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measure will produce large variations and growth will allowing a good discrimination between chromosomes
stop very soon. and to define genetic operators to be used [8].
Crossover site
2.2. Region growing (growing)
1 8
This step aims to grow a region by agglomerating 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Parents
neighboring pixels. The pixels are selected to maintain 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
the homogeneity of the region. For this, we need to define
an indicator of homogeneity. Neighboring pixels are 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
added to the region of homogeneity if the indicator is Children
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
true. Growth stops when you can not add pixels with out
breaking the homogeneity [2, 5, 6].
The choice of germs and the threshold can be either Figure 2:Crossover operator.
manually or automatically.
Mutation site
In this work we will give germs a priori and we determine 1 8
the optimal threshold automatically by genetic algorithm. Initial chromosome 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Chromosome mutant 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
3. GENETIC ALGORITHM
Figure 3:Mutation perator.
3.1. Basic concepts
Genetic algorithms are techniques for optimizing
functions. GA are based on the evolution of a population 3.3 Solving a problem by AG
of solutions which under the action of some precise rules
The application of GA to solve a problem requires to
optimize a given behavior, which initially has been
formulated by a given specified function fitness function coding potential solutions to this problem by finite chains
[9]. A GA manipulates a population of constant size. This of bits to form chromosomes, to find a selective function
population is formed by chromosomes. Each chromosome allowing a good discrimination between chromosomes
represents the coding of a potential solution to the and to define genetic operators to be used [8].
problem to be solved; it is formed by a set of genes
belonging to an alphabet [9][12]. 4. EVALUATION OF A SEGMENTATION
At each iteration is created a new population by applying There are a multitude of segmentation methods whose
the genetic operators: selection, crossover and mutation effectiveness is difficult to assess. Currently, some work
[8, 12]. The algorithm chooses in selection the most has been done to solve the general problem of evaluating
pertinent candidates. Crossover consists in building 2 new a segmentation result [10]. There are two types of
chromosomes from 2 old ones referred to as the parents, evaluation approaches [11].
figure 2. The first evaluates the quality of a segmentation result by
Mutation realizes the inversion of one or several genes in measuring its similarity to reference segmentation.
a chromosome, figure 3, [9, 12]. Figure 1 show steps of Several studies have been made in medical imaging.
genetic algorithm GA. The second is based on unsupervised evaluation criteria
Random generation of the initial population
for estimating the quality of a segmentation result from
Fitness evaluation of each chromosome statistics calculated for each detected region.
Repeat There are several criteria for evaluating unsupervised
Selection segmentation. The value of each criterion increases with
Crossover the quality of the segmentation result [11].
Mutation
Fitness evaluation of each chromosome A criterion value close to 1 indicates a very good result of
Until Satisfying the stop criterion segmentation. Different criteria are described in detail in
[10, 11], we are interested in this work in the criterion of
Figure 1: Basic genetic algorithm.
Levine and Nazif.
is defined from the existing contrasts with regions that contrast of Levine and Nazif) presented in paragraph
are contiguous. (4.1) which expresses the behavior to be optimized.
The chromosome chr is optimal if CIR (chr) is maximal.
Ac i i
C IR
Ri (1)
5.3 Genetic algorithm proposed
Ai
Ri
Figure 4 shows the different steps of the proposed
lij mi m j algorithm:
Where c (2)
i
Rj li (mi m j )
Phase 1 :
mi mean of the region Ri ; lij, length of the common
1. Fix :
border between Ri and Rj ; li , perimeter of the region Ri .
- The size of the population maxpop.
- The number of region C and seeds in the image.
5. THRESHOLD OPTIMIZATION BY - The maximum number of generation maxgen.
GENETIC ALGORITHM 2. Generate randomly the population Pop
Pop = {chr1, .., chrk, ..., chrmaxpop}
5.1Proposed coding
3. Verify for each chr of Pop the constraint: s 0,1
Phase 2 :
The proposed algorithm consists of selecting among all of
the possible thresholds s 0,1 , the optimal threshold by Repete
minimizing a criterion for validating segmentation. So 1. Region growing for each chr of Pop
every threshold s is associated a binary chromosome chr 2. Compute for each chr of Pop its fitness value F=CIR
of N genes. (chr).
3. Order the chromosomes chr in Pop from the best to the
chr ( g k )1k N (3) poor (in an increasing order of F).
The chr chromosome is a line vector of dimension N. 4. Choose the best chromosomes chr (replace the first chr
The possible values of the threshold are: by the last).
