Davis Langdon & Seah Singapore Pte Ltd Page 1

ELEMENTS AND FLOOR AREAS

các thành phần

STANDARDISATION tiêu chuẩn

cộng sự
Unless otherwise
khác
agreed with a Director or Associate, all cost
appraisals and cost plans should be based on the standard list of
thẩm định dựa trên
các yếu tố elements and area measurement rules contained in this Section of the
sự đo lường quy tắc chứa/ nằm trên
Manual.
hướng dẫn

AREA CLASSIFICATIONS
phân loại

There are several types of area classifications, each with its own set of
rules, which are used as follows:
Có một số loại phân loại khu vực, mỗi loại có bộ quy tắc riêng, được sử dụng như sau:

(1) Statistical gross floor area )

)
(2) Gross floor area ) For submission to
) Planning Authorities
cơ quan, bộ phận
(3) Neutral area )
Khu vực trung tính
)
(4) Nett floor area )

(5) Strata title area - For strata title

subdivisions

(6) Leasable area - For feasibility studies

cho thuê Đối với nghiên cứu khả thi

(7) Construction area - For estimating and cost

(or Construction floor area) analyses phân tích

(8) Element area - For cost plans and cost

analyses

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Việc phân loại từ

(1) đến (4) ở trên
ELEMENTS AND FLOOR AREAS dựa trên việc đo
lường mặt ngoài
của các bức tường
Planning Areas bên ngoài theo
các quy tắc có
trong Sổ tay Kế
The classifications at (1) to (4) above are based upon measurement to hoạch (hiện đang
được sửa đổi) do
the outside face of external walls in accordance with rules contained in Cơ quan Kế hoạch
the Planning Handbook (which is currently being revised) issued by the ban hành. Những
Planning Authority. These areas are, however, not suitable for khu vực này, tuy
nhiên, không phù
estimating building costs. hợp để ước tính
chi phí xây dựng.

Site Area
đo
The Site Area is the area of a building plot measured between the
survey boundary lines. It defines the property/development site.
xác định tài sản phát triển

Gross Floor Area (GFA)

Gross Floor Area is the total area of floor space within a building
measured between the centre line of party walls including the thickness
of external walls but excluding internal voids except ducts, refuse chutes
and lift shafts. An expansion of this definition is given below:
mở rộng được

(1) Gross Floor Area (GFA) includes

(a) All covered floor areas (space within a building measured

between the centre line of party walls, including the
thickness of external walls but excluding the internal voids)

(b) All areas for enclosed staircases, toilets, loading/unloading

platforms, store, etc, within the car park floors
trong

(c) All floor areas of covered verandahs and terraces and attic.
Tất cả các khu vực sàn của mái hiên và sân thượng và gác mái.
mục đích
(d) Open areas used for commercial purposes such as beer
giải khát
garden, outdoor refreshment or eating areas, amphitheatres, giảng đường
petrol kiosks, drive-ins and other commercial establishments

(e) Bin centre, guard house, and electrical substation

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ELEMENTS AND FLOOR AREAS

buồng
(f) Cable Chamber of electrical substation if the combined
height of the cable chamber and electrical substation
quy định cho
vượt quá exceeds the controlled floor height prescribed for the
tiềm năng prospective type of development of exceeds PUB’s height
requirements, whichever is greater
yêu cầu lớn hơn

(2) Gross Floor Area (GFA) excludes

(a) Uncovered floor space open to sky

(b) Covered floor space used for vehicular circulation and

parking area

(c) Roof to screen roof-top services (see Figure 1) <R049>

(d) Roof top pavilions (see Figure 2) <R050>

(e) Covered areas below roof eaves (up to 1.4m for residential;
1.0m for non - residential) (see Figures 3 and 4) <R051> and
<R052>

(f) Sky terraces (subject to 45° line from edge of overhead

projection) (see Figure 5) <R053>

(g) Covered public walkway (see Figure 6) <R054>

(h) Through block pedestrian linkages (see Figure 7) <R055>

(i) Covered public space (extent defined by 45° line taken from
the edge) (see Figure 8) <R056>

(j) Second storey and high level pedestrian linkages between

developments (see Figure 9) <R057>

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ELEMENTS AND FLOOR AREAS

(k) Basement diaphragm walls (thickness) (see Figure 10)

<R058>

(l) Curtain wall (GFA measure up to edge of structural floor

slab) (see Figure 11) <R059>

(m) Left over spaces in carpark floors like pavements, planting

boxes, etc. (see Figure 12) <R060>

(n) M&E spaces with headroom < 1.5m (see Figure 13) <R061>

(o) Open and uncovered areas eg swimming pools, tennis

counts, open balconies. (see Figure 14) <R062>

(p) Ledges for a/c units and planters (see Figure 15) <R063>

(q) Suspended AHU in voids. (See Figure 16) <R064>

(r) Underground rainwater tanks, aesthetic mouldings, unroofed

staircases to ESS, meter compartment / bin point at gate,
non-weatherproof building maintenance platform.
(See Figure 17) <R065>

