

Other
NEW

Make sure your paper is error-free!

Good job citing! Now get peace of mind. Scan your paper for grammar mistakes
and catch unintentional plagiarism.

Try it now!

Auto-fill modeManual entry mode

Search Websites

The Complete Guide to MLA &

Citations
What you’ll find in this guide
This page provides an in-depth overview of MLA format. It includes information related to
MLA citations, plagiarism, proper formatting for in-text and regular citations, and
examples of citations for many different types of sources.
Looking for APA? Check out Citation Machine’s guide on APA format. We also have
resources for Chicago citation style as well.

How to be a responsible researcher or scholar

Putting together a research project involves searching for information, disseminating and
analyzing information, collecting information, and repurposing information. Being a
responsible researcher requires keeping track of the sources that were used to help
develop your research project, sharing the information you borrowed in an ethical way,
and giving credit to the authors of the sources you used. Doing all of these things
prevents plagiarism.

What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the act of using others’ information without giving credit or acknowledging
them. There are many examples of plagiarism. Completely copying another individual’s
work without providing credit to the original author is a very blatant example of
plagiarism. Plagiarism also occurs when another individual’s idea or concept is passed
off as your own. Changing or modifying quotes, text, or any work of another individual is
also plagiarism. Believe it or not, you can even plagiarize yourself! Re-using a project or
paper from another class or time and saying that it is new is plagiarism. One way to
prevent plagiarism is to add citations in your project where appropriate.
What is a Citation?
A citation shows the reader or viewer of your project where you found your information.
Citations are included in the body of a project when you add a quote into your project.
Citations are also included in the body when you’re paraphrasing another individual’s
information. These citations that are in the body of a research paper are called in-text
citations. They are found directly next to the information that was borrowed and are very
brief in order to avoid becoming distracted while reading a project. These brief citations
include the last name of the author and a page number. Scroll down for an in-depth
explanation and examples of MLA in-text citations.
In-text citations provide us with a brief idea as to where you found your information,
though they usually don't include the title and other components. Look on the last page of
a research project to find complete citations.
Complete citations are found on what is called an MLA works cited page, which is
sometimes called an MLA bibliography. All sources that were used to develop a research
project are found on the Works Cited page. Complete citations are also created for any
quotes or paraphrased information used in the text. Included in complete citations is the
author’s name, the title, publisher, year published, page numbers, URLs, and a few other
pieces of information.
Looking to create your citations in just a few clicks? Need an MLA format website or book
citation? Visit Citation Machine.net! Our Citation Machine MLA generator, which is an
MLA citation website, will create all of your citations in just a few clicks. Click here to
see more styles.

Why Does it Matter?

Citing your sources is an extremely important component of your research project. It
shows that you’re a responsible researcher and that you located appropriate and
reputable sources that helped back up your thesis or claim. In addition, if your work ends
up being posted online or in print, there is a chance that others will use your research
project in their own work!
Scroll down to find directions on how to create citations.

How the Modern Language Association

Helps You Become a Responsible
Researcher
What is MLA format?
The Modern Language Association is an organization that was created to develop
guidelines on everything language and literature related. They have guidelines on proper
grammar usage and research paper layouts. In addition, they have English and foreign
language committees, numerous books and journal publications, and an annual
conference. They are not connected with this guide but the information here reflects the
association’s rules for formatting papers and citations.

What are citations?

The Modern Language Association is responsible for creating standards and guidelines
on how to properly cite sources to prevent plagiarism. Their style is most often used
when writing papers and citing sources in the liberal arts and humanities
fields. Liberal arts is a broad term used to describe a range of subjects including the
humanities, formal sciences such as mathematics and statistics, natural sciences such
as biology and astronomy, and social sciences such as geography, economics, history,
and others. The humanities specifically focuses on subjects related to languages, art,
philosophy, religion, music, theater, literature, and ethics.
Believe it or not, there are thousands of other types of citation styles. While this citation
style is most often used for the liberal arts and humanities fields, many other subjects,
professors, and schools prefer citations and papers to be styled in MLA format.
What’s the difference between a bibliography and a works cited list?
Great question. The two terms cause a lot of confusion and are consistently misused by
not only students, but educators as well! Let’s start with what the two words mean.
A bibliography displays the sources the writer used to gain background knowledge on
the topic and also research it in-depth. Before starting a research project, you might read
up on the topic in websites, books, and other sources. You might even dive a bit deeper
to find more information elsewhere. All of these sources you used to help you learn about
the topic would go in an MLA format bibliography. You might even include other sources
that relate to the topic.
A works cited displays all of the sources that were mentioned in the writing of the actual
paper or project. If a quote was taken from a source and placed into a research paper,
then the full citation goes on the works cited page.
Both the works cited page and bibliography go at the end of a paper. Most teachers do
not expect students to hand in both a bibliography AND a works cited list. Teachers
generally expect to see a works cited list, but sometimes erroneously call it a
bibliography. If you’re not sure which your teacher expects, a page in MLA bibliography
format, a works cited list, or both, ask for guidance.

Why do we use this style?

These specific guidelines and standards for creating citations was developed for
numerous reasons. When scholars and researchers in the literature, language, and
numerous other fields all cite their sources in the same manner, it makes it easier for
readers to look at a citation and understand the different components of a source. From
looking at an MLA citation, we can see who the author is, the title of the source, when it
was published, and other identifiable pieces of information.
Imagine how difficult it would be to understand the various components of a source if we
didn’t all follow the same guidelines! Not only would it make it difficult to understand the
source that was used, but it would also make it difficult for readers to locate it
themselves. This streamlined process aides us in understanding a researcher’s sources.

How is the new version different than previous

versions?
This citation style has changed dramatically over the past couple of years. Currently in its
8th edition, the 8th version is a citation style that is much different than the previous
formatting style.
In the 7th version, the format or structure that was previously used, researchers and
scholars found it grueling to put their citations together. Why? Each source used a
different citation structure. Researchers and scholars were required to look up the citation
format that matched the type of source they used. So, if a person used a book, a website,
a journal article, a newspaper article, and an e-book all in one research project, they
were required to look up how to cite each one of those sources because each was
structured differently.
Now, with the new version of MLA formatting, which is version 8, all source types use the
same citation structure. The Modern Language Association enacted this new format due
to the many new and innovative ways of obtaining information. We are no longer
receiving information through traditional means, such as books, websites, and articles.
We can now obtain information through apps, advertisements, Tweets, other social
media posts, and many other creative ways. To make the process of creating citations
easier for researchers and scholars, the Modern Language Association decided to have
one universal format, which works for all source types.
Other changes were made as well. This includes:
 Removing http:// and https:// from URLs.
 Not including the city where a source was published or the name of the publisher
from some source types (such as newspapers).
 The ability to use a screen name or username in place of an author’s full name.
 Using the abbreviations vol. and no., for volume and number, when including
information from a periodical.
Looking for information on 7th edition? Here’s more information.

