CALCULATION OF PHASE SHIFT USING DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
10 kΩ Resistor 1 μF capacitor
IC LM741 Breadboard
Frequency Generator Oscilloscope
Connecting Wires

THEORY:
A differential amplifier (also known as a difference amplifier) is a type of electronic amplifier that
amplifies the difference between two input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the two
inputs. A differential amplifier is an analog circuit with two inputs (V 1 and V2) and one output (V0) in
which the output is ideally proportional to the difference between the two voltages.
The formula for a simple differential amplifier can be expressed:

V0 = Ad (V1 – V2)

where,

V0 is the output voltage

V1 and V2 are the input voltages

Ad is the gain of the amplifier (i.e. the differential amplifier gain)

From the formula above, you can see that when V 1 = V2, V0 is equal to zero, and hence the output
voltage is suppressed. But any difference between inputs V 1 and V2 is multiplied (i.e. amplified) by
the differential amplifier gain Ad.
This is why the differential amplifier is also known as a difference amplifier – the difference between
the input voltages is amplified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1

C1 +Vcc

2 6
7
4
Vin 3
-Vcc
Rout

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC LM741:

OBSERVATION:

Input and Output signal observed in Oscilloscope

No of division in Input Signal for one cycle in horizontal reference line = 26

No of division for input signal crossing the horizontal reference line to output signal = 5

360
Phase shift =  5  69.230
26

RESULT:
The phase shift between input and output wave signal is 69.230.