ED University af Engineering $e a rT Encncri - Laboratory Session 08 jepurtmvont of Civil Engineering, Objective Laboratory Session 08 TO DETERMINE OETA NS SpE TIMUM ASPHALT CONTENT OF BITUMINOUS % ‘URES USING MARSHALL APPARATUS & + Definitions and terminology used Flow: F Flow i is a strain-measured between no load and maxirmum load carried sian by specimen during stability test lastic flow: aie the body do not recovered or return to its ori iginal shape when the Sin oad is removed or we ean say the, at permanent deformation is caused y: Itis the maximum load that the compacted specimen can carry at a standard temperature of 60! Standards ASTM: DIS59-89S Sy AASHTO: T 245-82, Other method se Hyveem Method o Standard Testing Conditions, arene’ Specimen mould should have a diameter of 4 inches and height of 2.5 inches «Weight of Rammer=10lbs and 18 inch drop © Weight of Sample=!200 gms me of floly atid Stability test «Temperature 60°C at the ti paratys shfatd be warm To prevent heat loss all ap Objectives To produce mix has ‘ © Sufficient asphalt to ensurs «Sufficient mi tability to satis! © Sufficient void in the total compacted mix to allow for slight amount of additional Compaction under traffic without blee: Lair and moisture mit efficient placement without segregation. ¢ a durable pavement. fy the, demands of traffic without distortion or displacement. ding or loss of stibility yet low enough to prevent the entrance of harmful «Sufficient workability to Pe 39 ‘Scanned with CamScanneror : Ti neering ring & Foknalog= Dearne of CE Sample Ejector Testing Machine Figure 8.1 Marshal Testing Apparatus Source: ELE ou utalogue ‘Scanned with CamScannersion 08 gel Laborato NED Un niversits of Enincering & Te 0° af Enginecring & Technolegs ~ Departaent of Ci Fuginccring To fine out optimum asphalt content that wil satisfy, all the objectives of asphalt paving - mix des + Marshall mix design gives job mix formula, + ILis the Model before going for Prototype. Apparatus sembly-Mold cylinders 4inch (101.6mm) inch diameter by 3 inch (76.2 mm)in height ,base plates and extension collars, Specimen extractor, Compaction Hammer(shall have a flat, circular tamping face and a 10 Ib. (4536 gms.) sliding weight with a free fall of 18- inch,Compaction Pedestal, Specimen Mold Holder, Breaking Head, Loading Jack, Ring.- dynamometer assembly, flow meter, ovens or-hot plates, Mixing apparatus, Water bath Miscellaneous equipment: Containers steel trowel spatula thermometers balance Gloves Marking crayons Scoop and Spoon large a x Specimen mold as Procedure = Compaction of Specimen 1. Preparation of aggregat Density and Void Analysis Preparation of Trial Speci > Determination of mixing and Coffipacting Temperaitires 7, Stability and Flow test KARR 2 3) 4, Preparation of Mixtures Preparation of aggregates Dry aggregates to constant weight at desired size fraction, The following size fractions are recommended. ‘Table 8.1 Weight of Aggregates 221 to 230°F (105 to 110 °C) and separate the aggregates to dry sieving into the Total weight-1200 grams No‘4- } No.8- ]No.16-]No.30-|No.50- [N°-100} 4 inch }3 .§ No.8 | No.16} No.30|No.50 |No.100| 4 inch |-3/8 in 1 -% inl INo.200) vcisht, | 53 | 224 | 223 | 170 | 97 |.to6 | x9 | 6s | 49 | 24 etained, | 19 gms. ‘Scanned with CamScannerLaborato fechalosgy > Department of Cl Preparation of T 1 Specimen Preparel9 specimen, these specimens are prepared by half percent inerement First specimen is prepared to find out the time required it is then discarded. Prepared the specimen starting with 3.0% then 3.5%, 4. 0%, 4.5 %, and 5.0 % asphalt respectively, There are two ways of taking percentage asphalt in a given mix, Percentage of asphalt by weight of mix i.e, for 3.