é A-Level Sir Seo Challenging Questions Mathematics (Higher 2) 400* Challenging Questions and Suggested Solutions Organised by Topics CS Toh Edition 3.0A-Level Challenging Questions — Mathematics — Edition 3.0.4 eBook edition: First published in 2013 Print edition: ISBN 978-981 -05-8290-6 First published in 2007 Reprinted in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013 Published by Step-by-Step International Pte. Ltd. My Mail Box 889128, Singapore 919128 Copyright © 2007-2013 Step-by-Step International Pte. Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. 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Its availability or updates are also not guaranteed. ‘The Publisher, the editors of, the contributors to this publication and anyone else involved in creating, producing or delivering this publication, shall not be liable for any damages or losses, including any general, special, incidental or consequential damages or losses, arising out of your use or inability to use this publication, even if the relevant parties have been advised of the possibility of such damages or losses. For the avoidance of doubt, the sale of this publication exclude providing it in any other form or media, electronic or otherwise, Important! By purchasing this publication, you are deemed to have agreed to these conditions. For information on distributors, plese visit Please send feedback to http://www. post- 1_com/step-by-stey ‘step-by-step@post-1.com_ agg itr -by-step Taps my ser byseraContents Formulae and Definitions. iti eos Section A Ad ‘Al. Functions AQ A2 A2 Graphing A629 ‘AB. Equations and Inequalities Al2 A-d2 A4 Summation of Series Ald A-48 AS Arithmetic and Geometric Series Ald A-60 Section B Ba B11 Vectors B2 BB B2_ Complex Numbers BS B27 Section cA C.1_ Differentiation C2 C9 C2. Maclaurin’s Series C6 C28 C3 Integration Co C38 C4. Definite Integrals Ci Cal C5. Differential Equations C16 C52 Section D DA D.1_ Permutations and Combinations D2 D-23 D2 Probability D4 = D27 D3 Binomial and Poisson Distributions DI D9 DA Normal Distribution D7 D-53 Section E El E.1_ Sampling and Hypothesis Testing E29 Eld E2 Correlation and Regression E8 EB Statistical Tables Tl lease check for updates to this book at http://www. post-1.com/step-by-step & Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsPreface This book contains 400" challenging questions for readers to stretch their skills with, and suggested solutions to illustrate how the answers are obtained. All suggested solutions show the essential steps to apply the relevant theories, intended to help our readers leam and apply the relevant knowledge ‘The questions and suggested solutions are organised by topics to facilitate referring to them as the topics are being discussed. Related topics are further grouped into sections to facilitate cross referencing. In each section, the questions come first followed by the solutions. It is aimed at facilitating the readers attempting the questions first and referring to the suggested solutions thereafter. Each Section starts with an introduction comprising the relevant summaries of the syllabus describing the topics. This is to facilitate keeping the reader focused on what need to be studied Following the introduction page are question pages containing serially numbered questions Each question is separated from the next by a horizontal line The 1" page numbers (under Q) in the Content page are the starting pages of the questions on the topic. A keyword of the topic, followed by a letter Q, and the page number is shown at the outer-top comer of each question page to facilitate finding them quickly. The introduction and question pages are also marked with a black tag at the right edge The solution pages are formatted in two columns with each solution following the serial number. ‘The 2" page numbers (under S) in the Content page are the starting pages of the solutions to questions on the topic. ‘The keyword of the topic and the page number is shown at the outer-top comer of each solution page to facilitate finding them quickly. We recommend that readers review the relevant updates at our website before using this book. ‘The updates contain late-breaking information that became available after the book was printed. ed Our books are intended to help our readers lear and apply the relevant knowledge. ‘An Ancient Chinese Proverb: Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime. iis HAADL, S982 RAUL, PEE HY ‘We believe our books will also help our readers learn to fish for knowledge. ‘Level Chaenging Queens MathomaticsList