A Deeper Look at Citations

What do they look like?
There are two types of citations. The first are full or complete citations. These are found
at the end of research projects. These citations are usually listed in alphabetical order by
the author’s last names and include all of the information necessary for readers to be
able to locate the source themselves.
Full citations are generally placed in this MLA citation format:
Last name of the author, First name of the author. “Source’s Title.” Container’s Title, roles
and names of any other individuals who helped contribute to the source, the version of
the source, any numbers associated with the source, the name of the publisher, the date
the source was published, the location where individuals can find the source themselves
(usually a URL or page range).
There are times when additional information is added into the full citation.
Not sure how to transfer the information from your source into your citation? Confused
about the term, “containers?” See below for information and complete explanations of
each citation component.
The other type of citation, called an “in-text citation,” is included in the main part, or body,
of a project when a researcher uses a quote or paraphrases information from another
source. See the next section to find out how to create in-text citations.

What are in-text citations?

As stated above, in-text citations are included in the main part of a project when using a
quote or paraphrasing a piece of information from another source. We include these
types of citations in the body of a project for readers to quickly gain an idea as to where
we found the information.
These in-text citations are found directly next to the quote or paraphrased information.
They contain a small tidbit of the information found in the regular MLA citation. The
regular, or complete, citation is located at the end of a project, on the works cited page.
Here’s what a typical in text looks like:

In the book, The Joy Luck Club, the mother uses a vast

amount of Chinese wisdom to explain the world and
people’s temperaments. She states, “each person is made
of five elements….Too much fire and you have a bad
temper...too little wood and you bent too quickly...too much
water and you flowed in too many directions” (Tan 31).
This specific in text citation, (Tan 31), is called an MLA parenthetical citation because the
author’s name is in parentheses. It’s included so the reader sees that we are quoting
something from page 31 in Tan’s book. The complete, regular citation isn’t included in the
main part of the project because it would be too distracting for the reader. We want the
reader to focus on our work and research, not get caught up on our sources.
Here’s another way to cite in the text:

In Tan’s novel, The Joy Luck Club, the mother uses a vast

amount of Chinese wisdom to explain the world and
people’s temperaments. She states, “each person is made
of five elements... Too much fire and you have a bad
temper... too little wood and you bent too quickly... too
much water and you flowed in too many directions" (31).
If the reader would like to see the source’s full information, and possibly locate the source
themselves, they can refer to the last part of the project to find the regular citation.
The regular citation, at the end of the project looks like this:
Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Penguin, 1989, p. 31.
Notice that the first word in the full citation (Tan) matches the ‘Tan’ used in the body of
the project. It’s important to have the first word of the full citation match the term used in
the text. Why? It allows readers to easily find the full citation on the Works Cited list.
If your direct quote or paraphrase comes from a source that does not have page
numbers, it is acceptable to place a paragraph number (use the abbreviation par. or
pars.), sections (sec. or secs.), or chapters (ch. or chs.). Only use these other terms if
they are actually labeled on the source. If it specifically says on the source, “Section 1,”
for example, then it is acceptable to use sec. 1 in-text.
If there are no numbers to help readers locate the exact point in the source, only include
the author’s last name.
To determine how to create in-text citations for more than one author, no authors, or
corporate authors, refer to the “Authors” section below.

More about quotations and how to cite a quote:

 Use quotes from outside sources to help illustrate and expand on your own
points, but the majority of your paper should be your own writing and ideas.
 Include the quote exactly as you found it. It is okay to use only certain words or
phrases from the quote, but keep the words (spelling and capitalization) and
punctuation the same.
 It is acceptable to break up a direct quote with your own writing.
Example from a movie:

Dorothy stated, "Toto," then looked up and took in her

surroundings, "I’ve a feeling we’re not in Kansas anymore"
(Wizard of Oz).
 The entire paper should be double-spaced, including quotes.
 If the quote is longer than four lines, it is necessary to make a block quote. Block
quotes show the reader that they are about to read a lengthy amount of text from
another source.
o Start the quote on the next line, half an inch in from the left margin.
o Do not use any indents at the beginning of the block quote.
o Only use quotation marks if there are quotation marks present in the
source.
o If there is more than one paragraph in the block quote, start the next
paragraph with the same half inch indent.
o Add your in-text citation next to the block quote.
Example:
While his parents sat there in surprise, Colton went onto say:

“Cause I could see you,” Colon said matter-of-factly. “I went

up and out of my body and I was looking down and I could
see the doctor working on my body. And I saw you and
Mommy. You were in a little room by yourself, praying; and
Mommy was in a different room, and she was praying and
talking on the phone” (Burpo xxi).
How to create a paraphrase:
As stated above, the majority of your paper should be your own writing and ideas. It’s
acceptable to include quotes, but they shouldn’t crowd your paper. If you’re finding that
you’re using too many quotes in your paper, consider adding paraphrases. When you
reiterate a piece of information from an outside source in your own words, you create a
paraphrase.
Here’s an example:

Readers discover in the very first sentence of Peter Pan

that he doesn’t grow up (Barrie 1).
What paraphrases are:
 Recycled information in the paper writer’s own words and writing style.
 They’re still references! Include an in-text citation next to the paraphrased
information.
What paraphrases are not:
 A copy and pasted sentence with a few words substituted for synonyms.
Confused about whether footnotes and endnotes should be used?
Footnotes and endnotes are completely acceptable to use in this style. Use a footnote or
endnote if:
 Adding additional information will help the reader understand the content. This is
called a content note.
 You need to cite numerous sources in one small section of your writing. Instead
of clogging up a small paragraph with in-text citations (which could cause
confusion for the reader), include a footnote or endnote. This is called
a bibliographic note.
Keep in mind, that whether you choose to include in-text citations or footnotes/endnotes,
you need to also include a full reference on the MLA format works cited page.
Content note example:
Even Maurice Sendak’s work (the mastermind behind Where the Wild Things Are and
numerous other popular children’s picture books) can be found on the banned books list.
It seems as though nobody is granted immunity. 1
Note:

