Hindawi

Complexity
Volume 2018, Article ID 8261413, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8261413

Research Article
Investigation and Optimization of Grounding Grid Based on
Lightning Response by Using ATP-EMTP and Genetic Algorithm

1 1 1 1
Saeid Gholami Farkoush, Tahir Khurshaid, Abdul Wadood, Chang-Hwan Kim,
1 2 3 1
Kumail Hassan Kharal, Kyu-Ho Kim, Namhun Cho, and Sang-Bong Rhee
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-ro,
Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do 17579, Republic of Korea
3
Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI), Korea Electric Power Company (KEPCO), 105 MunjiRo,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34056, Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Sang-Bong Rhee; rrsd@yu.ac.kr

Received 26 January 2018; Revised 19 April 2018; Accepted 10 May 2018; Published 5 August 2018

Academic Editor: Hugo Morais

Copyright © 2018 Saeid Gholami Farkoush et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

A large number of electromagnetic transient studies have been analyzed for finding the overvoltage behavior of power system. A
grounding grid of power system is so important for reducing the effect of overvoltage phenomena during a short-circuit event.
Two sections are important in grounding system behavior: soil ionization and inductive behavior; this paper focuses on the
inductive manner of grounding grid. The grounding grid is considered as a conductor segment; each conductor segment acts as a
grounding unit. In this paper, the transient methodology is introduced to investigate the lightning e ffect on grounding body at
each point of grounding grid in normal and optimized conditions. Genetic algorithm is applied for regular and irregular
grounding grid to obtain best values of mesh size with the lower ground potential rise (GPR) as compared with the normal
condition for more safety. The grounding grid is a combination of inductance, resistance, and capacitance. This model is suitable
for practical applications related to fault diagnosis. Several voltages on different positions of grounding grid are described in this
paper using ATP-EMTP and genetic algorithm. The computer simulation shows that the proposed scheme is highly feasible and
technically attractive.

1. Introduction
In daily life, electricity plays a vital role. Electrical power
system consists of generation, transmission, and distribution. It
is very important to secure this transmission and distribu-tion
for the safety of customers. For more safety, the ground-ing
system at specific points has been predicted in a power grid. A
number of articles had been discussed about human safety in
the surroundings of grounding system or other electrical
devices [1–3]. There are two important sections for improving
performance at the grounding grid, firstly reducing fault
current and secondly optimizing the grid configuration.
Reducing fault current is so difficult or impractical in the
grounding grid [4, 5]. Then, the modifica-tion of grounding
grid configuration is frequently used,
2
which can be reached by changing of the grid mesh and adding
vertical grounding rods for getting more efficiency [6–8]. The
behavior of grounding grids under lightning stroke is explained
with more details and analysis in [9]. The purpose of the
ground system is twofold: the first is to provide safety against
electric shock, which can cause harm to people and the second
is to provide the proper operating level for the power system
when a fault occurs. For managing safety in a ground grid
against fault, problems like lightning need to be simulated with
the different software; for example, TRAGSYS is used to
simulate and to analyze the transient on transformer terminals
by taking into account the grounding effects [10]. ETAP
software was proposed for ground grid mesh designing by
using the latest IEEE 81 2013 standard for ground grid mesh
data [11]. The rigorous
electromagnetic model was suggested for analyzing the Complexity
light-ning surge efficiency of grounding grids. The result of
the proposed model shows that values of the grounding grid
impulse coefficients are nearly linear dependent on the side 140
length of square grids [12]. The author at [13] proposed the 120
external charge method to design for grounding grids. For

Lightning current (kA)

100
estimation of grounding grid parameters, boundary element
method is used. The advantages of these methods are the 80
ability to calculate parameters of complex groundings in
homogeneous and double-layered soil with parallel bound- 60
aries of discontinuity of the soil electrical conductivity 40
under lightning stroke [14–16]. In some papers, the
20
transient elec-tromagnetic (TEM) method is used to draw
the configuration of a substation for optimization of 0
grounding grid under lightning stroke [17–19]. 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
In this paper, we achieve to figure out the configuration of 1 2
grounding grids using ATP-EMTP. Firstly, we show a Time (ms)
simulation of grounding in ATP-EMTP under lightning stroke
in normal computation. Secondly, genetic algorithm is Figure 1: Lightning current.
suggested to a system for optimization of grounding grids. The
complete configuration of grounding grids will be clearly and
accurately shown on the map. Surface voltages and mesh size
before and after optimization will be investigated under
lightning stroke in a grounding grid. Each stroke lasts normally
less than one millisecond, and the separation time between the
strokes is typically a few tens of milliseconds.