5. Determination of optimal chr and fitness value for this
s 0;0.01;..,0.09;0.10;0.11;..;0.21;..;0.31;..;0.99;1 generation.
6. Crossover of all the chr of Pop except the last
(4) 7. Mutation of all the chr of Pop except the last
Then we have 100 possible values of the threshold. The
8. Verify for each chr of Pop the constraint: s 0,1
search space considered: Until Nb_gen (Nombre of generation) maxgen
s *100 0;1;2;..100 (5) Figure 4: Genetic algorithm proposed.
The variable s*100 undergoes a binary coding, it is
represented by a set of bits that forms the chromosome. 6. RESULTS AND EVALUATIONS
The length of the chromosome is defined by the value l,
which depends on the range of s*100, in this case In = [0, In order to evaluate the performances of the proposed
99]. method we have considered 4 grey level images, a
Let bmin = 0 is the lower bound of In and bmax = 99 its synthesised image, and 3 real medical images of X-ray.
upper bound. 6.1 Synthetic image
b 99 the difference between the two terminals. Since
the value of b 128 and 128 = 27, and can be taken We have constructed a synthetic image which we name I1
of size 64*64. The image contains five objects of different
chromosome length l = 7.
grey level, its regions are marked by the starting points
To avoid that the initial solutions be far away from the
(seeds) proposed, figure 5.
optimal solution, the thresholds should check the
following constraint: s 0,1
In the proposed algorithm, we discard any chromosome
with a gene that does not satisfy this constraint. This
gene, if any, is replaced by another one which complies
with the constraint.
0.022
0.02
0.018
0.016
F a b
0.014
Figure 8: Image of the abdomen marked by seeds.
0.012
0.01
The proposed algorithm converges quickly, in 4
generations, figure 9.
0.008
The optimal chromosome chop and the optimal threshold
0.006
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 sop are:
Générations
chop=( 0 1 0 1 1 0 1)
Figure 6: Fitness value with respect to the generation.
sop = 0.45
0.24
0.23
0.22
4096 0.17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The proposed algorithm shows a clear detection of all 6.3 Image thorax 2
regions of the image. In this test we have considered a thorax X-ray image
named I4 of size 118*131, figure 14. The number of
6.2 Image thorax1 region considered is C=5 and the seeds P are:
In this test we have considered a thorax X-ray image
named I3 of size 103*127, figure 11. The number of P (23 62 73 46 116 63 66 104 16 16)
region considered is C=4, and the seeds P are: The objective of image segmentation is the detection of
image regions.
P (22 17 34 46 65 56 108 56)
The objective of image segmentation is the detection of
regions marked by seeds P.
0.145 0.15
0.14 0.145
0.14
0.135
F
0.135
F 0.13
0.13
0.125
0.125
0.12
0.12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.115 Générations
0.11
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Figure 16: Fitness value with respect to the generation.
Générations
Figure 12: Fitness value with respect to the generation. The proposed genetic algorithm converges quickly in all
trials (figure 9, 13 and 16) and finds the optimal
threshold. This allows the detection of objects of interest application aux images de textures. Thèse de
marked by the starting points (seeds) given a priori. doctorat. Université Mohammed premier Oujda
Figures 10, 12 and 15 show the optimal segmentation 2004.
obtained by the optimal threshold. [9]. M. Renders. Algorithmes génétiques et Réseaux de
Neurones. Editions HERMES, 1995.
7. CONCLUSION [10]. V. Letournel. Contribution à l’évaluation
d’algorithmes de traitement d’images. Thèse de
Region growing image segmentation shows some stability
Doctorat de l’ENST. 2002.
difficulties due to the threshold problem and the seeds.
[11]. C. Rosenberger, S. Chabrier, H. Laurent and B.
We have proposed the genetic algorithm image
Emile. Unsupervised and supervised image
segmentation in order to get over the threshold problem.
segmentation evaluation. Chapitre 18, pages 365-393
The proposed approach has been validated on synthetic
du livre Advances in Image and Video Segmentation,
image and a real medical image.
Pr. Yu-Jin Zhang, Idea Group Publishing, 2006.
The experimental results obtained show the good [12]. Charbuillet, Christophe. Algorithmes
performance of this approach. The threshold problem is évolutionnistes appliqués à l’extraction de
eliminated. caractéristiques pour la reconnaissance du locuteur.
Thèse de Doctorat. Université Pierre et Marie Curie-
Paris 6, 5 Décembre 2008.
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