% asphalt means 3 gms, of asphalt with 97 ums. of aggregate. or Percentage of asphalt by weight of aggregate. i for 3% asphalt, 3g of asphalt with 100g of aggregate. Whatever tie selection may be, it should he clearly mentioned. Determination of mixing and Compactilg ‘el fat eee 1. The temperature to which aspial egret must 20 CST shall be the mi \y‘tepiperature, The temperature to which fit coment must be “ fe produce a viscosity of 280 30 CST shall be the compacting temperature. Figure 8.2 Determination of Mixing and coftpting Temperatures Source: Highway Materials, Soils dnl Concretes by [1avold N. Atkins y Ss Harnett 280 Cst, Compactineemperature 170 Cst, Mixing tempefature Viscosity, Cst ‘Temperature, °C a ‘Scanned with CamScannertury Session 08, Preparation of M 1. Weigh into si . (0 separate pans for ent arate pans for each specimen the amount of each size fra 8.1) required : ae red {0 produce a batch that will result in a compacted specimen 2.5 + 0.05 (63.5 ‘ mm) in height (about 1200 gmns.). lace the — he pans on the hot plate or in an oven and heat to a temper xin : 1g Lemperature established above by more than approximately 50 F (28 C) for asphalt tures sion (Use Table jure not exceeding the cement, 3. Ch ; arge the mixing bowls with heated aggregates and dry mix thoroughly: . Form a crater in the dry blended aggregate, piaeé it on the balance, note the weight and start pouring Asphalt, once the display weight is nearer to what you desired, stop supply of Asphalt, When the required weigh the preheated required amount of bituminous material into the mixture, 6. Care must be exervised to prevent che SrAbd ing mixing and subsequent handling. 2 EE Mibiaininous material shall be within the 7. At this point, the terportureg lhe ere limits of the mixing tempering established en % 8. Mix the aggregate and ae jus material rapidly ui iiiproughly coated. Compaction of Specimen fy 1. Thoroughly clean the specimen them on the hot pate toa temperatiredbe 3-5 ‘and 148.9. of filter paper or paper toweling cut to size in the bottom of the mold before 2. Place a piece the mixture is introduced tcl in the mold, spade the mixture vigorously with a heated spatula or Place the entire bal trowel 15 times around the perimeter and 10 times over the interior 4. Remove the collar and smooth the surface of the mixtures immediately prior to the compaction shall be within the limits of the compacting (emperature established earlier. Replace the collar, place the mold assembly on compaction pedestal, in the mold holder and unless otherwise specified 6. Apply 50 blows (check with Spee ication) withthe compaction hammer with a freefall of 18 inch 7, During compaction, ( nearly perpendicular to U he operator shall hold.the axis of compaction hammer by hand as ne base of the mold assembly as possible .d collar, and reverse and reassemble the mold. 8, Remove the base plate an 9, Apply the same number of compaction blows to the face of the reversed specimen @ ‘Scanned with CamScanner bid: assembly 9 andi ({i¥é face compaction hammer and heatory Tinaligy> Department of Chit Engineering : nn the end of the 10. After compaction, remove the base plate and place the sample extractor © specimen LL. Place the assembly with the extension collar up in the testing machine, apply Pa i the collar by means of load transfer bar, and foree the specimen into the extension collar 12. Lift the collar from the specimen, Carefully transfer the specimen to a smooth. flat surface and allow it to stand overnight at room temperature: Density and Void Analysis 1. Affer the specimen has cooled to Room temperature, measure the height of specimen from three sides and take average. . 2. Weigh and record the mass of speciiméit in aiz, water and saturated surface dry conditions. Stability and Flow test 1, Bring the specimens prepared withabphall ¢ {neh othe specified temperature of 60°C by GINE Ra. immersing in the water bath 30 10% toadimmntes. © Bo. Me: ody and iriside the surface jp the test heads prior to making "2, Thoroughly clean the guid the test and lubricate the guide rods so thatthe uppeijest head slides freely over them. Neeni(2L.1 to 37.8° C) using a water bath when required, 4, Remove the specimen from the waterbath, and placg?in the lower segment of the breaking head. ™ aan Ht 5. Place the upper segment of the breaking head on the specimen, and piace the complete assembly“in’position over on of the guide rods and adjust the flowmeter to zero 6. Apply the load to the specimen by means of the constant rate of movement of the load jack or testing machine head of 2 inch /min until the maximum Joad is reached and the load decreases as indicated by the dial. 7. Record the maximum load noted on the testing machine or converted from the maximum eter dial reading. 