Ipv4 Addressing: © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cisco Confidential Presentation - Id

IPv4 Addressing
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Protocols and Standards
Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model
 Application - contains protocols used for process-to-process
communications.
 Presentation - provides for common representation of the data.
 Session - provides services to the presentation layer to
organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.
 Transport - defines services to segment, transfer, and
reassemble the data.
 Network - provides services to exchange the individual pieces
of data over the network between identified end devices.
 Data Link - provides methods for exchanging data frames
between devices over a common media.
 Physical - describes the mechanical, electrical, functional, and
procedural means to transmit bits across physical connections.
Reference Models
The TCP/IP Protocol Model
 The TCP/IP Protocol Model

Created in the early 1970s for
internetwork
communications.
Open Standard.
Also called The TCP/IP Model
or the Internet Model.
Reference Models
OSI Model and TCP/IP Model Comparison
 In the OSI model, the network access layer and the application layer of the
TCP/IP model are further divided to describe discrete functions that must
occur at these layers.
The Network Layer
Network Layer in Communications
The Network Layer
• The network layer, which resides at
OSI Layer 3, provides services that
allow end devices to exchange data
across a network.
• The network layer uses four processes
in order to provide end-to-end
transport:
 Addressing of end devices – IP addresses
must be unique for identification purposes.
 Encapsulation – The protocol data units
from the transport layer are encapsulated by
adding IP header information including
source and destination IP addresses.
 Routing – The network layer provides
services to direct packets to other networks.
Routers select the best path for a packet to
take to its destination network.
 De-encapsulation – The destination host
de-encapsulates the packet to see if it
matches its own.
Network Layer in Communications
Network Layer Protocols
• There are several network layer

protocols in existence;
however, the most commonly
implemented are:
 Internet Protocol version 4
(IPv4)
 Internet Protocol version 6
(IPv6)
Characteristics of the IP Protocol
Encapsulating IP
• At the network layer, IP
encapsulates the transport layer
segment by adding an IP header for
the purpose of delivery to the
destination host.
• The IP header stays the same from
the source to the destination host.
• The process of encapsulating data
layer by layer enables the services
at different layers to scale without
affecting other layers.
• Routers implement different
network layer protocols
concurrently over a network and
use the network layer packet
header for routing.
Characteristics of IP
• IP was designed as a protocol

with low overhead – it provides
only the functions required to
deliver a packet from the source
to a destination.
• An IP packet is sent to the
destination without prior
establishment of a connection
• IP was not designed to track
and manage the flow of
packets.
 These functions, if required, are
performed by other layers –
primarily TCP
IP - Connectionless
• IP is a connectionless
protocol:
 No dedicated end-to-end
connection is created before data
is sent.
 Very similar process as sending
someone a letter through snail
mail.
 Senders do not know whether or
not the destination is present,
reachable, or functional before
sending packets.
 This feature contributes to the
low overhead of IP.
IP – Best Effort Delivery
 IP is a Best Effort Delivery

protocol:
• IP is considered “unreliable”
because it does not guarantee
that all packets that are sent will
be received.
• Unreliable means that IP does
not have the capability to
manage and recover from
undelivered, corrupt, or out of
sequence packets.
• If packets are missing or not in
the correct order at the
destination, upper layer
protocols/services must resolve
these issues.
IP – Media Independent
• IP operates independently from the
media that carries the data at lower
layers of the protocol stack – it
does not care if the media is copper
cables, fiber optics or wireless.
• The OSI data link layer is
responsible for taking the IP packet
and preparing it for transmission
over the communications medium.
• The network layer does have a
maximum size of the PDU that can
be transported – referred to as
MTU (maximum transmission
unit).
• The data link layer tells the
network layer the MTU.
IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Packet Header
• An IPv4 packet header consists of the fields containing binary numbers.

