BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI

Publicat de
Universitatea Tehnică „Gheorghe Asachi” din Iaşi
Tomul LVII (LXI), Fasc. 2, 2011
Secţia
CONSTRUCŢII DE MAŞINI

THE ROL OF THE GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATION IN

MULTIFUNCTIONAL MECHANISMS DESIGN
BY

CĂTĂLINA ENACHE1 and DUMITRU MARIN1

Abstract. The paper presents the graphic and analytic study about rotation
cylindrical surface as a ruled surface and the obtaining possibility of the derived
surfaces from this one using complex geometrical transformations (oblique
cylinder, oblique and rotation con, rotation hyperboloid etc.)
The paper also presents many useful applications made evident by theoretical
studies, kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the proposed mechanism.
Key words: rotation cylinder, rotation hyperboloid, rotation angle,
mechanism.

1. Introduction

Geometrical transformations were used by famous mathematicians as:

Thales from Milet, Aristotel, Platon, Euclid ad so on, for proving different
theorems in plane or solid geometry.
Symmetry, translation and rotation of the plane or special shapes are the
most useful geometrical transformations in industrial design.
They preserve distances between points, parallelism of the lines or they can
create different effects: dynamism, equal or unequal rhythm etc.
Geometrical transformations and the proportion of the plane and special
shapes lead to harmony and equilibrium of the industrial shapes.
The cylindrical surface is the most technological and the most frequent
surface in industrial design.
Rotation cylinder is a ruled surface too.
In this paper, we study cylindrical surface as a ruled surface and then is
turning into other surfaces: oblique cylinder, cylindroids, conoid, hyperboloid
and so on.
2 Cătălina Enache et Dumitru Marin

2. Cylindrical surface transformations

In Fig. 1a, the cylinder has a symmetry axis, a symmetry planes infinity
which includes the symmetry axis and one of its bases can be considered the
other one translated.

a b
Fig. 1 – General of the cylinder rotation
a – geometrical transformation in rotation cylinder; b – rotating cylinder like a ruled
surface

In Fig. 1b, the rotation cylinder is plotted like a ruled surface.

The generatrix G is parallel with the axis and turns round it.
Circles C1 and C2 can be circular disks and the generatrix G can be extensible
threads or rigid bars.

2.1. The generatrix G is extensible threads

The cylinder in Fig. 1b can be turned into:

a) rotation cylinder with generatix G1 ≠ G if circle C2 is translated lengthways
the axis Fig. 2a;
b) oblique circular cylinder Fig. 2b if the circle C2 is translated in horizontal
plane;
c) rotation hyperboloid if the circle C2 turns in own plane, the rotation angle is
α < 180º (Fig. 2c);
d) rotation cone, if the circle C2 turns in own plane, α = 180º (Fig. 2d);
e) oblique circular cone, if the circle C2 turn in itself plane with α = 180º and
then it is translated in horizontal plane (Fig. 2e);
f) cylindroid, if the circle C2 turns around the diameter AB; rotation angle
π
β < (Fig. 3f). In this case, generatrixes aren’t parallel with the axis but they
2
are parallel with the steering plane (perpendicular on diameter AB).
 Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, t. LVI (LX), f. 2, 2010 3

a b c d e f
Fig. 2 – Transformations in rotation cylinder
a – rotation cylinder; b – oblique circular cylinder; c – rotation hyperboloid;
d – rotation cone, e – oblique circular cone; f – cylindroid

2.2. The generatrix G is inextensible threads

Cylindrical surface transformations are reduced at b and c cases.

Therefore, we can calculate displacement h, when cylinder turns into rotation
hyperboloid (Fig. 3).
G = H = AB = A1 B1 = the cylinder height

Fig. 3 – Rotation hyperboloid

We can write in rectangular triangle ABC:

(1) AC 2 = AB12 − CB12 .

4 Cătălina Enache et Dumitru Marin

or

(2) ( H − h) 2 = H 2 − 4 R 2 sin 2 α .

Finally, we obtain:

(3) h = H − H 2 − 4R 2 sin 2 α .

Parameters H and R are constant and angle α is variable.

For example:
a) if H =2R and α = π / 6 then:

(4) h = 2 R − R 3 ≅ 0.27 R .

b) if H = 2R and α = π / 4 then:

(5) h = 2 R − R 2 ≅ 0.59 R .

c) if H = 2R and α = π / 3 then:

(6) h = 2R − R = R .

Because of the analytic and graphic study of the cylindrical shape and its
turning into other shapes, we can design different multifunctional devices and
mechanisms.

3. Applications

In teaching aids a device can be accomplished for visualizing the geometrical

shapes which were above analysed. The disks C1 and C2 are drilled and they can
turn in theirs own plane, around one diameter or they can be translated
horizontally or vertically (Fig. 4).
 Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, t. LVI (LX), f. 2, 2010 5

Fig. 4 – Teaching device scheme

Pressing, grasping, raising mechanisms when cylinder generatixes are rigid

bars joined with disks C1 and C2. Disks displacement can create axial forces in a
direction or another (the cylinder changes into hyperboloid or vice versa).
The mechanism can be accomplised from two parts for increasing axial
displacement (Fig 5).

Fig. 5 – Moving mechanism realized from several parts

Linear to angular displacement devices can be realized from several parts.

They can help a robot to raise the leg in order to step.
Can be achieved rolls, rotors, adjustable abrasive or cutting tools starting from
cylindrical shape to different hyperboloid shapes.
6 Cătălina Enache et Dumitru Marin

4. Conclusions

This paper proves that the geometrical shape is an inexhaustible resource for
industrial design.
Geometrical transformations described in the paper, can be technical
solutions for obtaining linear motions and axial forces for various mechanisms
and devices.
Constructive parameters H and R as variable parameter α are chosen
depending on displacement h which must realized, kinematics and dynamic
characteristic of the mechanism.
1
Received: University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest,
Department of Descriptive geometry and Engineering Graphics
Romania,
e-mail: dobre.catalina@yahoo.fr
e-mail: dumarpub@yahoo.com

REFERENCES

1. M A R I N D., Design Industrial – Design Industrialul; Designul Formei, Ed.

BREN, Bucuresti, 2009.
2. R A I C U L., Grafic si visual intre classic si modern, Ed. Paideia,, Bucuresti,
2002.
3. M A R I N D., Transformari geometrice in designul formelor produselor
industrialei, Conferinta nationala cu participare internationala – Cercetarea
stiintifica in conditiile integrarii europene, Braila, Mai, 2004.
4. P L A H T E A N U B., B E L O U S V., Efecte geometrice in creatia
tehnica, Ed. Performantica, Iasi, 2000.

ROLUL TRANSFORMARILOR GEOMETRICE IN DESIGNUL

MECANISMELOR MULTIFUNCTIONALE

(Rezumat)

Lucrarea prezinta studiul grafo-analitic al suprafetei cilindrice de

rotatie ca suprafata riglata si posibilitatile de obtinere a unor suprafete
derivate din aceasta prin transformari geometrice complexe(cilindru
circular oblic,con circular drept si oblic ,hiperboloid de rotatie cu o
panza,etc).
 Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, t. LVI (LX), f. 2, 2010 7

De asemenea, lucrarea prezinta multiplele aplicatii practice

evidentiate de studiile teoretice, caracteristicile cinematice si dinamice ale
mecanismului propus.