8. Release the flow meter sleeve or note the micrometer dial reading, where used, the instant the maximum load begins to decrease. 9, Note and record the indicated flow value or equivalent units in hundredths of an inch (25 hundredths of a millimeter) ifa micrometer dial is used to measure the flow. _ 10, ‘The elapsed time for the test from removal of the test specimen from the water bath to the maximum load determination shall not exceed 30 seconds. 64 ‘Scanned with CamScannerjon 08 Laboratory. veering U1, The stability values are made equivalent by applying corre if the height of acne eases y applying correlation factors, if the heigh' Observations Table 8.2 Height of sample (inches) hy hy, hs Average height Table 8.3 Weight of sample (grams) In Air, A_|_In water, C_| Saturated surface dry condition, B 3. Weight of Asphalt Added = 4 4. Number of blows per side = U2" ok Calculations 7 2 2 fui 1. Bulk Specific Gravity 213 ae \ A BsoX / BC a 2. Bulk Specific Gravity (Saturated ‘Surface-Divis “ B BSGssy" E> e 3. Apparent Specific Gravity ASG _ooe |APPARENT™ AO 4, Percentage by weight of coarse aggregate Sum of all weights upto number 8 sieve : 7200 x 100 5, Pofeentage by weight of fine aggregate Sum of all weights passing number 8 sieve Sum of all weights passing number 8 sieve 1200 x 100 6. Unit weight of Specimen weight =62.4 x Bulk Specific gr: ity of Specimen Results 1. Height of sample. + inches 6saboratory Session 0 CH 302: Transportation Engineering! Laborat NED University of neering & Tecluvology= Deparinant of Coil Engineering Weight of Asphalt Added= gms=___% Number of blows per sid Bulk Specific Gravity- BSG= ) Bulk Specific Gravity -BSGssp7 Apparent Speci Gravity = Percentage by weight of coarse aggregate: Percentage by weight of fine aguregate=_ 9. The value of stability= ernnuswn 10. The flow value of given sample wa LL. Unit weight of Specimen: (pef) ___ (0.01 in) Limitation ‘ The compaction does not simulate with actual field condition becausejwe are giving impact load but in field there is instantancous,moyferferith sg tl, test results pray not be very accurate. 9 Y y a De o d out Optimum Asha eis OSG 1 Draw the graphs for: % AGIyse % AC vs. Unit weight and eh, Ke vs. Stability, % AC vs. Flow, Aggregate below. Pe 3. Summarise all the values calculats 4, Draw a perpendicular line that wef sLaboratory Session 08 = Department of Civ E iincering Table 8.4 Design Criteria for the Marshall Method Surface and Base Mix Light Traffic _| Medium Traffic| Heavy Traffic Min, | Max_| Min. | Max. | Min. | Max. Marshal Method Mix Criteria Compaction, number of blows at each end of specimen ES 0 * Stability, (by 500. = 750. - 1500 Flow(0.01 inch) 8 20 8 18 8 16 Percentage of air voids 3 5 3 5 3 5. Percentage of voids in mineral aggregate] 14 14 14 14 (VMA) for %" size 4 Source: Highway materials,Soils ‘and Cocneretes by Harold H. Atkins Comments on Curves (Figure 8.3) Resulting From Marshall Method. iy T 1. Density initially increases with, stn ont ete the fluid lubricates grain movement, eventually however, a maximéing Gsity is zeae eaten decreases, since be lighter asphalt replaces some of agg da fes, shoving the pa ieee part. Stability increases and deatasel fs along with the re -Sayent ona Curve similar to that HoH YE BEtween grains of aggregates and density, since the steengthgs ah fainly a function of frict ke therefore density. @ 3, Flow in creases with asphalt con net sin asphalt films. ‘The percentage of air void decreases as asphalt.content increases, since the Asphalt tends to fill all the voids. Z 5. The percentage of voids in sineral aggregates is approximately opposite to the density curve, since the mass of aggregates is the main component of the total mass of mix. ‘Scanned with CamScanner5 a % Air voids 67 8 B € s ® Flow (rm) % Asphalt cement Figure 8.3 Typical Test results of Marshall Mix Des Source: Highway Materials,Soils, & Concretes, Harold N. Atkins ‘Scanned with CamScannerCE 302: Transportation NED University of Engineering