Central Dogma

DEVI.D
 Francis Crick proposed central dogma in molecular
biology.
 It states that genetic information flows from
DNA→ RNA→Protein
 In some viruses the flow of information is in reverse
direction ie from
RNA→DNA.
Packaging of DNA in Prokaryotes.
 In prokaryotes-> no nucleus.
 DNA is negatively charged. It is organised in to large
loops held by certain positively charged protein in a
region called nucleoid.
Packaging of DNA in Eukaryotes.

 DNA in eukaryotes is wrapped around a

positively charged histone octamer in to a
structiure called nucleosome.
Atypical nucleosome consist of 200
basepair of DNA helix
 Thenucleosomes are the repeating units that form
chromatin fibers.
 Thechromatin fibers condense at the metaphase
stage of cell division to form chromosomes.

Non Histone chromosomal protein

 The packaging of chromatin at higher level

requires additional set of proteins called non
histone chromosamal proteins.
Euchromatin and Heterochromatin
 Ina nucleus certain regions of chromatin are
loosely packed and lightly stained than other
regions. This region is rich in DNA so it is
genetically and metabolically active. These
are called euchromatin.
The other regions are tightly packed
and they stain darker and are called
hetrochromatin it contain less DNA so it is
genetically and metabolically inactive.
Transformation and transforming
principle
 Frederick Griffth conducted a series of experiments with
streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) the
bacterium causing pneumonia
Pneumococcus

S-Type ( virulent) R-type (Nonvirulent)

Result of Griffth‘s Experiment
Pneumococci injucted. Result
 Live smooth and capsulated  Mice died
virulent S-type.
 Live rough and non capsulated  Survived
nonvirulent R-type.
 Heat killed, smooth and
 Survived
capsulated S-type.
 Heat killed, smooth capsulated S-
type and live non capsulated  Died
nonvirulent R-type.
Conclusion
 Griffthconcluded R-strain bacteria had
somehow been transformed by the heat
killed strain bacteria which must be due
to the transfer of the genetic
material(Transforming principle).
Oswald Avery, Colin Mac Leod and
Maclyn Mc Carty‘s experiments.
 They seperated and identified the
chemical nature transforming principle
which transformed the nonvirulent
streptococcus bacteria to virulent form,
this was confirmed to be DNA. They
discovered that proteases and RNAases
did not affect transformation but DNAase
inhibited the process.
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