1. In the Night Kitchen’s main character is nude in numerous pages. Problematic for
most is not the nudity of the behind, but the frontal nudity.
Work Cited:
Sendak, Maurice. In The Night Kitchen. Harper Collins, 1996.
Bibliographic note example:
Dahl had a difficult childhood. Both his father and sister passed away when he was a
toddler. He was then sent away by his mother to boarding school (de Castella). 1
Note:

1. Numerous books, such as Matilda, James and the Giant Peach, & The BFG, all
feature characters with absent or difficult parents.
MLA Works Cited:
Include 4 full citations for: de Castella’s article, Matilda, James and the Giant
Peach, and The BFG.
Don’t forget to create full, or regular citations, and place them at the end of your project.
If you need help with in-text and parenthetical citations, CitationMachine.net, can help.
Our MLA citation generator is simple and easy to use!

Common Knowledge: What Is It and How

Will It Affect My Writing?
Footnotes, endnotes, references, proper structuring. We know it’s a lot. Thankfully, you
don’t have to include a reference for EVERY piece of information you add into your
paper. You can forget about including a reference when you share a piece of common
knowledge.
Common knowledge is information that most people know. For example, theses are a
few facts that are considered common knowledge:
 The Statue of Liberty is located in New York City
 Tokyo is the capital of Japan
 Romeo and Juliet was a play written by William Shakespeare
 English is the language most people speak in England
 An elephant is an animal
We could go on and on. When you include common knowledge in your paper, omit a
reference. One less thing to worry about, right?
Before you start adding tons of common knowledge occurrences into your paper to ease
the burden of creating references, we need to stop you right there. Remember, the goal
of a research paper is to develop new information or knowledge. You’re expected to seek
out information from outside sources, and analyze and distribute the information from
those sources to form new ideas. Using only common knowledge facts in your writing
involves absolutely zero research. It’s okay to include some common knowledge facts
here and there, but do not make it the core of your paper.
If you’re unsure if the fact you’re including is common knowledge or not, it doesn’t hurt to
include a reference. There is no such thing as being overly responsible when it comes to
writing and citing.

Specific Components of a Citation

This section explains each individual component of the citation, with examples for each
section for full citations and in-text.

Name of the author

The author’s name is usually the first item listed in the MLA citation. Author names start
with the last name, then a comma is added, and then the author’s first name (and middle
name if applicable) is at the end. A period closes this information.
Here are two examples of how an author’s name can be listed in a full citation:
Twain, Mark.
Poe, Edgar Allan.
For in-text:

(Author’s Last name page number) or Author’s Last name...

(page).
Wondering how to format the author’s name when there are two authors working jointly
on a source? When there are two authors that work together on a source, the author
names are placed in the order in which they appear on the source. Place their names in
this format:

Author 1’s Last Name, First name, and Author 2’s First
Name Last Name.
Here are two examples of how to cite two authors:
Clifton, Mark, and Frank Riley.
Paxton, Roberta J., and Michael Jacob Fox.
For in-text:

(Author 1’s Last name and Author 2’s Last name page
number) or Author 1’s Last name and Author 2’s Last
name... (page).
There are many times when three or more authors work together on a source. This
often happens with journal articles, edited books, and textbooks.
To cite a source with three or more authors, place the information in this format:

Author 1’s Last name, First name, et al.

As you can see, only include the first author’s name. The other authors are accounted for
by using “et al.” In Latin, et al. is translated to “and others.” If using the Citation Machine
citation generator, this abbreviation is automatically added for you.
Here’s an example of a citation for three or more authors:
Warner, Ralph, et al. How to Buy a House in California. Edited by Alayna Schroeder,
12th ed., Nolo, 2009.
For in-text:

(Author 1’s Last name et al. page number)

Is there no author listed on your source? If so, exclude the author’s information from the
citation and begin the citation with the title of the source.
For in-text: Use the title of the source in parentheses. Place the title in italics if the
source stands alone. Books and films stand alone. If it’s part of a larger whole, such as a
chapter in an edited book or an article on a website, place the title in quotation marks
without italics.
(Back to the Future)
(“Citing And Writing”)
Other in-text structures:
Authors with the same last name in your paper? MLA essay format requires the use of
first initials in-text in this scenario.
Ex: (J. Silver 45)
Are you citing more than one source by the same author? For example, two books by
Ernest Hemingway? Include the title in-text.
Example: (Hemingway, For Whom The Bell Tolls 12).
Are you citing a film or song? Include a timestamp in the format of
hours:minutes:seconds. (Back to the Future 00:23:86)
Was the source found on social media, such as a tweet, Reddit, or Instagram post? If this
is the case, in an MLA format paper, you are allowed to start the citation with the author’s
handle, username, or screen name.
Here is an example of how to cite a tweet:
@CarlaHayden. “I’m so honored to talk about digital access at @UMBCHumanities. We
want to share the @libraryofcongress collection.” Twitter, 13 Apr. 2017, 6:04 p.m.,
twitter.com/LibnOfCongress/status/852643691802091521.
While most citations begin with the name of the author, they do not necessarily have to.
Quite often, sources are compiled by editors. Or, your source may be done by a
performer or composer. If your project focuses on someone other than the author, it is
acceptable to place that person’s name first in the citation. If you’re using the MLA works
cited generator at Citation Machine.net, you can choose the individual’s role from a drop
down box.
For example, let’s say that in your research project, you focus on Leonardo DiCaprio’s
performances as an actor. You’re quoting a line from the movie, Titanic, in your project,
and you’re creating a complete citation for it in the Works Cited list.
It is acceptable to show the reader that you’re focusing on Leonardo DiCaprio’s work by
citing it like this in the MLA Works Cited list:
DiCaprio, Leonardo, performer. Titanic. Directed by James Cameron. Paramount, 1997.
Notice that when citing an individual other than the author, place the individual’s role after
their name. In this case, Leonardo DiCaprio is the performer.
This is often done with edited books, too. Place the editor’s name first (in reverse order),
add a comma, and then add the word editor.
If you’re still confused about how to place the authors together in a citation, the tools at
CitationMachine.net can help! Our website is easy to use and will create your citations in
just a few clicks!