2. Analytical Lightning Current in ATP-EMTP

When lightning attaches to the substation, two current
waves distribute in the substation. The first one is moving
upwards to reach a maximum value of lightning current,
and the second one goes down towards zero value. The
speed of the lightning current in the first section as shown in
Figure 1 is very close to the speed of light, and in the
second section, it gradually decreases with the speed less
than that of light (usually 1/3 to 2/3 of the speed of light).
The analytical expression is usually adopted to represent
the injected current io(t) in the Heidler function, defined as
t/τ1
n ground wires or the lightning mats to earth
− /τ
io t = I n e t 1 , 1
1 + t/τ1
where I is a control of the current amplitude, τ1 is the front
time constant, τ2 is the decay time constant, and n is an
exponent having values between 1.1 to 20.
Figure 1 shows the example of the lightning current
curve when the lightning happens.
3. Grounding Grid in Power System
The substation grounding system comprises a grid (earth mat)
formed by a horizontal buried conductor. The functions of
grounding systems or earth mat include the following:
(1) To ensure safety to personnel in substations against
electrical shocks
Figure 2: General arrangement of an earth electrode system at an
electrical substation [20].
(2) To provide the ground connection for connecting
the neutrals of star-connected transformer winding
to earth (neutral earthing)
(3) To discharge the overvoltages from overhead
(4) To provide a path for discharging the charge between
phase and ground by means of earthing switches
(5) To provide earth connections to structures and other
noncurrent carrying metallic objects in the
substation (equipment grounding)
Figure 2 shows the general arrangement of an earth
electrode system at an electrical substation.
4. Computation Test Cases
The mesh is formed by placing mild steel bars arranged in x
and y directions in the soil at a depth of about 0.5 m below the
surface of the substation floor in the entire substation area
except for the foundations. A typical conductor spacing ranges
from 3 to 20 m. The crossings of the horizontal bars in the x
and y directions are welded. The earthing rods can also be
placed downside the mesh at each point including the points in
building foundations as well as the transformer
Complexity 3

Li
2r

Typical mesh
li d C
Ri

li d
Vertical electrodes/spikes
Figure 5: The equivalent circuit for ground rod.

Figure 3: Three-dimensional view of the earthing system.

An equivalent circuit of the ground rod is shown in
Figure 5. The resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the
L
under transient phenomenon are calculated by [22]
l R
L L R 8l
i =ρ ln i −1 Ω,
li d
R L R 4l
Li = 2li ln i × 10−7 H , 5
2r
R d
εrl i −9
Figure 4: Parameter model of elementary grounding electrode C = 18 ln 4 li/d × 10 F ,
segment.
where “ρ” is solid resistivity (Ω-m), “li” is the total length of
foundations and inside fenced areas and so on. Figure 3 ground rod (m), “d” is the diameter of the ground rod (m),
shows the three-dimensional view of the earthing system. and “εr ” is the relative permittivity of solid.
The proposed model representation of grounding
electrodes includes properly arranged size of inductances −8
ρcopper = 1 68 × 10 ,
and resistances. Figure 4 shows the parameter model of l
elementary grounding electrode segment. i=
1 m,
The longitudinal resistance “R” and self-inductance “L” d = 0 016 m,
for each elementary cell is obtained by using the following
classical expressions: Li = 0 0011 mH, 6
8
Ri = 8 7 × 10− Ω,
l ⋅ ρcu Ω , 2
R= εr = 250,
2
πr C = 0 0025 μF
L = μ0 ⋅ l ⋅ ln 2⋅l −1 H, 3 Also, stoke current pulse has a peak value of Im = 30
⋅ 2⋅r⋅ kA, and a zero to peak time is 4 μs.
2π h 16-grounding-mesh model is simulated by
where “l” is the length of the elementary cell, “r” is the radius of implementing all data in ATP-EMTP. Randomly, three
the electrode, “ρcu” is the resistivity of the material, and “h” is points are selected for analyzing the effect of the grounding
the buried depth, and the magnetic permeability of the grid when lightning happens in the substation. Figure 6
shows the 16-mesh model of regular grounding.
material has been assumed equal to the vacuum
−7 The grid is hit by lightning current pulse Im = 30 kA as
permeability, μ0 = 4 ⋅ π ⋅ 10 [21]. shown in Figure 7. The dimensions of the grid have a 60 ×
2 2
−8 60 m and 15 × 15 m mesh and are buried in soil with 30
ρcu = 1 77 × 10 , Ωm resistivity.
−7 As shown in Figure 8, three selected points are
μ0 = 4 ⋅ π ⋅ 10 ,
investigated.
r = 0 015 m, Figure 9 shows the ground potential rise (GPR) at
points A, B, and C in ATP-EMTP. It can be seen that
l = 15 m, 4
voltages in points are different when lightning happens in
−5
R = 37 56 × 10 the grounding system.
Ω, L = 13 5 μH, The next case study included in this paper is for analyzing
irregular grounding grid when lightning hit in the system.
h=05m
 4 Complexity

