CH# 9

ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

By: Abdul Basit
TCS Jinnah Campus
Topics of CH-9

1. Properties of Acids & Bases

2. Salts (Types of Salts)
3. The Concept of pH with numerical
Ions
NaCl ➔ Na+ + Cl-
+ -
HCl ➔ H + Cl
CuSO4 ➔ Cu+ + (SO4)-

Poly-atomic Ions
Carbonate Ion (CO3)2-
Hydroxide Ion (OH)-
Sulfate ion (SO4)-2
Trigger Questions
1. Identify any 7 examples of Acids

2. Identify any 7 examples of Bases

3. What is meant by salts

Maximum Time to complete is 7 minutes !!

Presentation Topics
Day Name(s) Topic
Monday
Tuesday Eshaal & Hajra Atomic Structure
Wednesday Mehdia Rutherford’s Model
 Properties of Acids
1. Acids have a sour taste
2. They change color of blue litmus to red
3. Acid + Metal = salt+gas
Zn (s) + 2HCL (aq) ➔ ZnCl2(s) + H2(g)

4. Acid + carbonate / bicarbonate = Salt+ Water+ CO2 gas

– CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) ➔ CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) +CO2(g)
– NaHCO3(s) + HCl (aq) ➔ NaCl (aq) +H2O (l) + CO2(g)
Properties of Acids
5. Acid + oxide / hydroxide of metals = salt & water
FeO (s) + 2HCl (aq) ➔ FeCl2 (aq)+ H2O (l)
FeOH3 (s) + 3HCl (aq) ➔ FeCl3 (aq) + 3H2O(l)

6. Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity

7. Acid + bases = salt + water
Properties of Bases
1. Bases have bitter taste
2. They change the color of red litmus to blue
3. Aqueous solutions of bases conduct electricity
4. They react with acids to form salts
Properties of Salts
1. Slats can be CHLORIDES, NITRATES & SULFATES.
Sodium + Chlorine ➔ Sodium chloride
Potassium + Chlorine ➔ Potassium Chloride
Potassium + Sulfuric Acid ➔ Potassium Sulfate + Gas
K + H2SO4 ➔ KSO4 + H2
𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 + 𝑁𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑁𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 + 𝐺𝑎𝑠
Indicators
They are used to show the nature of solution either acidic
or basic.
■ Commonly used indicator is “Litmus”
■ Present in Paper strip & Solution

■ Other Indicators: Universal Indicators

■ Universal show the nature & Strength of solution
Indicators
■ NATURE ➔ Acid or Base??
■ STRENGTH ➔ Strong Acid/Base or Weak Acid/Base
Acids & Bases (Arrhenius Theory)
Acids & Bases (Arrhenius Theory)
Svante-Arrhenius – A Swedish Chemist (1887)
“Acid can be defined as a substance that can yield an
H+ ion concentration when dissolved in water”
Arrhenius Acid ➔ HCl = H+ + Cl-

“Base is defined as a substance that can yield as

hydroxide ion, when dissolved in water”
Arrhenius Base ➔ NaOH = Na++ OH-
1. Sulfuric Acid=

2. Nitric Acid =

3. Hydrochloric Acid = HCl (H+)

4. Sodium Hydroxide

5. Potassium hydroxide

6. Calcium Hydroxide

7. Ammonia
Acids & Bases (Bronsted Lowery Theory)
 Bronsted Lowery Theory – Proton Donor Acceptor Theory
■ Arrhenius theory apply only to the aqueous solutions.
■ It doesn’t account for basicity of ammonia

