
1.7 439 236 2.8 3.1 2.4 34.4
GT350 1.5 521 306 3.2 3.6 2.7 35.2
2.0 521 282 3.2 3.6 2.7 35.2
GT400 1.7 603 361 3.6 4.2 3.1 34.6
2.2 603 330 3.6 4.2 3.1 34.6

Figure 7. Results of the analysis for settlement behaviour after construction according to pumping pressure.

Results of field tests
The choice of geotextile tube mainly depends on the char-
acteristic properties of the fill material. The results of field
tests are given in Table VIII. The field test was conducted
in order to identify the construction workability of
Saemangeum inner dike when the geotextile tube method
is applied. In the field test, geotextile tubes 62 m in length
and 4.0 m in diameter were used. It was filled by pumping
in dredged soil from the construction site. The geotextile
tube is expected to acquire its desired shape when it is filled
up to about 73.2% of the theoretical circular diameter; a
higher filling grade is possible, but it will diminish the fric-
tional resistance between the tubes. The maximum effective
height after filling the geotextile tube was set at about 55%.
When the height of the geotextile tube was about 2.2 m, it
was filled with 9.2 of dredged soil. Comparison between

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Irrig. and Drain. 65: 48–57 (2016)
56 PARK J. G. ET AL.

Table VII. Planned minimum number of workers and equipment

Equipment Workers

Kind of machinery Unit Number Kind of job Performance Number

Dredge ship 2000 HP 1 Supervisor Management 1
S/barge 1400 P 1 Equipment man Operation 2
F/barge 1800 P 1 Captain Sea equipment 3
Lifting ship 160 HP 1 Sailor Tugboat 1
Crane 50 t 1 Winch Operation 1
Tugboat 450 HP 1 Special man Signal 1
Excavator 0.6 m3 1 Diver Spreading, injection 4
Total 7 13

Table VIII. Results of the field tests

Diameter (m) Length (m) Effective height after filling (m) Filling volume (m3) Filling percentage

4.0 62 2.2 9.2 73.2

Figure 8. Photographs of field tests in the Saemangeum inner dike Dongjin Division 1.

the results of interpretation according to GeoCoPS and and construction workability of hydraulic filling with
those of the test construction revealed agreement with each dredged soils by means of pump dredging vessels. Al-
other for the most part, thus confirming the effectiveness though it took about 1–2 days to install one Geotextile

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Irrig. and Drain. 65: 48–57 (2016)

tube, it may be possible to shorten the time needed to in-
stall and fill the tubes if proper measures were taken to
rectify some trifling weak points which might have been
caused in the initial stage of construction but would come
to light themselves later.
Views of field tests
Geotextile tubes are constructed by hydraulic filling of the
envelopes with a water–soil mixture using a cutter suction
pipeline dredged on a barge. The fill ports were tied and se-
cured to the top of the tube to prevent loss of dredged soils.
The water–soil mixture, pumping pressure and pumping
speed were varied to determine their optimum ratio through
the field test. The mixture ratio of fill material inside the
geotextile tube was kept at 1: 4 ~ 1: 5 (water: soil) in slurry
during pumping by the pump dredging vessel. The dredg-
ing vessel (2000 HP) used for filling geotextile tubes was
equipped with suction pumps having a maximum capacity
of 300 h‾1 for dredging soil. The diameter of dredging
pipes and inlet was 25 and the filling pressure was kept
below 5 psi so that consolidated parts of geotextile tubes
and inlets might neither be damaged nor missed during or
after the construction work.
The construction sequence of the geotextile tube was as
follows: (a) spreading bottom mats, (b) surveying construc-
tion location, (c) preparation of geotextile tube, (d) spread-
ing geotextile tubes, (e) fixing geotextile tubes, (f)
connecting drain pipes, (g) pumping by the dredge ship,
(h) pumping the dredged soil into the geotextile tubes. The
geotextile tubes right after completion of pumping are
shown in (i). Photographs for field tests in the Saemangeum
inner dike Dongjin Division 1 are presented in Figure 8.
CONCLUSIONS
This study deals with the behaviour analysis of geotextile
tubes to be applied to the construction of Saemangeum inner
dike Dongjin Division 1 by using the computer program
GeoCoPS. The construction field tests were conducted to
determine the construction workability of geotextile tubes.
Based on the behaviour analysis and field tests, the follow-
ing conclusions could be drawn:
• the 2-D plain strain analysis by means of computer
program GeoCoPS was able to predict the shape of
the geotextile tubes. A geotextile tube is expected to
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
57
achieve its desired shape when it is filled up to about
71.7–74.4% of the inside dredged material volume;
• as a result of field tests, the geotextile tubes, when filled,
did not attain the same diameter as an unfilled theoreti-
cal one, but might reach approximately 55% of the the-
oretical diameter. At that point, geotextile tubes were
filled to an effective height of about 2.2 m;
• during the field tests, it was observed that the case of
geotextile tube (GT400) was filled up to 73.2%. Higher
filling was possible but would diminish the frictional
resistance between the tubes. The numerical analysis
results seemed to be in agreement with the field test
results;
• from the numerical analysis by using the computer
program GeoCoPS, it was shown that tubes could not
endure a pumping pressure in the range of
34.1 ~ 35.9 kPa. The pumping pressure at the inlet
should not exceed 35 kPa.
The geotextile tube method may be a good and much less
expensive alternative to replace traditional materials, but it is
more economic and effective when applied to large-scale
construction works.
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Slurry (Geocops); Supplement Notes for Version 1.0. US Army Corps
of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
Liu GS. 1981. Design criteria of sand sausages for beach defense. In Pro-
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