In theory the futures market provides a fixed and stable outcome when hedging currency or

interest rate risk, but in practice futures contracts are exposed to basis risk.

Basis is the difference between the futures and spot prices and, for the purposes of
recommending a hedging strategy, it is often assumed to diminish at a constant rate. Basis risk
arises when the price of a futures contract does not have a predictable relationship with the spot
price of the instrument being hedged. When basis risk is introduced to a scenario, it may mean an
alternative hedging method would provide a better result.

In order to illustrate this point, we will use the information provided in a sample question from
the September/December 2017 exam sessions, Wardegul Co, and investigate the impact of basis
risk on the hedging recommendation. The company’s treasury department would like to hedge
the following transaction.

Transaction to be hedged

Today’s date is 1 October 2017. The treasury department plans to hedge a receipt, in Eurian
Dinar (D), of D27m. The receipt is expected on 31 January 2018 and will need to be invested
until 30 June 2018.

The central bank base rate in Euria is currently 4·2% and the treasury team believes that it can
invest funds in Euria at the central bank base rate less 30 basis points. However, treasury staff
have seen predictions that the central bank base rate could increase by up to 1·1% or fall by up to
0·6% between now and 31 January 2018.

For the purposes of this example we will consider the following possibilities to hedge the receipt:

 Interest rate futures

 Exchange-traded options on interest rate futures

Three month D futures, D500,000 contract size

Prices are quoted in basis points at 100 – annual % yield:

December 2017: 94.84

March 2018: 94.78

 June 2018: 94.66

Exchange-traded options on three month D futures, D500,000 contract size, option

premiums are in annual %

  Calls   Strike   Puts  

price

December March June   December March June

0.417 0.545 0.678   0.071 0.094 0.155

0.078 0.098 0.160   0.393 0.529 0.664

Assume futures and options contracts are settled at the end of each month.

In the first instance we will follow the approach used in the past exam question and assume there
is no basis risk and that basis diminishes at a constant rate, based on monthly time intervals. We
will then introduce basis risk and consider the impact on our recommended hedging strategy.

(1) Ignore basis risk (as per sample question)

Futures
Wardegul Co’s treasury department would buy March futures as the hedge is against a fall in
interest rates and the investment will be made on 31 January.

Number of contracts = D27,000,000 / D500,000 × 5 months / 3 months = 90 contracts

Unexpired basis
Spot price (1 October) – futures price = basis
(100 – 4.20) – 94.78 = 1.02
Unexpired basis on 31 January = 2/6 × 1.02 = 0.34
If central bank base rate increases to 5.3%

  D
 Investment return 5.0% x 5/12 x D27,000,000 562,500

Expected futures price: 100 – 5.3 – 0.34 = 94.36  

Loss on the futures market: (0.9436 – 0.9478) × D500,000 × 3/12 × 90 (47,250)

Net receipt 515,250

Effective annual interest rate 515,250 / 27,000,000 x 12/5 4.58%

If central bank base rate falls to 3.6%

  D

Investment return 3.3% x 5/12 x D27,000,000 371,250

Expected futures price: 100 – 3.6 – 0.34 = 96.06  

Profit on the futures market: (0.9606 – 0.9478) × $500,000 × 3/12 × 90 144,000

Net receipt 515,250

Effective annual interest rate 515,250 / 27,000,000 x 12/5 4.58%

Options on interest rate futures

The treasury department would buy March call options to hedge against a fall in interest rates.
As above, 90 contracts are required.
If central bank base rate increases to 5.3%

Exercise price 94.25 95.25

 Expected futures price, as above 94.36 94.36

Exercise? Yes No

Gain in basis points 11 0

  D D

Investment return as above 562,500 562,500

Profit on option   0

0.0181 × $500,000 × 3/12 × 90 12,375  

Premium    

0.00545 x D500,000 x 3/12 x 90 (61,313)  

0.00098 x D500,000 x 3/12 x 90   (11,025)

Net receipt 513,562 551,475

Effective annual interest rate    

513,562 / 27,000,000 × 12/5 4.56%  

551,475 / 27,000,000 × 12/5   4.90%

If central bank base rate falls to 3.6%

 Exercise price 94.25 95.25

Expected futures price, as above 96.06 96.06

Exercise? Yes Yes

Gain in basis points 181 81

  D D

Investment return as above 371,250 371,250

Profit on option   0

0.0181 × $500,000 × 3/12 × 90 203,625  

0.0081 × $500,000 × 3/12 × 90   91,125

Premium as above (61,313) (11,025)

Net receipt 513,562 451,350

Effective annual interest rate    

513,562 / 27,000,000 × 12/5 4.56%  

451,350 / 27,000,000 × 12/5   4.01%

Comments
As expected, the futures market provides a fixed return of 4.58% whether the central bank base
rate increases to 5.3% or reduces to 3.6%. The 95.25 option provides a better outcome as long as
interest rates rise but is significantly lower if interest rates fall. If the board is at all risk averse
the futures outcome would be preferable. The 94.25 option is marginally lower than the futures
outcome under both scenarios but may be preferable if the base rate rises higher than 5.41%, the
point at which the option would not be exercised.

(2) Impact of basis risk

Today’s date is 31 January. The prediction that the central bank base rate might increase by 1.1%
to 5.3% turns out to be exactly correct. Based on our previous basis calculation we would have
expected today’s price for the March futures contracts to fall to 94.36.

However, futures contracts are exposed to basis risk, which means the closing March futures
price on 31 January could be more or less than predicted. For the purposes of this example, we
will assume the closing futures price on 31 January is 94.16, only marginally less than our
prediction from before.
Futures

Central bank rate increases to 5.3%

  D

Investment return as above 562,500

Loss on the futures market: (0.9416 – 0.9478) × $500,000 × 3/12 × 90 (69,750)

Net receipt 492,750

Effective annual interest rate 492,750 / 27,000,000 x 12/5 4.38%

Options on interest rate futures

If central bank base rate increases to 5.3%

Exercise price 94.25 95.25

Futures price, as above 94.16 94.16

 Exercise? No No

  D D

Investment return as above 562,500 562,500

Premium (61,313) (11,025)

Net receipt 501,187 551,475

Effective annual interest rate    

501,187 / 27,000,000 × 12/5 4.45%  

551,475 / 27,000,000 × 12/5   4.90%

Implications for hedging strategy

The futures market provides a lower return than both option contracts although we have already
determined that a risk averse treasury manager would have ignored the 95.25 option. However,
the 94.25 option now looks more attractive than the futures outcome even though the central
bank base rate increased exactly as predicted.

If the relationship between the futures and spot price is not predictable, there is no guarantee that
the closing futures price on 31 January will match the price predicted by our basis calculation.
On 1 October the futures price prediction for 31 January is 94.36, assuming the base rate
increases to 5.3%, but it could be either more or less even when the base rate increases exactly as
predicted.

This exposure to basis risk means the actual futures price fell to 94.16 on 31 January instead of
94.36. An unexpected change in basis, even marginally, reduces the return on the futures hedge
from 4.58% to 4.38% as opposed to a return of 4.45% using the 94.25 option. With the benefit of
hindsight the 94.25 option would have provided a better outcome. However, the treasury
department have limited visibility of the future when choosing an optimal strategy at the time the
hedge is set up on 1 October. The treasury department’s best estimate of the closing futures price
is based on a simplifying assumption that basis diminishes at a constant rate, which may not hold
true in practice. Basis risk, therefore, introduces an element of unpredictability which the
treasury staff need to be aware of at the outset. Scenario analysis would be useful in determining
the final strategy in accordance with the company’s risk preferences.