■ Danish Chemist-Johannes Bronsted & English Chemist Thomas

Lowry proposed theory in 1923
– An acid is a substance having a tendency to donate one or
more protons
– Base is a substance having tendency to accept protons
– Bronsted-Lowery Acid: substance that can donate H+ ions
– Bronsted-Lowery Base: substance that can accept H+ ions
 Lewis Concept of Acids & Bases
■ In 1923 G.N Lewis proposed the general concept of acids &
bases
■ It explains the behavior in terms of electrons rather than
protons
■ An acid is any species (molecule or ion) which can accept a pair
of electrons.
■ Base is any species (molecule or ion) which can donate a pair
of electrons
■ In any acid base reaction in which electron pair donor is base &
electron pair acceptor is acid – they form coordinate covalent
bond.
 9.4 SALTS
■ A salt is a ionic compound produced when an acid is
neutralized by base.
■ Example(1): Reaction of Sodium hydroxide & hydrochloric acid
to produce Sodium chloride & water

NaOH (aq.) + HCl (aq.) ➔ NaCl (aq.) + H2O (l)

■ Example (2) Potassium hydroxide neutralizes nitric acid to form
potassium nitrate & water
KOH (aq.) + HNO3 ➔ KNO3 (aq.) + H2O (l)
Types of Salts

Normal Salts

SALTS
Acidic Salts

Basic Salts
 Types of salts
■ Normal Salts
– Which are formed by complete neutralization of acids by
base i.e. NaCl, NaNO3, K2SO4 are normal salts
– They don’t have replaceable hydrogen atoms
■ Acidic Salts
– They are formed by partial neutralization of an acid by base
– NaHSO4, KHCO3 are acidic salts
– They contain replaceable hydrogen ion, they react further
with bases to form salts
NaOH + H2SO4 ➔ NaHSO4 + H2O
KOH + H CO ➔ KHCO + H O
 Types of Salts
■ Basic Salts
– They are formed by the partial neutralization of base by an
acid.
– Examples are Mg(OH)Cl, Zn(OH)Cl are base salts
– They have replaceable hydroxyl groups
– They can further react with acids to form normal salts

Mg(OH)2 + HCl ➔ Mg(OH)Cl + H2O

 DOUBLE SALTS
■ When two specific salts are crystallized together & the
crystalline compounds are obtained are known as double salts
– They have definite composition
– They have usually definite number of molecules with them

– Examples:
Potash Alum K2SO4 .Al2(SO4)3 .24H2O
Chrome Alum K2SO4 . Cr2 (SO4)3 . 24H2O
Carnalite KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
Mohr’s Salt FeSO4. (NH4)2.SO4.6H2O
 Important commercial preparation & Uses of Salts
1. Sodium Carbonate
2. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
3. Copper Sulphate
4. Magnesium Sulphate
5. Potash Alum
 1. Sodium Carbonate- Na2CO3.10H2O
■ Prepared by = Solvay process OR Ammonia Soda Process
■ Raw Materials = Lime stone CaCO3, Sodium Chloride NaCl,
Ammonia NH3 & water H2O
■ Steps:
– Lime stone CaCO3 is heated to yield calcium oxide (quick
lime) & CO2 gas
CaCO3 ➔ CaO +CO2
– This CO2 is passed into aqueous solution of ammonia & the
ammonium bi-carbonate is produced
NH3 + CO2 + H2O ➔ NH4HCO3
1. Sodium Carbonate- Na2CO3.10H2O

– NH4HCO3 reacts with aqueous cold solution of NaCl at 15

degree Celsius called Brine to yield.
– Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 which isn’t soluble at low
temperature (15) and this precipitates out
Na+Cl- + NH4+HCO3_ ➔ NH4+ Cl- +NaHCO3