Titles and containers

The titles are written as they are found on the source and in title form, meaning the
important words start with a capital.
Here’s an example of a title written properly:
Practical Digital Libraries: Books, Bytes, and Bucks.
Wondering whether to place your title in italics or quotation marks? It depends on
whether the source sits by itself or not. If the source stands alone, meaning that it is an
independent source, place the title in italics. If the title is part of a larger whole, place the
title of the source in quotation marks and the source it sits in, in italics.
When citing full books, movies, websites, or albums in their entirety, these titles are
written in italics.
However, when citing part of a source, such as an article on a website, a chapter in a
book, a song on an album, or an article in a scholarly journal, the part is written with
quotation marks and then the titles of the sources that they are found in are written in
italics.
Here are some examples to help you understand how to format titles and their
containers.
To cite Pink Floyd’s entire album, The Wall, cite it as this:
Pink Floyd. The Wall. Columbia, 1979.
To cite one of the songs on Pink Floyd’s album in MLA formatting, cite it as this:
Pink Floyd. “Another Brick in the Wall (Part I).” The Wall, Columbia, 1979, track 3.
To cite a fairy tale book in its entirety, cite it as this:
Colfer, Chris. The Land of Stories. Little Brown, 2016.
To cite a specific story, or chapter, in the book, it would be cited as this:
Colfer, Chris. “Little Red Riding Hood.” The Land of Stories, Little Brown, 2016, pp. 58-
65.

More about containers

From the section above, you can see that titles can stand alone or they can sit in a
container. Many times, sources can sit in more than one container. Wondering how?
When citing an article in a scholarly journal, the first container is the journal. The second
container? It’s the database that the scholarly journal is found in. It is important to
account for all containers, so that readers are able to locate the exact source themselves.
When citing a television episode, the first container is the name of the show and the
second container is the name of the service that it could be streaming on, such as Netflix.
If your source sits in more than one container, the information about the second container
is found at the end of the citation.
Use the following format to cite your source with multiple containers:
Last name of the author, First name of the author. “Source’s Title.” Container’s Title, roles
and names of any other individuals who helped contribute to the source, the version of
the source, any numbers associated with the source, the name of the publisher, the date
the source was published, the location where individuals can find the source themselves
(usually a URL or page range). Title of Second Container, roles and names of any other
contributors, the version of the second container, any numbers associated with the
second container, the name of the second container’s publisher, the date the second
container was published, location.
If the source has more than two containers, add on another full other section at the end
for each container.
Not all of the fields in the citation format above need to be included in your citation. In
fact, many of these fields will most likely be omitted from your citations. Only include the
elements that will help your readers locate the source themselves.
Here is an example of a citation for a scholarly journal article found on a database. This
source has two containers, the journal itself is one container, and the site it sits on is the
other.
Zanetti, Francois. “Curing with Machine: Medical Electricity in Eighteenth-Century
Paris.” Technology and Culture, vol. 54, no. 3, July 2013, pp. 503-530. Project
Muse, muse.jhu.edu/article/520280.
If you’re still confused about containers, the Citation Machine MLA cite generator can
help! MLA citing is easier when using the tools at CitationMachine.net.

Other contributors
Many sources have people, besides the author, who contribute to the source. If your
research project focuses on an additional individual besides the author, or you feel as
though including other contributors will help the reader locate the source themselves,
include their names in the citation.
To include another individual in the citation, after the title, place the role of the individual,
the word by, and then their name in standard order.
If the name of the contributor comes after a period, capitalize the first letter in the role of
the individual. If it comes after a comma, the first letter in the role of the individual is
lowercased.
Here’s an example of a citation for a children’s book with the name of the
illustrator included:
Rubin, Adam. Dragons Love Tacos. Illustrated by Daniel Salmieri, Penguin, 2012.
The names of editors, directors, performers, translators, illustrators, and narrators can
often be found in this part of the citation.

Versions
If the source that you’re citing states that it is a specific version or edition, this information
is placed in the “versions” section of the citation.
When including a numbered edition, do not type out the number, use the numeral. Also,
abbreviate the word “edition” to “ed.”
Here is an example of a citation with a specific edition:
Koger, Gregory. “Filibustering and Parties in the Modern State.” Congress
Reconsidered, edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, 10th ed., CQ
Press, 2013, pp. 221-236. Google Books, books.google.com/books?
id=b7gkLlSEeqwC&lpg=PP1&dq=10th%20edition&pg=PR6#v=onepage&q=10th
%20edition&f=false.

Numbers
Many sources have numbers associated with them. If you see a number, different than
the date, page numbers, or editions, include this information in the “numbers” section of
the citation. For MLA citing, this includes volume and/or issue numbers (use the
abbreviations vol. and no.), episode numbers, track numbers, or any other numbers that
will help readers identify the specific source that you used. Do not
include ISBN (International Standard Book Numbers) in the citation.

Publishers
It is important to include the name of the publisher (the organization that created or
published the source), so that readers can locate the exact source themselves.
Include publishers for all sources except for periodicals. Also, for websites, exclude this
information when the name of the publisher matches the name of the website.
Furthermore, the name of the publisher is often excluded from the citation for second
containers, since the publisher of the second container is not necessarily responsible for
the creation or production of the source’s content.

Publication dates
Publication dates are extremely important to include in citations. They allow the reader to
understand when sources were published. They are also used when readers are
attempting to locate the source themselves.
Dates can be written in MLA in one of two ways. Researchers can write dates as:
Day Mo. Year
OR
Mo. Day, Year
Whichever format you decide to use, use the same format for all of your citations. If using
the Citation Machine citation generator, the date will be formatted in the same way for
each citation.
While it isn’t necessary to include the full date for all source citations, use the amount of
information that makes the most sense to help your readers understand and locate the
source themselves.
Wondering what to do when your source has more than one date? Use the date that is
most applicable to your research.

Location
The location generally refers to the place where the readers can find the source. This
includes page ranges, URLs, DOI numbers, track numbers, disc numbers, or even cities
and towns.
Make sure to remove the beginning of the URL (http:// or https://) as it is unnecessary to
include this information.
For page numbers, when citing a source that sits on only one page, use p.
Example: p. 6.
When citing a source that has a page range, use pp. and then add the page numbers.
Example: pp. 24-38.
Since the location is the final piece of the citation, place a period at the end. When it
comes to URLs, many students wonder if the links in citations should be live or not. If the
paper is being shared electronically with a teacher and other readers, it may be helpful to
include live links. If you’re not sure whether to include live links or not, ask your teacher
or professor for guidance.
Looking for an online tool to do the work for you? Citation Machine citing tools could help!
Our site is simple (and fun!) to use.
Need some more help? There is further good information here.

