JiT-SatelliteComunication Slide2 EphremTeshaleBekele

Jimma University
Jimma Institute of Technology (JiT)

Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Satellite Communications (ECEG7213)
Satellites in orbit
Ephrem Teshale Bekele (PhD), 2020

Contents
• Kepler’s laws
• Newton’s laws
• Orbital parameters
• Some useful orbits
2
AAiT - Satellite Communication Systems, Ephrem Teshale Bekele (PhD)
Keplerian Orbits
• Satellites follow elliptic
trajectory in space known as
Keplerian orbits.
• Kepler formulated that planets
have elliptic trajectory (not
circular).
• His work provided one of the
foundations for Isaac
Newton's theory of universal
Johannes Kepler gravitation.
3
Kepler’s first law
• Planets move in a plane, the orbits described are ellipses
with the sun at one focus (1602)
Planet
Sun
4
Kepler’s second law
• The vector from the sun to the planet sweeps equal areas
in equal times (1605)
Planet
If a planet moves
distance x and
distance y in same
amount of time,
Sun
area A equals area B
5
Kepler’s third law
• The ratio of the square of the period T of revolution of a planet
around the sun to the cube of the semi-major axis a of the ellipse is
the sae for all planets (1618)
a3/T2 = constant
6
Newton’s law of universal gravitation
• Two bodies of masses M and m attract each other
with a force F which is proportional to their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance r between them: (1667)
m
F = GMm/r2
M F G is universal
gravitational constant
G = 6.672x10-11am3kg-1s-2
7
Orbital parameters
• Apogee: A point for a satellite farthest
from the Earth.
• Perigee: A point for a satellite closest
from the Earth. b rp ra
• Semi-major axis: a Earth Apogee
• Semi-minor axis: b
• Line of Apsides: the line joining the a c
perigee and apogee through the center of
the earth. Perigee
• Eccentricity (e): is a measure of the
‘circularity’ of the orbit. It is determined Foci
from
ra  rp
e
ra  rp
8
Satellite
Orbital parameters
• Reference (Equatorial) plane
• Orbital Plane
• Inclination angle (i)
• Ascending Node – the point where the orbit
crosses the equatorial plane, going from
south to north.
• Descending Node: the point where the orbit
crosses the equatorial plane, going from
north to south.
• Line of Nodes : the line joining the
ascending and descending nodes through
the center of the earth.
9
Satellite
Orbital parameters
• Argument of Perigee: the angle from
ascending node to perigee, measured
in the orbital plane.
• Reference direction (ϒ)
• Angle of right ascension of the
ascending node (Ω)
• True anomaly (v)
10
Satellite
Orbital parameters
• A satellite that is in an orbit with some
inclination angle is in an inclined orbit.
• A satellite that is in orbit in the equatorial
plane (inclination angle = 0 ◦ ) is in an
equatorial orbit.
• A satellite that has an inclination angle of 90 ◦
is in a polar orbit.
• The orbit may be elliptical or circular,
depending on the orbital velocity and
direction of motion imparted to the satellite
on insertion into orbit.
11
Satellite
Orbital parameters
• An orbit in which the satellite moves in the
same direction as the earth’s rotation is called
a prograde orbit.
• The inclination angle of a prograde orbit is
between 00 and 900 .
• A satellite in a retrograde orbit moves in a
direction opposite the earth’s rotation, with an
inclination angle between 900 and 1800.
• Most satellites are launched in a prograde
orbit, because the earth’s rotational velocity
enhances the satellite’s orbital velocity,
reducing the amount of energy required to
launch and place the satellite in orbit.
12
Orbital parameters
• Terrestrial Coordinates
– Longitude – east west
– Latitude – north south
• Equatorial coordinates
– Right ascension
– Declination
13
Orbital parameters
• Satellite Track: The locus of the point of intersection of the earth
center – satellite vector with the surface of the earth.
14
Orbital parameters
• Example satellite track
15
Orbital Parameters
Satellite
distance
R  RE  r 2  2 RE r cos
2
cos  cos L cos cosl 

sin  sin l
Earth satellite geometry.