y (m) 80
A 67.85 kV
60 70
L
60
R

Voltage(kV)
45 L L 50 B 45.27 kV
R L R 40 28.5 kV
30 R 30 C
15 −5 L = 13.5 H 20
R = 37.56 × 10
10
0 x (m) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
15 30 45 0
0 60 Time (ms)

Figure 6: 16-mesh simulation model of regular grounding.

Figure 9: Ground potential rise at points A, B, and C after lightning
in the regular ground grid.
35
lc la la lc
30 60
(kA)

25 C ld
Lightningcurrent

49 lb R L R
20 (m)y L
lb
15 B
30 L R L
10
A
5 11
R
0 ld
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
00 12 30 38 60
Time (ms)
x (m)
Figure 7: Lightning current hit in grounding grid. Figure 10: 16-mesh simulation model of the irregular grounding
grid.

60 when lightning happens in the substation earlier dis-cussed

in Figure 6. Figure 10 shows the 16-irregular-mesh
grounding grid. The dimension of the grid has a 60 × 60
2 2 2 2
C m , 11 × 12 m , 11 × 18 m , and 12 × 19 m meshes and
45 is buried in soil with 30 Ωm resistivity.
The length of elementary cells of the irregular mesh is
listed below.
B la = 18 m, lb = 19 m, lc = 12 m, ld = 11 m 7
y (m)

30
Based on the (2) and (3), all the longitudinal resistance
“R” and self-inductance “L” for each elementary cell of the
A
irregular mesh are obtained as shown below.
15 −5
Ra = 45 × 10 Ω,
La = 16 86 μH,
−5
Rb = 47 57 × 10 Ω,
0
0 15 30 45 60 Lb = 18 μH,
x (m) 8
5
Rc = 30 × 10− Ω,
Figure 8: Three selected points for investigation of lightning effect.
Lc = 10 26 μH,
16-grounding-irregular-mesh model is designed and simu- −5
Rd = 27 54 × 10 Ω,
lated in ATP-EMTP. In this case, three points are selected
for analyzing the effect of the grounding grid randomly, Ld = 9 2 μH
Complexity
 5
80
70 y
60 A 59.09 kV
Ny 1
Voltage (kV)

50
40 B 39.04 kV

30
C 21.06 kV V
20 y 4 0

10 1
3
0 2 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
1 0
Time (ms) x

Figure 11: GPR at points A, B, and C after lightning in the 1 1 0 0 1 0

irregular ground grid.
Vx Nx

V= 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Figure 11 shows the GPR at points A, B, and C as
1 2 3 Nx Nx + 1Nx + 2 N = Nx + Ny
shown in Figure 10. As it can be seen, voltages in points are
different with the irregular ground grid when lightning hit Figure 12: Representation of individuals.
the grounding grid.
Reducing maximum voltage of regular and irregular
grounding grid after lightning hit in the system is so
important for safety. For that reason, it is better to change −5
y (m) 15.275 m R1 = 39.43 × 10
the size of the mesh with the same total area of the L1 = 13.8 H

m
grounding grid. For obtaining best mesh size, it is sug- L1
gested to use algorithm methods. Few algorithm methods LR