Common Citation Examples

ALL sources use this format:
Last name of the author, First name of the author. “Source’s Title.” Container’s Title, roles
and names of any other individuals who helped contribute to the source, the version of
the source, any numbers associated with the source, the name of the publisher, the date
the source was published, the location where individuals can find the source themselves
(usually a URL or page range). *Title of Second Container, roles and names of any other
contributors, the version of the second container, any numbers associated with the
second container, the name of the second container’s publisher, the date the second
container was published, location.
*If the source does not have a second container, omit this last part of the citation.
Remember, the Citation Machine MLA formatter can help you save time and energy
when creating your citations. Check out our MLA Citation Machine page to learn more.

Print Sources
This section provides information on how to do MLA format for a variety of print
resources.

Books:
Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. Scholastic, 2008.

Chapter in an edited book:

Khan, Maryam. “Co-branding in the Restaurant Industry.” Managing Tourism and
Hospitality Services: Theory and International Application. Edited by B. Prideaux et al.,
CABI, 2005, pp. 73-82.

Translated works in MLA format:

If the focus was on the text, rather than the actual translation, cite the source similar to
this:
Vila-Matas, Enrique. Never Any End to Paris. Translated by Anne McLean, New
Directions, 2011.
If the focus was on the translation, include the translator’s name first in the citation.
McLean, Anne, translator. Never Any End to Paris. By Enrique Vila-Matas, New
Directions, 2011.
Wish you had an automatic MLA citation generator to do all of the heavy lifting for you?
Try out our generator, at the top of this page.

Scholarly journal articles in print

Zak, Elizabeth. “Do You Believe in Magic? Exploring the Conceptualization of Augmented
Reality and its Implications for the User in the Field of Library and Information
Science.” Information Technology & Libraries, vol. 33, no. 3, 2014, pp. 23-50.

Newspaper articles in print:

Bloomgarden-Smoke, Kara. “Medium Cool.” New York Observer, 2 Mar. 2015, pp. 14-17.

How to cite a magazine in print:

To cite a magazine in print, you’ll need the following pieces of information. They can be
found on the cover of the magazine and on the article itself:
 Name of the magazine
 Date the magazine was published
 Title of the magazine article
 Name of the author of the article
 Page or page range the article is found on.
On the cover of most magazines, you can find the title of the magazine as well as the
date the magazine was published. On the article itself, you can find the name of the
article’s author(s), the title of the article, and the page or page range that the article is
found on.
If the article appears on non-consecutive pages, include the page number for the first
page the article is found on, and then add a plus sign after it. Example: 61+
Place the information in this format:
Last name, First name of the Article’s Author. “Title of the Article.” Title of the
Magazine, Date published, page range.
MLA format citation for the magazine article above:
Gopnik, Adam. “A New Man: Ernest Hemingway, Revised and Revisited.” The New
Yorker, 3 July 2017, pp. 61-66.
If you’re using our MLA citation website, choose "Magazine Article," and we’ll cite it for
you!

MLA format template for citing an image in

print:
Last name, First name of the creator (if available). "Title" or Description of the
Image. Title of the Container, such as a the Book Title, Magazine Title, etc., Publisher,
Date published, page or page range.
 If the digital image does not have an official title, create a brief description. Do not
place the description in quotation marks or italics. In addition, only capitalize the
first letter in the description and any proper nouns.
 In MLA citing, if the name of the publisher is the same as the author or the same
name as the website, do not include the publisher in the citation.
Example:
Photograph of Kate Middleton. Metro New York, 19 July 2017, p.17.
Remember, you can skip a few steps by using our MLA format generator. Copy and
paste the URL into our MLA site and the citing tool will automatically help make your
citations for you. While you’re at it, take advantage of our grammar guides to build your
knowledge of the English parts of speech. Learn about
a pronoun, interjection, determiner, and more.

How to cite a textbook in print:

To cite a full textbook in print in MLA format, you’ll need to find the following pieces of
information:
 Name of the author(s) or editor(s)
 Title of the textbook, including any subtitles
 Version of the textbook (such as a numbered edition or revised edition)
 Name of the publisher
 Year the textbook was published
Place the pieces of information in this format:
Last name, First name of the author or Last name, First name, editor. Title of the
Textbook. Version, Publisher, Year published.
If the textbook was compiled by an editor, use this format at the beginning of the
citation:
Last name, First name, editor.
Examples of how to cite a textbook in print:
Lilly, Leonard S. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: Review and Assessment. 9th ed., Elsevier
Saunders, 2012.
Cherny, Nathan, et al., editors. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. 5th ed., Oxford
UP, 2015.

How to cite a chapter from a textbook in

print:
To cite an individual chapter, you’ll need to find the following pieces of information:
 Name of the author(s) of the individual chapter or section
 Title of the individual chapter or section
 Title of the textbook
 Name of the editors of the textbook
 Version of the textbook (such as a numbered edition or a revised edition)
 Name of the publisher
 Year the textbook was published
Place the pieces of information in this format:
Last name, First name of the chapter author. “Title of the chapter or section.” Title of the
Textbook, edited by First name Last name of editor, version, Publisher, Year published,
page or page range.
Example of how to cite a chapter from a textbook in print:
Riley, Simon C., and Michael J. Murphy. “Student Choice in the Undergraduate
Curriculum: Student-Selected Components.” Oxford Textbook of Medical
Education, edited by Kieran Walsh, Oxford UP, pp. 50-63.
The Citation Machine MLA automatic generator cites your print and online references for
you, so try it and save some time on citing!

Online Sources
E-books in MLA format:
Citing an e-book from an e-reader (Kindle, Nook, or other digital e-book device):
Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. Nook ed., Barnes & Noble Classics, 2004.
In the “version” section of the citation, include the type of e-reader.
If you’re citing an e-book from a website, here’s an example in MLA format:
Doyle, Arthur Conan. “The Complete Sherlock Holmes.” Internet
Archive, archive.org/stream/deysayan844gmailCano?ref=ol#mode/2up.
The website is the container, which is found in the 3rd position of the citation, in italics.
Online Scholarly Journal Articles:
Kuzuhara, Kenji, et al. “Injuries in Japanese Mini-Basketball Players During Practices and
Games.” Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 51. no. 2, Dec. 2016, p. 1022. Gale Health
Reference Center Academic, i.ezproxy.nypl.org/login?
url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&u=nypl&v=2.1&id=GALE
%7CA484460772&it=r&asid=91b1a34dda62a32f4cd82c768e8a6a97.
Wish you had a second set of eyes to review your citations? Use our MLA citation
generator and compare the output to yours.