[Figure 2.10 on your text book.] 16
Orbital Parameters
• Elevation angle
(E): Angle
between the
horizon at the
point considered
and the satellite
measured in the
Elevation and Nadir Angles.
plane containing
[Figure 2.11 on your text book.] the point
considered, the
 RE  satellite and the
 cos  
 r 
sin E 
R
center of the earth.
r
17
Orbital Parameters
• Nadir angle (θ):
Angle at the satellite
between the direction
of the center of the
earth and the
direction of point
considered.
Elevation and Nadir Angles.
[Figure 2.11 on your text book.]
RE
sin   cos E
r
18
Orbital Parameters
• Azimuth angle (A): the angle
measured in the horizontal
plane of the location between
the geographic north and the
intersection of the plane
containing the satellite and  sin L cos 
a  arcsin 
the center of the earth.  sin   a

2
Position of T wrt P A(a)

South-east A=π-a
North-east A=a
South-west A=π+a
North-west A=2π-a 19
Orbital Parameters
• Geometric coverage area: the Orbit
portion of the earth within a cone of

the satellite at its apex, which is
tangential to the earth’s surface. 2θ
RE R
sin   cos(0)  E E
r r
• For geostationary satellite:
Equator
RE  6,378 km, r  42,162 km
  8.660
• In practice beam width: An illustration of coverage area

2  180  190
20
Orbital Parameters
• Swath width: the strip of the Earth’s surface from which

geographic data are collected by a moving vehicle such as
a satellite, aircraft or ship in the course of swath mapping.
21
Orbital Parameters
• Swath width
  BW   BW 
s  htan    tan   θ
  2   2  h
BW
22
Orbital parameters
• Assignment 2:
Investigate in depth the meaning and the relationship between solar
and sidereal time references and compile a short individual report.
The assignment can be submitted in a group of maximum of
two students.
• Make sure you state your references explicitly and avoid
duplicating existing materials.
• Send only the PDF version of your report in email only.
• Use the email subject: [JiT-SatComm-2020] Assignment 2
• Submission date: To Be Announced in classroom.
• Late submissions will be penalized.
23
Orbital parameters
Relative potential of a satellite:
1 1 1 1
E p  GMm    m  ,   GM
 r1 r2   r1 r2 
Constant momentum relation

  
H  r  mV  cons tan t
This relation can be used to prove that a satellite always stays in a

fixed plane (Kepler’s first law)
d d H
H  rmVt  r 2 m  constant  2
dt dt r m
24
Orbital parameters
dA 1 2 d H
 r   constant This proves Kepler’s second law.
dt 2 dt 2m
Planet
r
Sun
25
Orbital parameters
Planet at orbital equilibrium: mar  Fc  Fg
m
Fg 
Centrifugal r2
Force: Fc
2
 d 
2
mvt
r Fc   mr  
 Centripetal r  dt 
Force: Fg
2
 d  
2
Sun d r
2
 r    2
dt  dt  r
26
Orbital parameters
dr dr d  H  1 dr 1 d  1 dr
   2 if  ,  2
dt d dt  m  r d r d r d
dr   H  d d 2r   H 2  2 d 2 
  and   2  
dt  m  d dt 2
 m  d 2
d 2 m 2 Second order ordinary differential equation

therefore   2
d 2
H describing motion of the satellite
Solution:
m 2 P H2 0 H 2
   0 cos   0   r ,P  ,e 
H2 1  e cos   0  m 2
m2
where: 0 , 0 , P and e are constants
27
Orbital parameters
P Polar coordinate equation for conic section with focus at
r
1  e cos   0 
origin, radius r and argument θ with respect to an axis
making an angle θ0 relative to axis of symmetry.
When eccentricity:
1 e0 Circular trajectory
2 0  e 1 Elliptic trajectory
3 e 1  Parabolic trajectory
4 e 1  Hyperbolic trajectory
28
Orbital parameters
Considering the geometry shown below and letting θ0=0
Satellite
b ra
rp
a c
Perigee Earth Apogee
Foci
29
Orbital parameters
Origin to Apogee Elliptical trajectory
ra 
P
r