Optimum Asphalt Content in % Enginecringet Laboratary Session 08 & Technology - Department of Civil Engineering © Density Flow Stability Air Voids ‘Scanned with CamScanner 79spurtation f of Ena Session 09 Laboratory S Objective ‘TO DESIGN RIGID PAVEM EN'T SECTION OF A HIGHWAY USING MICROSOFT EXCEL SHEET . Terminologies Used Rigid Pavement Rigid pavements are so named because the pavement structure: deflects very little under loading due to the high of their surface course. References Initial and terminal serviceability ” Reliability and standard deviation ‘ © The Supporting value of sub-grade, o Type of base/‘sub base Data Required are: + Thickness © Stabilized (Asphalt, lime or Cement ete.,), or untreated © Aggregate or lean concrete «Supporting values (CBR or K-values) & Climatic properties such as wind, temperature, and precipitation Flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete @ Trafic in terms of ESAL Objectives The design pavement should Provide adequate resistance to traflic load. Provide riding comfort to the motorist ‘Scanned with CamScannee cr RED Sof Sol Pri PrLaboratory Session 09 NED University of Engineering & Technology Department of CWil Engineering ¥ Reasonable economy Software Used: Software on Rigid pavement design in MS Excel Environment Problem Statement: From the following data, design a rigi pavement section of a highway: Type of highway Two lane two way... Pavement type Rigid, JPCP Joint spacing 12ineh Reliability 90% Standard Deviation 0.30 . we Mean annual wind speed —_7.0 mph Mean annual Precipitation 1, Winey xt (2 Mean annual Air temp. 60 ~ {BI Soil data: R99 pei KN Edge Support Convefijional 12 ft lane“ KARR Base type Aggregate APSE Base properties Modulus of elasticity 30,000 psi. - Mean friction Coeff. 14 Flexural strength of concrete =650 psi . Modulus of Elasticity =400,000 psi 18 4 ‘Traffic ESAL =3 x 10’ Million ESAL kips/lane/direction Procedure: Step 1 - Input Sheet - General Information . The general information section requests information about the agency, TI is information is not required for the analysis, but the information entered here may be displayed on the "Results" sheet. . 16 ‘Scanned with CamScannerStop 2 - Input Shoot « Design Information ° All desig, are used, inputs ae required except sensitivity analysis. No default values A Iiformation can be retrieved from the "Saved Data" sheet using the “Retrieve Data" Buiton, The exis ng data can be replaced or saved as a new ave Data" Button Clicking on the "Retrieve Data" button opens the "Saved Data" sheet, Seleet the appropriate row to be retrieved and click on the "Export" button, Ifthe retrieval is suecessful, the data are retrieved, Changes can be made and sa ved as a new data using a different value for the search ID, ‘The data can also be overwritten us ng the same search ID. The search ue can be text, numbers, or a combination of the two that uniquely ident ies the data (example: Project Numbers). This feature can also be used to save a lstig.ane' sige ID to retrieve the "Clear All" data default set of values, set clears all the dai cae informatii andi Fe ity, concrete propertics, © properties i fil reliability and stan ‘deviation can be input in the appropriate cel Olas ible 14 provides help for estimating base. pr roperty values, Climatie properties stch as wind, _empétature, and precipitation, which are Kahin required for Epostive tempeldte differential calculation, ean be estimated using the table of climatic properties for major cities provided in table 15, A pavement type can be selected by clicking the option buttons provided. For JPCP and EIRCP, the joint spacing needs to be entered in ft in.the space provided This autom: cally calculates the effective joint spacing to be used in design. Edge support can also be selected using the option buttons provided. This uitomatically calculates the edge support factor to be used in design, A\ first run MUST be performed using design inputs for all variables and using an estimated effective subgrade k-value. This determines an approximate slab thickness for the inputs provided. The user can then navigate to the seasonal n ‘Scanned with CamScanner