(s) Cantilevered bay windows (1m above floor level)

The following areas are however partially countered as Gross Floor

Area:

(1) Lift shafts - to be counted once for single lift cabin and twice for
double decker lifts. (See Figure 18) <R066>

(2) Vertical service duct space to be counted once provided the

vertical space is hollow
If there are slabs in the duct, it will be treated as GFA. (see Figure
19) <R067>

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ELEMENTS AND FLOOR AREAS

(3) Lift lobbies in carpark floors - GFA is limited to an area equivalent

to the size of the lift shaft or the actual size of the lift lobby
whichever is smaller. (see Figure 20) <R068>
thông thường
Note: - for conventional housing development, the Gross Floor
Area will also include covered car porch / car park.

As GFA is computed by Architects, the Project Leader should asked the

Architect to advise on the GFA for the development.

For most developments, Client would expect Architects to maximise the

allowable GFA. The allowable GFA is the site area x plot ratio.

Relationship Between GFA and CFA

Generally CFA is equal to GFA plus: -

a) Carpark areas
b) Roof to screen roof-top services
c) Roof-top pavilions
d) Covered sky terraces / balconies
e) Through block pedestrian linkages người đi bộ
f) Second storey and high level pedestrian linkages between
developments
g) Basement diaphragm walls
h) Curtain wall
(ii) M&E spaces with headroom < 1.5m
(iii) Lift shafts
(iv) Vertical service duct space

Plot Ratio

The Plot Ratio is the ratio of the Gross Floor Area of a building to its Site
Area.

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ELEMENTS AND FLOOR AREAS

cho thuê
Leasable Area (or Leasable Floor Area)
thi hành
This is a classification
đánh giá
used in the text of feasibility studies to enable
lợi nhuận
Clients to assess the profitability of a project. It is used only for office
and retail areas, not hotel projects, and is not suitable as a basis for
estimating building costs.

It is defined as the area which could be leased to a tenant for his

exclusive use (i.e. areas which the tenant could lock).
sử dụng riêng người thuê

It should be noted that the Leasable Area is similar but not the same as
the Nett Floor Area used for planning purposes.
mục đích

Construction Floor Area (CFA)

For all estimating and costing purposes, the Construction Floor Area is
used as defined below. The firm used to call this the Gross Floor Area
(GFA) but renamed it to avoid confusion with the Gross Floor Area used
for planning purposes.

Construction Floor Area is the total of all enclosed spaces of the building
taking each floor into account and measured to the external structural
face of the enclosing walls and measured flat on plan.

It includes:

Lift, plant and tank rooms above the main roof slab.

Area occupied by partitions, columns, party walls and the like.

Voids related to the building's functions, such as those for lifts,

escalators, stairs, ducts and the like.

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ELEMENTS AND FLOOR AREAS

Balconies which are enclosed spaces.

It excludes:

Non enclosed spaces such as an open storey at ground level.

Covered open sided linkways.

Voids which are non-functional but provided as a design feature

(atriums).

Enclosed spaces for the purposes of the above are spaces which have a
floor and ceiling and enclosing walls for the full or partial height. Open
balustrades, louvres, screens and the like count as enclosing walls.

In amplification, it should be noted that:

(1) Rooms passing through two or more storeys (e.g. lecture halls,
conference rooms, foyers, atria) - the area is measured once only
at floor level

(2) Rooms passing through two or more storeys with a gallery or

mezzanine - the area is measured once only at floor level and the
area of the mezzanine or gallery added

TERMS USED IN COST PLANS AND COST ANALYSES

Element Quantity

Element quantities are used in cost plans and cost analyses to express
the unit cost of the element. It may be the number of doors or area of
wall finishes. The quantity measure appropriate to a particular element
is defined with each element later in this Section of the Manual. Some
element quantities will often, but not always, be the same as the
Construction Floor Area. For example, the area of an open storey at

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ELEMENTS AND FLOOR AREAS

ground level would be included in the element quantity for 'Upper Floors'
but not in the Construction Floor Area.

Element Ratio

This is used in cost plans and cost analyses:

Element Ratio = Element Quantity

Construction Floor Area

This enables design characteristics such as number of doors per m2 of

Construction Floor Area to be compared between different design
solutions or different projects. When a sufficient database of ratios is
available, it highlights particularly expensive/cheap features of a design -
or elements where a mistake in measurement may have been made
warranting a further check!

Element Unit Rate

This is the weighted average cost per unit quantity of the element.

Element Unit Ratio = Total Cost of Element

Element Quantity

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ELEMENTS AND FLOOR AREAS

Floor to Floor Height

The floor to floor height when used in cost planning is defined as shown
below:

F lo o r t o F lo o r
H e ig h t

F lo o r t o F lo o r
H e ig h t

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 mái che chịu lực
không gian không thể sử dụng

khu vực tính CFA

phần bên dưới tính vào CFA

rented: thuê
purpose: mục đích
counted: tinh
trục thang máy