Problem 12 6 SI Hot water flow

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Equations
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Problem 12.6 SI Hot water in the heating loop of a commercial building flows through a 100 mm diameter pipe at a rate of
aC s

25 L/s and a temperature of 60 C. The water leaves the pump, flows through the hot water boiler, 50 m of piping loop, the
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heating element, and then returns through 50 m of pipe to the pump. The boiler has a pressure drop of 25 kPa. The heating
element is located at an elevation 10 m above the pump and has a pressure drop of 75 kPa. It is desirable that the lowest
pressure in the loop be 50 kPa above atmospheric to avoid air leaking into the system.
a. Determine the pressures throughout the system.
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b. Determine the head loss (m) and pump power.

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c. Determine the pump power for morning startup with a water temperature of 15 C.
d. Draw some conclusions from your analysis.
patm = 101.3 kPa (1)
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Tw = 15 C (2)
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D = 0.1 m (3)

V̇ = 25 L/s (4)

L = 60 m (5)

DP boil = 25 kPa (6)

DP heat = 75 kPa (7)

H = 10 m (8)

g = 9.8 m/s2 (9)

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 The lowest pressure will probably be at location 4. Assume that it is and check the assumption.
With the pressure drop in the line between 4 and 5, the pressure at 5 turns out to be the lowest and is set to 50 kPa
p5 = 50 kPa (10)

Determine the properties of water, the mass flow rate, and the friction factor
ρ = ρ (W ater, T = Tw , x = 0) kg/m3 (11)
µ = µ (W ater, T = Tw , x = 0) kg/m-s (12)
 
 m3 
ṁ = ρ · V̇ · 0.001
 kg/s (13)
L 
D2
Ac = π · m2 (14)
4
 
0.001 m3 
L
V = V̇ · m/s (15)
Ac

Assume a large value for the roughness height to be conservative

m
e = 0.00015 m (16)

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DE = D/e (17)

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ṁ
Re = 4 · (18)
π·D·µ

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f −0.5
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= 1.14 + 2 · log 10(DE) − 2 · log 10 1 +
9.3
!
(19)
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f 0.5
Re · DE

Determine the pressure drops in the different sections

For the friction drops assume that the effective length is twice the actual length
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p1 − p2 = DP boil kPa (20)

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V2
     
 kPa   kPa 
p2 − p3 = f · (2 · L/D) · ρ · · 0.001 + ρ · g · H · 0.001 kPa (21)
2 kg/m · s2   kg/m · s2 
p3 − p4 = DP heat kPa (22)
2
     
V kPa  kPa 
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p4 − p5 = f · (2 · L/D) · ρ · · 0.001
 − ρ · g · H · 0.001
 kPa (23)
2 kg/m · s2  kg/m · s2 
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p5 − p1 = −DP pump kPa (24)

The pressures in the system at the various points in psig are given in the Array table
The pump power is 8 kW and the pump pressure rise is 320 kPa
sh is

 
 kW 
Ẇ = V̇ · DP pump · 0.001 kW (25)
Th


L · kPa/s 

The head loss is 33 m

 
 kPa 
DP pump = ρ · g · Hloss · 0.001
 ft (26)
kg/m · s2 

For the morning startup, set Tw to 15 C The pump power is increased to 8.2 kW
The pressure drops in the piping significantly affect the pressures and pump power. Without the friction losses the pump
power would be about 2.2 hp
The increase of almost a factor of 3 in the viscosity at the lower temperature does not significantly affect the friction factor.
The Reynolds number is high and the flow is wholly turbulent. The pressures and pressure drops are essentially the same at
both temperatures.

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 Solution

Ac = 0.007854 [m2] D = 0.1 [m]

DE = 666.7 DP boil = 25 [kPa]
DP heat = 75 [kPa] DP pump = 373.2 [kPa]
e = 0.00015 [m] f = 0.02249
g = 9.8 [m/s2] H = 10 [m]
Hloss = 38.12 [m] L = 60 [m]
µ = 0.001138 [kg/m-s] ṁ = 24.98 [kg/s]
patm = 101.3 [kPa] Re = 279414
ρ = 999.1 [kg/m3] Tw = 15 [C]
V = 3.183 [m/s] V̇ = 25 [L/s]
Ẇ = 9.33 [kW]

Arrays Table: M ain

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Row pi

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[kPa]

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1 423.2
2 398.2

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3 163.7
4 88.7
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5 50
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aC s
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ed d
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sh is
Th

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