How to cite a digital image:

Last name, First name of the creator (if available). “Title or Description of the
Image."* Title of the Website, Publisher**, Date published, URL.
 if the digital image does not have an official title, create a brief description. Do not
place the description in quotation marks or italics. In addition, only capitalize the
first letter in the description and any proper nouns.
 If the name of the publisher is the same as the author or the same name as the
website, do not include the publisher in the citation.
Example:
“NFL Red Zone Usage & Sleepers: Identify Undervalued Players and Team
Offenses.” RotoBaller, www.rotoballer.com/nfl-fantasy-football-cheat-sheet-draft-kit?
src=bar.
Wondering how to cite an image found through a search engine, such as Google? Head
to the site where the image “lives,” by clicking on the link that leads you to the website.
Cite the image using the information from the original site.

How to create an MLA website citation:

When citing a website, individuals are often actually citing a specific page on a website.
They’re not actually citing the entire website.
Here is the most common way to cite a page on a website:
 Start the citation with the name of the author who wrote the information on the
page. If there isn’t an author listed, do not include this information in the citation.
Start the citation with the title.
 The title of the individual page is placed in quotation marks, followed by a period.
 Next, place the name of the website in italics, followed by a comma.
 If the name of the publisher matches the name of the author or the name of the
title, do not include the publisher’s information in the citation.
 The date the page or website was published comes next.
 End the citation with the URL. When including the URL, remove http:// and
https:// from the URL. Since most websites begin with this prefix, it is
unnecessary to include it in the citation.
Last name, First name of author. “Title of Web Page.” Title of Website, Publisher, Date
published, URL.
Rothfeld, Lindsay. “Smarter Education: The Rise of Big Data in the
Classroom.” Mashable, 3 Sept. 2014, mashable.com/2014/09/03/education-data-
video/#hViqdPbFbgqH.
(When citing websites, remember to remove http:// and https:// from the URL.)
If you’re still confused and feeling the urge to type “How to cite a website MLA” into
Google, try out our free generator at the top of this page. Our citation generator MLA site
is easy to use!

How to cite a blog post:

A blog is a website that contains a series of posts related to a specific topic, written by
either an individual or a group of people. These posts are organized in reverse
chronological order, with the newest post appearing at the top of the page.
There are many different types of blogs available on the web, but personal, business,
and niche blogs are three of the most common types of blogs.
Personal blogs are similar to journals in that writers share their thoughts on topics of
personal interest. Business blogs are written by a group of people from a company. The
writers share updates and information related to their organization or field of work. In fact,
the Citation Machine blog is an example of a business blog. Niche blogs focus on a
specific hobby, skill, or narrow subject matter. Some examples include fantasy sports
blogs, where writers share insights into players, teams, and injuries. Writers on food
blogs feature recipes and food-related news and findings. Travel blog writers post about
destinations and deals.
Here’s the structure for a blog:
Last Name, First Name, Middle Name of Writer. “Title of Blog Post.” Title of
Blog, Publisher, Date Posted, URL.
If the name of the publisher is the same as the title of the blog, omit the publisher
information from the reference.
Examples:
Purvis, Liz. “Werewolf Mythologies & Symbolism.” Breathing Books, 28 Aug. 2019,
breathing-books.com/blog/2019/8/27/werewolf-mythologies.
Lawrence, Sylvia. “12 Languages Later, My Best Tips for Learning a Foreign
Language.” Heart My Backpack, 13 Feb. 2017,
https://www.heartmybackpack.com/blog/foreign-language-learning-tips/.

YouTube videos:
“Skream b2B Solardo Live from Claude VonStroke Presents The Birdhouse
Miami.” YouTube, uploaded by DJ Mag, 29 Mar. 2017, youtu.be/4Q448x-LHGg.
In the above example, DJ Mag is the account holder who uploaded the video to
YouTube. Place the account holder in the “other contributors” place in the citation
preceded by “uploaded by.”
If citing a specific portion of the video in the text, include a timestamp. This will allow the
reader to locate the exact point of reference. Use the format 00:00:00 for
Hours:Minutes:Seconds.
(“Skream b2B Solardo” 01:06:28)

MLA citation format for social media:

Tweets:
Gates, Melinda. “Today, Bill and I were deeply humbled to accept France’s Legion of
Honour award on behalf of all our foundation’s partners and grantees.” Twitter, 21 Apr.
2017, 2:36 p.m., twitter.com/melindagates/status/855535625713459200.
Facebook:
Sandler, Adam. “California Strong celebrity softball game this Sunday at Pepperdine. All
proceeds go to the victims of the wildfires and shooting in Thousand
Oaks.” Facebook, 11 Jan. 2019, www.facebook.com/Sandler/.
Instagram:
Yousafzai, Malala. “Honoured to receive the Gleitsman Activist Award from
@harvardkennedyschool last night - and even more so to meet young leaders like
@amandascgorman. Thank you for your beautiful poem!” Instagram, 7 Dec. 2018,
www.instagram.com/p/BrFx3t-AY00/?utmsource=igwebcopylink.
Online Newspaper Articles:
Skiba, Katherine. “Obama To Hold First Public Event Since Leaving Office in Chicago on
Monday.” Los Angeles Times, 24 Apr. 2017, www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-obama-
speech-20170424-story.html.

How to cite a PDF:

Check to see if the PDF is written by an individual, set of authors, or an organization or
company. If it is not written by an individual or a set of authors, use the name of the
organization or company responsible for creating the PDF in place of the author’s name.
Continue with the title of the PDF, version (if there are different versions available), the
publisher (only include if the name of the publisher is different than the name of the
author or the title), the publication date, and the location (usually a URL if found online).
Notice that in the example below, the name of the publisher (The American Podiatric
Medical Association) is omitted since the name of the publisher is the same name as the
author.
MLA format example:
American Podiatric Medical Association. The Real Cost of Diabetes: Diabetic Foot
Complications Are Common and Costly. apma.files.cms-
plus.com/ProductPDFs/APMATodaysPodiatristInfographic_8.5x11.pdf.