6014.
are applied in the lightning field in the power system [23, 2 1 L2
24]. But in this case, for optimization of mesh size and R 2
L1 R 2
reduction of maximum ground potential rise, genetic R1
algorithm is suggested. −5
R2 = 36.55 × 10
5. Minimization of GPR L2 = 13.06 H
Using Genetic Algorithm x (m)

For designing an optimal grounding grid with more safety, Figure 13: 16-mesh simulation model of regular grounding grid
genetic algorithm [25, 26] is applied in ATP-EMTP. The after applying a genetic algorithm.
representation of each possible grid is made by means of a
string of bits V. This string is made of two substrings Vx
80
and Vy with lengths Nx and Ny, respectively. Each substring
represents the conductors arranged in each possible direc- 70 A 66.5 kV

tion. Nx and Ny are the maximum numbers of wires parallel 60

to the y- and x-axes, respectively, forming the grid. Hence,
Voltage (kV)

50 B 43.5 kV
the minimum possible distance between any two wires
40
parallel to the y-axis is 27.35 kV
30 C
Lx 20
N 10
Dx = x 9 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
and to the x-axis is Time (ms)
L
Figure 14: Ground potential rise at points A, B, and C after
Dy = Ny , 10 lightning genetic algorithm optimization in the ground grid.
y

where Lx and Ly are the total dimensions of the grid. Each grounding grid. If the grid has a conductor in the i position,
bit corresponds to one possible situation of a wire in the the respective bit value is 1. Otherwise, the bit value is 0
(see Figure 12).
6 Complexity

Table 1: Simulation data comparison before and after optimization in regular grounding grid.
Point A Point B Point C
Max (kV) T = 500 (μs) Max (kV) T = 500 (μs) Max (kV) T = 500 (μs)
Before optimization 67.85 9.17 (V) 45.27 9.42 (V) 28.5 7.035 (V)
After optimization 66.5 9.085 (V) 43.5 9.34 (V) 27.35 6.967 (V)

80
First of all, a population is generated in a random way.
Starting from this population and by means of the basic 70
crossover and mutation operators, the following new popula- 60
tions are generated. In each generation, all the individuals are A 54.51 kV

analyzed to evaluate their fitness as optimum solution to the
problem. The model used in the analysis of the grounding grids
is independent of the genetic algorithm. In this case, a typical
method for studying grounding systems at low fre-quency is
used. This method, named “Combined Integration/ Matrix
Method” is based on subdividing the conductors of the
grounding grid into smaller segments. The density of leaking
current in each segment may be considered con-stant. So, a
matrix relationship between the currents and the corresponding
potentials in all the segments can be calculated. The elements
of the abovementioned matrix are obtained by integration. If
the grid is assumed equipo-tential, the values of the leaking
currents can be calculated. Knowing the leaking currents, the
potential at any point on the earth’s surface can be calculated.
In order to take into account the effect of the boundary ground
air, the tradi-tional method of images is used.
The objective function to be minimized is GPR. The
constraints of step and touch voltages which must be
strictly observed could be introduced by assigning a null
value to the fitness function for the grids which do not meet
them [27].
Genetic parameters, for example, population size, cross-
over rate, and mutual rate, are the entities that assist in
tuning the genetic algorithm performance. All of the data is
applied in ATP-EMTP for optimization of the grounding
grid. The genetic algorithm defined new mesh size for
reduc-ing GPR in the grounding grid.
For new mesh size, new R and L should be defined in
ATP-EMTP using (2) and (3), new data obtained for
ground-ing grid shown in below equations.
−5
R1 = 39 43 × 10 Ω,
= 13 8 μH,
L1
−5
R2 = 36 55 × 10 Ω,
L2 = 13 06 μH
Voltage (kV)
50
40 B 35.48 kV
30
20 C 19.4 kV
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (ms)
Figure 15: Ground potential rise at point A, B and C after lightning
genetic algorithm optimization in the irregular ground grid.
Figure 14 shows the ground potential rise (GPR) at
points A, B, and C in ATP-EMTP after applying genetic
algorithm with new mesh sizes. It can be seen that volt-ages
in points are less than those in Figure 9 when lightning hits
the grounding grid system. As the size of mesh changes, the
value of GPR decreases. For obtaining best results, a
genetic algorithm is applied in the grid using ATP-EMTP.
Decreasing GPR causes increasing safety in the grounding
grid. Also, voltage dead time is reduced by genetic
algorithm optimization in comparison with normal
conditions.
Table 1 shows the values of GPR before and after
optimi-zation of a genetic algorithm using ATP-EMTP
when the grounding grid mesh sizes are regular.
As shown in Table 1 at point A, the maximum GPR is
reduced from 67.85 kV to 66.5 kV, at point B from 45.27
kV to 43.5 kV, and at point C from 28.5 kV to
27.35 kV, respectively. Also for voltage, the dead time at
point A is decreased from 9.17 V to 9.085 V, at point B
from 9.42 V to 9.34 V, and at point C from 7.035 V to
6.967 V, respectively.
In the other case study for irregular grounding grid, after
11
applying the genetic algorithm in ATP-EMTP, all elementary
cells of irregular mesh changed in optimum value that is
written below.