a 1  e2 
1 e 1  e cos
Origin to Perigee Period of a satellite
P dA H H H
rp     dA   dt  A  T
1 e dt 2m 2m 2m
Semi-Major axis
A  ab   a 1  e    Pa  
4 2 H 3 a3

a  ra  rp  
1 P m
2 1  e2 a3 T 2 4 2
T  2  3   constant
Semi-Minor axis  a 
Kepler’s III
b  a 1 e 2
law
30
Examples
1. Compute the orbital period of a geostationary satellite.
2. Considering the period of a geostationary satellite to be
23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds, compute the period
of GPS satellites which follow a circular orbit at an
altitude of 20,200km
31
Examples
1. Compute the orbital period of a geostationary satellite.
(Ans: T=23:56:04)
2. Considering the period of a geostationary satellite to be
23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds, compute the period
of GPS satellites which follow a circular orbit at an
altitude of 20,200km (Ans: T=11:58:42)
32
Earth Eclipse of a Satellite
• Occurs when Earth’s equatorial plane coincides with the plane of he

Earth’s orbit.
• Occurs near the time of spring and autumnal equinoxes.
• When the sun is crossing the equator, the satellite passes into sun’s
shadow.
• Happens for some duration of time (around 70 minutes) every day.
• The solar cells of the satellite become non-functional during the
eclipse period and the satellite is made to operate with the help of
power supplied from the batteries.
• Modern satellites are well equipped with batteries for operation
during eclipse. 33
Satellite orbit perturbation
• Keplerian physics assumes spherical homogeneous
bodies and ignores the effect of other celestial bodies.
• In reality satellites drift from their ideal Keplerian orbit
due to several reasons:
– Non-spherical shape of the earth
– Attraction of the moon and the sun
– Solar radiation pressure
– Aerodynamic drag
34
Satellite orbit perturbation
• To counter these effects, constant monitoring and
control is needed.
• Station-keeping: the orbital maneuvers made by
thruster burns of the satellite that are needed to
keep the satellite in its desired orbit.
• Station-keeping
consumes fuel hence is
one of the determining
factor for the life time of
a satellite.
• Station-Keeping box
35
Example: NileSat 201
• NileSat 201 is a geostationary satellite located at 70 east.
• It is required to install an uplink to this satellite in Addis Ababa at
8.9806° North and 38.7578° East latitude and longitude respectively.
• Compute the following parameters:
– Elevation and Azimuth of the ground station antenna located at Addis Ababa
(8.9806° N, 38.7578° E).
– The Nadir Angle
– Signal propagation time in the uplink
• If the station keeping co-location accuracy is ± 0.09° E-W & ± 0.07° N-
S, compute the tangential dimension of the station keeping box.
36
Constants
Description Value
Newton’s gravitational constant 6.67 ×10-11 m3kg -1s -2
Mass of earth 5.974×1024 kg
Radius of earth 6,378km

Speed of light in free space 3 ×108 ms -1
Geostationary satellite altitude 35,786km
37
End of Slide
38

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Jimma University

Jimma Institute of Technology (JiT)

Satellite Communications (ECEG7213)

Ephrem Teshale Bekele (PhD), 2020

• Some useful orbits

cos  cos L cos cosl 

Earth satellite geometry.

Position of T wrt P A(a)

portion of the earth within a cone of

• In practice beam width: An illustration of coverage area

• Swath width: the strip of the Earth’s surface from which

Constant momentum relation

This relation can be used to prove that a satellite always stays in a

d 2 m 2 Second order ordinary differential equation

1 e0 Circular trajectory

2 0  e 1 Elliptic trajectory

• Occurs when Earth’s equatorial plane coincides with the plane of he

Newton’s gravitational constant 6.67 ×10-11 m3kg -1s -2

Mass of earth 5.974×1024 kg

Radius of earth 6,378km

Geostationary satellite altitude 35,786km

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