Running Head: EMPIRICAL ARTICLES 1

Empirical articles

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EMPIRICAL ARTICLES 2

Harm reduction

Harm reduction entails the interventions used for health behavior, adverse effects

reduction without entirely quenching its problematic health behaviors. Harm reduction strategies

occur in healthcare settings, such as syringe exchange and harmful drug usage. This harm-

reduction causes health risk behaviors. Hawk et al. (2017) implemented statistics from

comprehensive qualitative dialogues. The dialogue comprised of approximately 23 patients and

17 staff associates from the United States HIV hospital. The objective of this research included

an analysis of harm lessening code for healthcare surroundings usage. 

The researchers outlined six harm reduction principles from the interview section.

However, they generalized them for healthcare settings usage with patients beyond those that use

illicit constituents. The harm reduction principles include pragmatism, autonomy, and

accountability without termination, humanism, incrementalism, and individualism (Hawk et al.,

2017). The researchers explained these principles in detail outlined how healthcare providers can

offer interventions outlined by the code. Further, they revealed the application of each direction

in the healthcare setting. For instance, autonomy includes the right of knowledgeable individuals

to create their medical care informed decisions, and it allows patients to be self-determined. 

Hawk et al. (2017) concluded that this empirical article offers a demanding set of

worldwide values harm lessening for healthcare facilities as a theoretical technique. The

presentation of these harm decrease values in healthcare locations ensures quality care products

increase. It focuses on the provider -victim connection aspects that affect health results and

healthcare services loyalty (Hawk et al., 2017). However, harm reduction can be general

protection to all persons irrespective of their damaging health behaviors revelation. 

Precede/proceed model 
EMPIRICAL ARTICLES 3

Ahmed et al. (2017) developed a comprehensive mall environment using the

precede/proceed model (PPM) in Canada. The researchers generated a rehabilitation living

laboratory in the mall. This laboratory is a fashionable, integrative, and multi-sectional

investigation task that focuses on the multifaceted shopping revolution in Montreal, Canada, into

comprehensive surroundings (Ahmed et al., 2017). It focuses on maximizing the contribution

and social interaction of all individuals. 

The researchers used different techniques such as the precede/proceed model, a

community-oriented and partaking preparation technique. The precede/proceed model

constituted nine phases grouped between planning, implementation, and evaluation (Ahmed et

al., 2017). This model comprises four planning strategies, one implementation stage, and three

evaluation strategies.

Ahmed et al. (2017) revealed from the results that the precede/proceed model includes a

framework for inclusive mall development. This model's ecological technique assimilates the

surroundings, communal and individual features involving the operator's desires and prospects.

The mall's transformation process consists of many stakeholders' commitment since it is an

inclusive, complex technique. Further, Ahmed et al. (2017) outlined that the precede/proceed

model enables diverse information source synthesis and crucial address issues prioritization and

identification. This model creates a practical framework and allows the implementation and

evaluation of project components. 

Ahmed et al. (2017) concluded that this empirical article is useful as people interested in

using this model will utilize it effectively. Likewise, it will assist in developing similar inclusive

environments globally. 
EMPIRICAL ARTICLES 4

References

Ahmed, S., Swaine, B., Milot, M., Gaudet, C., Poldma, T., Bartlett, G., ... & Lefebvre, H. (2017).

Creating an inclusive mall environment with the PRECEDE-PROCEED model: a living

lab case study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 39(21), 2198-2206.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2016.1219401

Hawk, M., Coulter, R. W., Egan, J. E., Fisk, S., Friedman, M. R., Tula, M., & Kinsky, S. (2017).

Harm reduction principles for healthcare settings. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 70.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12954-017-0196-4