la = 19 46 m,
After applying the genetic algorithm in ATP-EMTP, the
mesh size in the regular ground grid is changed to a new lb = 18 68 m,
12
value but the total area of the grounding grid is the same. lc = 11 65 m,
Figure 13 shows the new value of mesh size in the regular
grounding grid system. ld = 10 24 m
Complexity 7

Table 2: Simulation data comparison before and after optimization in irregular grounding grid.
Point A Point B Point C
Max (kV) T = 500 (μs) Max (kV) T = 500 (μs) Max (kV) T = 500 (μs)
Before optimization 59.09 11.54 (V) 39.04 12.78 (V) 21.06 9.4 (V)
After optimization 54.51 9.28 (V) 35.48 10.24 (V) 19.4 6.9 (V)

R′ −5
a= 48 72 × 10 Ω,
L′ μ mesh size is so important for reducing GPR. Analysis and
a= 18 53 H,
optimization result of regular and irregular grounding shows
R′ −5 that irregular grounding is safe than regular grounding grid.
b= 46 77 × 10 Ω,
L′ μ The total GPR in irregular grounding grid is lower than that in
b = 17 63 H, regular grounding grid in terms of safety condition. Changing
R′ −5 amplitude of mesh changed the value of GPR. GPR and
c = 29 17 × 10 Ω,
grounding mesh size are optimized up to an optimum value by
L′ μ
c = 9 9 H, using genetic algorithm than normal condition without
R′ −5 optimization. Also, irregular grounding
d= 25 64 × 10 Ω,
L′ μ 13 grid system is better than regular grounding grid; it should be
d = 8 43 H
recommended.

Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are
available from the corresponding author upon request.

Figure 15 shows the GPR at points A, B, and C that is

determined in Figure 10.
It can be seen that voltages in points are different with
irregular ground grid after applying the genetic algorithm in
ATP-EMTP when lightning hit the grounding grid. All
sizes of meshes are optimized but the total area of the
grounding grid is the same as the original size.
Table 2 shows the values of GPR before and after opti-
mization of a genetic algorithm using ATP-EMTP when
grounding grid mesh sizes are irregular.
As shown in Table 2 at point A, the maximum GPR is
reduced from 59.095 kV to 54.51 kV, at point B from 39.04
kV to 35.48 kV, and at point C from 21.06 kV to
19.4 kV, respectively. Also for voltage, the dead time at point
A is decreased from 11.54 V to 9.28 V, at point B from 12.78
V to 10.24 V, and at point C from 9.4 V to 6.9 V, respectively.
6. Conclusions
This paper proposed the transient methodology to investi-
gate the lighting stroke effect on grounding grid by calculat-
ing various voltages at different nodes using ATP-EMTP
toolbox and optimizing ground grid size by using a genetic
algorithm. The simulation result acknowledges the behavior
and impedance of grounding based on mesh size grid when
lightning happened.
Grounding grid data is simulated in ATP-EMTP for
investigation of lightning effect; also, to measure GPR and
mesh grid size, both are simulated in the ATP-EMTP for
checking surface voltage at the grounding grid. Achieving the
best result of GPR and mesh grid size is a target for more
safety. For getting this condition, genetic algorithm is applied
in ATP-EMTP. Also after optimization, there is a minor
change in the value of grid impedance but the amplitude of
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Korea Electric Power
Corporation, Grant no. (R17XA05-38).
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