This NaHCO3 on heating give sodium carbonate

2NaHCO3 ➔ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
 Uses of Sodium Carbonate
■ It is used in softening of water
■ It is used as cleaning agent, & in making of soaps, detergents &
paper
■ It is used in making ordinary glass which is used in bottles
 2. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate – Baking Soda
■ This is formed by ➔ Solvay process
■ Mostly prepared by ➔ Passing stream of CO2 through
concentrated aqueous Na2CO3 solution
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O ➔ 2NaHCO3
USES:
■ Used in preparation of baking powder
■ Used in preparation of effervescent drinks & fruit salts
■ In medicines to remove acidity of stomach
■ In fire extinguishers
 Copper Sulphate CuSO4.5H2O
■ Copper sulphate is also known as cupric sulphate / blue vitrol
Or blue stone
It is prepared by reacting copper scraps with dilute sulfuric
acid in presence of air
2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 ➔ 2CuSO4 + 2H2O
It can also be prepared by the treatment of CuO or CuCO3 with
dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
CuO + dilute H2SO4 ➔ CuSO4 + H2O
 Copper Sulphate CuSO4.5H2O
■ Uses of Copper Sulphate
– In textiles (mordant)
– Electric batteries – hair driers
– As germicide, insecticide, preservative for wood & paper
pulp.
– In calico printing – making synthetic rubber & copper salts
– In paint & varnish industry
 MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
■ Formula: MgSO4.7H2O
■ Commercial Name: Epsom Salt
■ Preparation:
– It is prepared by (1) action of H2SO4 & magnesite or dolomite. (2)
heating kieserite under pressure with water
– MgCO3 + H2SO4 ➔ MgSO4 + H2O + CO2
Magnesite

– MgCO3.CaCO3 + 2H2SO4 ➔ MgSO4 + CaSO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2

Dolomite

– MgSO4.H2O + 6H2O ➔ MgSO4.7H2O

Kieserite Epsom Salt
 MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
■ It is used as mild purgative in medicines
■ In dyeing & tanning process
■ In making fire proof fabrics
■ As a filler in paper industry
■ In manufacture of ceramics, glazed tiles & match boxes.
 5. Potash Alum
■ When equimolecular quantities of potassium sulphate & Aluminum
sulphate are dissolved in water & the solution is allowed to evaporate,
crystals of Potash Alum are formed.
■ Formula: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
■ Uses:
– Used in dyeing as mordant to fix insoluble dye to fiber
– It is also used in tanning weather
– In sizing paper
– In purifying water
– As an antiseptic & as a mouth wash
– Also used in medicines
 Think about it !
■Why do we use indicators ?
■What is importance of pH ?
Indicators
They are used to show the nature of solution either acidic
or basic.
■ Commonly used indicator is “Litmus”
■ Present in Paper strip & Solution

■ Other Indicators: Universal Indicators

■ Universal show the nature & Strength of solution
The concept of pH !
■ NATURE ➔ Acid or Base??
■ STRENGTH ➔ Strong Acid/Base or Weak Acid/Base
 pH Calculations
■ pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion (H+)
pH = -log [H+]
pH = - log [10-7]
pH = - [-7]
pH = 7
■ pOH is the negative logarithm of hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration
pOH = -log [OH-]
■ The sum of pH & pOH is always 14
pH + pOH = 14
 pH Calculations
■ QUESTION-1: Calculate the pH of 0.01 M HCl solution
– HCl is strong acid so it is completely ionized
pH = - log [H+]
Express H+ in exponential form
0.01 M ➔ 1 ×10-2 M
pH = - log [H+]
pH = - log [10-2]
pH = - [-2]
pH = 2
 pH Calculations
■ QUESTION-2 Calculate the pH of solution whose H+ ion concentration if
5 × 10-4 M.
■ Solution:
pH = - log [H+]
pH = - (log5 + log10-4)
pH = -(0.699 - 4)
pH = -0.699 + 4
pH = 3.301
 pH Calculations

■ Calculate the pH & pOH of solution, whose hydrogen

ion concentration is 3.0 × 10−2 moles/ liter?
 pH Calculations
■ Calculate the pH & pOH of solution, whose hydrogen ion concentration
is 3.0 × 10−2 moles/ liter?
pH = -log[H+]
pH = -log[3×10-2]
pH = - [log3 + log10-2]
pH + pOH = 14
pH = -[0.477 -2] pOH = 14 –pH
pH = [-0.477 + 2] pOH = 14 – 1.523
pH = [1.523] pOH = 12.477