1965 war

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, also known as the Second Kashmir War, was the culmination of
a series of skirmishes that occurred between April 1965 and September 1965 between India
and Pakistan. The war was the second fought between India and Pakistan over the region of
Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The war lasted five weeks, resulted in thousands
of casualties on both sides and ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire. It is
generally accepted that the war began following the failure of Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar
which was designed to infiltrate and invade Jammu and Kashmir.
Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in the region of Kashmir and along the
International Border (IB) between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of
troops in Kashmir, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001-2002 military
standoff between India and Pakistan.

The Indian forces CAUSES OF THE WAR

Kashmir Issue:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir was one of a number of Indian states that recognized British
paramountcy. Prior to the withdrawal of the British from India, the state came under pressure
from both India and Pakistan to join them. The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh wanted to
remain independent and tried to delay the issue. However, at the time of British withdrawal the
state was invaded by a concentrated force of Pro-Pakistan Tribes from North West Frontier
Province (NWFP) and regular Pakistani soldiers. This forced him to accede Kashmir to India, who
promptly rushed into Kashmir and thus started the war.
Hostility between Muslims and Hindus:
It is a historical fact that in spite of living thousands of years together, relations of Muslim
and Hindu were never friendly. And recently Muslims had gotten their homeland against
Hindus’ will. This may be the cause of war, as Hindus might have thought that 1965 war is their
chance to relive their Dream of “Akhand Bharat. Recent Defeat of India from China In 1962
Indian armies in Kashmir had lost terribly from Chinese force. This led to think Pakistanis that
they can also defeat India, Indians on the other hand were longing for revenge, such mentality
might have provoked war.

The war:
The war was fought on the western front after Pakistan launched "Operation Gibraltar" - a
covert offensive in which up to 30,000 fighters were pushed across the ceasefire line into
Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. India retaliated by crossing the international border
at Lahore. At midnight on 6 September, India crossed the international border between India
and Pakistan and attacked Lahore and Kasur. The Pakistan Army and Air Force prepared for war
in a hurry and started attacks on India. The attacks also started in the areas of Jammu and
Kashmir. The war was fought on the border until 22 September when India asked for ceasefire.
On 8 September, Pakistani pilot Muhammad Mahmood Alam (M.M. Alam) shot down five
Indian jets in less than a minute and held the record. Pakistan very small army defended its
second largest city against a huge Indian army. The war affected a lot of people and the
thousands of Indian families had to leave their house and belongings and move to safer areas.

our international borders without a formal declaration of war had cost it, apart from heavy
personnel, material land economic losses, 1617 sq. miles of territory as compared to 446 sq.
miles of our open and undefended territory. Pakistan Army captured 20 officers, 19 Junior
Commissioned Officers, and 569 Other Ranks.
The Indian forces intruded into Pakistani area in