These numbers identify various settings of the IP packet which are
examined by the Layer 3 process.
IPv4 Packet
IPv4 Packet Header (cont.)
• IPv4 Packet fields:
 Version – Specifies that the packet is IP version 4
 Internet Header Length (IHL)
 Differentiated Services or DiffServ (DS) – Used to determine the priority of each packet on
the network.
 Total Length
 Identification - Identifying the group of fragments of a single IP datagram
 Flags – Used to control or identify fragments
 Fragment Offset- specifies the offset of a particular fragment relative to the beginning of
the original unfragmented IP datagram
 Time-to-Live (TTL) – Limits the lifetime of a packet – decreased by one at each router
along the way.
 Protocol – Used to identify the next level protocol.
 Header Checksum - Used for error-checking of the header
 Source IPv4 Address – Source address of the packet.
 Destination IPv4 Address – Address of destination.
 Options
IPv4 Network Addresses
IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Number System
Converting a Binary Address to Decimal
Practice
Converting from Decimal to Binary
IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address
 To define the network and host portions of an address, a

devices use a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet
mask
 The subnet mask does not actually contain the network
or host portion of an IPv4 address, it just says where to
look for these portions in a given IPv4 address
IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address
Valid Subnet Masks
IPv4 Subnet Mask
IPv4 Network, Host, and Broadcast Address
IPv4 Subnet Mask
First Host and Last Host Addresses
IPv4 Subnet Mask
Bitwise AND Operation
1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0

IPv4 Subnet Mask
Examining the Prefix Length
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Assigning a Static IPv4 Address to a Host
LAN Interface Properties Configuring a Static IPv4 Address
Assigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address to a Host
Verification
DHCP - preferred method of “leasing” IPv4 addresses to hosts on large

networks, reduces the burden on network support staff and virtually
eliminates entry errors
Unicast Transmission
In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of

three different ways:
1. Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one

host to an individual host.
Broadcast Transmission
2. Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one host
to all hosts in the network
Routers do not Directed broadcast

forward a • Destination
limited 172.16.4.255
broadcast! • Hosts within the
172.16.4.0/24
network
Multicast Transmission
• Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to
a selected group of hosts, possibly in different networks
• Reduces traffic
• Reserved for addressing multicast groups - 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255.
• Link local - 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example: routing
information exchanged by routing protocols)
• Globally scoped addresses - 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255
(Example: 224.0.1.1 has been reserved for Network Time
Protocol)
Types of IPv4 Address
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Private address blocks are:
 Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use
private addresses
 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
Special Use IPv4 Addresses
 Network and Broadcast addresses - within each network
the first and last addresses cannot be assigned to hosts
 Loopback address - 127.0.0.1 a special address that hosts
use to direct traffic to themselves (addresses 127.0.0.0 to
127.255.255.255 are reserved)
 Link-Local address - 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
(169.254.0.0/16) addresses can be automatically assigned to
the local host
 TEST-NET addresses - 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255
(192.0.2.0/24) set aside for teaching and learning purposes,
used in documentation and network examples
Legacy Classful Addressing
Legacy Classful Addressing
Classless Addressing
• Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR,
pronounced “cider
• Created a new set of standards that allowed service
providers to allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit
boundary (prefix length) instead of only by a class A, B, or
C address
Assignment of IP Addresses
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
The major registries are:

Ipv4 Addressing: © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cisco Confidential Presentation - Id

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ipv4 Addressing: © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cisco Confidential Presentation - Id

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IPv4 Addressing

 The TCP/IP Protocol Model

• There are several network layer

• IP was designed as a protocol

 IP is a Best Effort Delivery

• An IPv4 packet header consists of the fields containing binary numbers.

 To define the network and host portions of an address, a

Valid Subnet Masks

1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0

LAN Interface Properties Configuring a Static IPv4 Address

DHCP - preferred method of “leasing” IPv4 addresses to hosts on large

In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of

1. Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one

Routers do not Directed broadcast

You might also like