Television shows:
MLA format example:
“Three Turkeys.” Modern Family, produced by Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd,
ABC, 19 Nov. 2014.

Movies:
MLA format citation:
Home Alone. Performance by Macaulay Culkin, directed by Chris Columbus, 20th
Century Fox, 1990.

Music:
Here’s an example of a song via an online service or site:
Zedd. “I Want You To Know.” Spotify, vocals by Selena Gomez, 18 May 2015,
open.spotify.com/track/1JDIArrcepzWDTAWXdGYmP.
If the song was listened to on a website, place the title of the website in the container
position (where Spotify is located).
Our Citation Machine MLA automatic generator makes citations easy. Try it out for all of
your sources.
How to cite an essay:
An essay is an analytic writing piece that is generally short in length (compared to books
and journal articles) and focuses on a specific topic or subject. Citing an essay is similar
to citing a chapter in a book or a story in an anthology. Include the name of the individual
author or the group of authors, the title of the essay (placed in quotation marks), the title
of the book, collection, or site the essay is found on (in italics), the name of the editor (if
there is one), the volume and issue number (if they are available), the publication date,
and the location. The location can be either a page range or a URL.
Here is an example of how to cite an essay:
Hasen, Richard L. “Race or Party? How Courts Should Think About Republican Efforts to
Make it Harder to Vote in North Carolina and Elsewhere.” Harvard Law Review
Forum, vol. 125, no. 58, 7 Jan. 2014, harvardlawreview.org/2014/01/race-or-party-how-
courts-should-think-about-republican-efforts-to-make-it-harder-to-vote-in-north-carolina-
and-elsewhere/.
Click here for additional information on essays.

How to cite an interview:

To cite interviews:
 Place the name of the person being interviewed at the beginning of the citation, in
the author’s position
 The title or description of the interview comes next. If there isn’t a formal title, only
use the word Interview as the title and do not place it in quotation marks or italics.
 If found online or in a book, include the title of the website or book after the title.
 After the title, it is acceptable to include the name of the interviewer. Include this
information especially if it will help readers locate the interview themselves or if
it’s relevant to the research paper.
 Include the publisher if it is a published interview and if it differs from any other
information already found in the citation.
 Include the date that the interview was either published or the date that the
interview occurred.
 If found online, include the URL. Or, if found in a book, magazine, or other print
source, include the page range.
Here are two examples:
Gutman, Dan. “Interview with Children’s Author Dan Gutman.” The Washington Post, 9
Mar. 2011, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2011/03/08/AR2011030805468.html.
Lin, Brenda. Interview. By Michele Kirschenbaum. 17 July 2017.

How to cite a survey:

Surveys can be found online or in print. Find the format below that matches the type of
survey you’re attempting to cite.
To cite a survey found on a website, follow this structure:
Last name, First name of survey creator(s) OR organization responsible for its creation.
“Title of the Survey.” Title of the Website, Publisher (if different than the author or website
title), Publication date, URL.
Example:
International Food Information Council Foundation. “Food Decision 2016: Food & Health
Survey.” Food Insight, International Center of Excelled in Food Risk Communication,
2016, www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/2016-Food-and-Health-Survey-Report
%20FINAL0.pdf.
To cite a survey found in print, follow this structure:
Last name, First name of survey creator(s) OR organization responsible for its creation.
“Title of Survey.” Title of Publication, Publisher (if different than the author or website
title), Publication date, page or page range that survey is found on.
Don’t see your source type on this guide? The Citation Machine citation generator can
create your citations for you! Our website will help you develop your works cited page
and in-text and parenthetical citations quickly and easily.

How to Format a Paper

When it comes to formatting your paper or essay for academic purposes, there are
specific MLA paper format guidelines to follow.
 Use paper that is 8½-by-11 inch in size. This is the standard size for copier and
printer paper.
 Use high quality paper.
 Your research paper or essay should have a one-inch margin on the top, bottom,
left, and right sides of the paper.
 While most word processors automatically format your paper to have one-inch
margins, you can check or modify the margins of your paper by going to the
“Page setup” section of your word processor.

Which font is acceptable to use?

 Use an easily readable font, specifically one that allows readers to see the
difference between regular and italicized letters.
 Times New Roman, Arial, and Helvetica are recommended options.
 Use 12 point size font.

Should I double-space the paper, including

citations?
 Double-space the entire paper.
 There should be a double space between each piece of information in the
heading.
 Place a double space between the heading and the title.
 Place a double space between the title and the beginning of the essay.
 The Works Cited page should be double-spaced as well. All citations are double-
spaced.

Justification & Punctuation

 Text should be left-justified, meaning that the text is aligned, or lies flush, against
the left margin
 New paragraphs should be indented half an inch from the left margin
o Indents signal to the reader that a new concept or idea is about to begin
o Use the “tab” button on your keyboard to create an indent
 Add one space after all punctuation marks
Heading & Title
 Include a proper heading and title
o The heading should include the following, on separate lines, starting one
inch from the top and left margins:
 Your full name
 Your teacher or professor’s name
 The course number
 Date
 Dates in the heading and the body of your essay should
be consistent. Use the same format, either Day Month
Year or Month Day, Year throughout the entire paper
 Examples: 27 July 2017 or July 27, 2017
o The title should be underneath the heading, centered in the middle of the
page, without bold, underlined, italicized, or all capital letters.

Page numbers
 Number all pages, including the very first page and the works cited page
o Place page numbers in the top right corner, half an inch from the top
margin and one inch from the right margin.
o Include your last name to the left of the page number. Example: Jacobson
4
Here’s an example to provide you with a visual:

If you need help with sentence structure or grammar, check out our paper checker. The
paper checker will help to check every noun, verb, and adjective. If there are words that
are misspelled or out of place, the paper check will suggest edits and provide
recommendations.

MLA Works Cited:

 The Works Cited list should be at the end of the paper, on its own page.
o If a citation flows onto the second line, indent it in half an inch from the left
margin (called a hanging indent).
o For more information on the Works Cited list, refer to “How to Make a
Works Cited Page,” which is found below.

How to Create a Title Page

According to the Modern Language Association’s official guidelines for formatting a
research paper, it is unnecessary to create or include an individual title page, or MLA
cover page, at the beginning of a research project. Instead, follow the directions above,
under “Heading & Title,” to create a proper heading. This heading is featured at the top of
the first page of the research paper or research assignment.
If your instructor or professor does in fact require or ask for an MLA title page, follow the
directions that you are given. They should provide you with the information needed to
create a separate, individual title page. If they do not provide you with instructions, and
you are left to create it at your own discretion, use the header information above to help
you develop your research paper title page. You may want to include other information,
such as the name of your school or university.

How to Make a Works Cited Page

The MLA Works Cited page is generally found at the end of a research paper or project.
It contains a list of all of the citations of sources used for the research project. Follow
these directions to format the Works Cited list to match the Modern Language
Association’s guidelines.
 The Works Cited list has its own page, at the end of a research project.
 Include the same running head as the rest of the project (Your last name and
then the page number). The Works Cited List has the final page number for the
project.
 Name the page “Works Cited,” unless your list only includes one citation. In that
case, title it in MLA “Work Cited.”
 The title of the page (either Works Cited or Work Cited) is placed one inch from
the top of the page, centered in the middle of the document.
 Double space the entire document, even between the title of the page and the
first citation.
 Citations are listed in alphabetical order by the first word in the citation (usually
the last name of the author or the first word in the title if the citation does not
include the author’s name. Ignore A, An, and The if the title begins with these
words.)
 If there are multiple citations by the same author, place them in chronological
order by the date published.
o Also, instead of writing the author’s name twice in both citations, use
three hyphens.
Example:
Angelou, Maya. I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 2009.
---. Gather Together In My Name. Random House, 1974.
  All citations begin flush against the left margin. If the citation is long in length, and
rolls onto a second or third line, the lines below the first line are indented half an
inch from the left margin. This is called a “hanging indent.” The purpose of a
hanging indent is to make the citations easier to read. If you’re using our MLA
citation machine, we’ll format each of your references with a hanging indent for
you.
Example:
Wai-Chung, Ho. “Political Influences on Curriculum Content and Musical Meaning: Hong
Kong Secondary Music Education, 1949-1997.” Journal of Historical Research in Music
Education, vol. 22, no. 1, 1 Oct. 2000, pp. 5-25. Periodicals Index Online, search-
proquest-
com.i.ezproxy.nypl.org/pio/docview/1297849364/citation/6B70D633F50C4EA0PQ/78?
accountid=35635.
 Works Cited MLA format pages can be longer than one page. Use as many
pages as necessary. If you have only one source to cite, do not place the one
citation below the text of your paper. A work cited page MLA list is still created for
that individual citation.
Here’s a sample paper to give you an idea of what a MLA paper could look like. Included
at the end is a works cited page MLA example.
 
 
 
Adding Images, Figures, Tables, and
Musical Scores
Looking to add a relevant image, figure, table, or musical score into your paper? Here’s
the easy way to do it, while following guidelines set forth by the Modern Language
Association:
 Place the image, figure, table, or music close to where it’s mentioned in the text.
 Provide source information and any additional notes directly below the image,
figure, table, or music.
For tables:
 Label the table as “Table” followed by a number. Table 1 is the table closest to
the beginning of the paper. The next table mentioned in the text would be Table
2, and so on.
 Create a title for the table and place it below the label. Capitalize all important
words
 The label (Table 1) and the title should be flush against the left margin.
 Double-space everything.

For figures:
 A figure can be a map, photograph, painting, pie chart, or any other type of
image.
 Create a label and place it below the figure. The figure first mentioned in the text
of the project is Fig 1. The next mentioned figure is Fig 2, and so on.
 Place a caption next to the label. If all of the source information is included in the
caption, there isn’t a need to replicate that information in the works cited page.
MLA Final Checklist
Think you’re through? We know this guide covered a LOT of information, so before you
hand in that assignment, here’s a checklist to help you determine if you have everything
you need:
_____ Are both in-text and full citations included in the project? Remember, for every
piece of outside information included in the text, there should be corresponding in-text
citation next to it. Include the full citation at the end, on the works cited page.
_____ Are all citations, both in-text and full, properly formatted in MLA style? If you’re
unsure, try out our citation generator!
_____ Is your paper double-spaced in its entirety with one inch margins?
_____ Do you have a running header on each page? (Your last name followed by the
page number)
_____ Did you use a font that is easy to read?
_____ Are all citations on the MLA format works cited page in alphabetical order?
Our plagiarism checker scans for any accidental instances of plagiarism. It scans for
grammar and spelling errors, too. If you have an adverb, preposition, or conjunction that
needs a slight adjustment, we may be able to suggest an edit.
Common Ways Students Accidentally
Plagiarize
We spoke a bit about plagiarism at the beginning of this guide. Since you’re a
responsible researcher, we’re sure you didn’t purposely plagiarize any portions of your
paper. Did you know students and scholars sometimes accidentally plagiarize?
Unfortunately, it happens more often than you probably realize. Luckily, there are ways to
prevent accidental plagiarism and even some online tools to help!
Here are some common ways students accidentally plagiarize in their research papers
and assignments:

1. Poor Paraphrasing
In the “How to create a paraphrase” section towards the top of this page, we share that
paraphrases are “recycled information, in the paper writer’s own words and writing style.”
If you attempt to paraphrase a few lines of text, and it ends up looking and sounding too
close to the original author’s words, it’s a poor paraphrase, and is considered plagiarism.

2. Incorrect Citations
If you cite something incorrectly, even if it’s done accidentally, it’s plagiarism. Any
incorrect information in a reference, such as the wrong author name, or the incorrect title,
results in plagiarism.

3. Forgetting to include quotation marks

When you include a quote in your paper, you must place quotation marks around it.
Failing to do so results in plagiarism.
If you’re worried about accidental plagiarism, try our Citation Machine Plus essay tool. It
scans for grammar, but also checks for any instances of accidental plagiarism. It’s simple
to use and user-friendly, making it a great choice for stress-free paper editing and
publishing.

Serving High School, College, and University students, their teachers, and independent
researchers since 2000.

Copyright © 2000 - 2020 by Citation Machine®, a Chegg Service.

Global Privacy Policy California Privacy Rights Cookie Notice Terms of Service Updated

Citation Machine® uses the 8th ed. of MLA, 6th ed. of APA, and 17th ed. of Chicago (8th ed. Turabian).