of Formulae itt ‘The formulae below are usually included in the List of Formulae provided for the use of candidates in Mathematics at Advanced level examinations. Itis not exhaustive, and proofs of formulae may still be required. PURE MATHEMATICS Algebraic series Binomial expansion: mats (ates ("ae 2ete + +6 (a+by (7) 6 () » ( on where 1 is a positive integer and (") wn Maclaurin's expansion: £)= £0) +x (0) + Ero +E PMO a = Lene + MD 2 mer Ix|< (19 1 ns MOD +() + qxi 0, ae) Graphical methods. Formulation of equations. Summation of Series A-14, A-48 Sequence and series. The © notation and sum ton terms. The method of differences. Convergence and sum to infinity. Binomial expansion of (1+x)" for any rational 1. Convergence of a binomial series. Proof by the method of induction. Arithmetic and Geometric Series A-19 A-60 Sum of finite Arithmetic and Geometric series. Sum to infinity of a geometric series and condition for convergence. Solution of practical problems,A2__ Functions Q Functions 1. Functions f and g are defined as follows: fox be = DA x ER, x21, gxb—, xeER, x20. Tee (i) Find the range of g. 2) (ii) Define the inverse function f~' and the composite function gf. B) 2. The functions f and g are defined as follows: fix be 3x7, xER, x<0, gxbind-y, reR, r<4. (i) Define the inverse function £~" in a similar form. Write down the relationship between the graphs of y= f(x) and y= £ “(x GI Gi) Give an expression for the composite function g f(x) a 3. Functions f and g are defined as follows: fix x22, rER*, gerbe xER Define the composite functions fg and gf, giving the domain of each (5 4, The functions f and g are defined as follows: fix Tx, xER, xs0, gx In(l-»), xR, x g(x) is ak}, find the least value of k for which gf exists. With A as the domain of f, define g'f and sketch the graph of y = g' f(x). (4) 11. Functions f and g are defined as follows: fixe InQ@x-3), xR, x> 4 gix 3 2x-Inl2, xER (Determine the exact value of gf (4.5). BI ii) Define the inverse funetion f~! 2) ii) Ona single diagram, sketch the graphs of y= f(x) and y= fe), 2) (iv) Find the range(s) of x for which £°"%e) -6£°"C-x) +5 > 0. 15] & Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsAA Functions Q 12. Functions f and g are defined as follows: fixe @&tIP-1, x<-l, gerbe’, xeR Sketch the graph of y= f(x) 2) Find, in a similar form, and sketch (a) the inverse function f" 5] (b) the composite function gf. Hence, or otherwise, give the range of gf. (5) 13. The function f and g are defined by: fix be 24In(1+3x), x>0, gox be 1+x, reR (Give the range of £. uw (ii) Define the inverse function f~! and state its domain. BI (ii) Show that the range of g is a subset of the domain of f. Hence define the composite function fg, giving its domain and the corresponding range. Ol (iv) Sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of f, f and ff! (4) 14, The functions f, g and h are defined by: xs0, reS, hex ny, xeR* (@ Define the inverse funetion f~' in a similar form. Sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of y=f(x), y=f'(e) and y=ff"'(x). Solve the equation f(x) =f""(x), leaving your answer(s) in ‘the exact form. [6] ii) Explain why the composite function hf cannot be formed and determine the largest set S for which hg exists. Find hg and state its range. (4) Iffunctions t and k are defined by: tix -x743, reER, kext VB-x, 0 x3, find the composite function kt (x) when Gil) x <0, (iv) x20, 2] 15. The functions f and g are defined as follows: fix bs In@-1), xR, 1 2), (4) 17. Functions g and h are defined as follows. gexb Int), x>-1, 1 hixte +2, <2 *OuD * (On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of g and h. 2] (ii) Write down the reason(s) why the composite function gh cannot be formed, Find the largest possible domain of hh such that gh could be formed. [4 18. Functions f, g and h are defined as follows: f(x) =sinx, xe O, 42], 1 @=41, reO@, B= @ 1h hoax’, xs) (@ Show that the inverse of f could be formed and define it in a similar way. BI Gi) State whether the composite functions fg and gf can be formed, giving your reason(s) in each case. Where a funetion could be formed, find its rule, domain and range. 15] (iii) Determine the maximum domain of h such that h isa one-one function and that fh is well-defined. Write down the corresponding fh and sketch its graph, 14] & Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsA6 Graphing Q Graphing 1. The equation of a curve is y Srey (i) Determine the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve (5) Gi) Write down the equations of all the asymptotes: Q) (iii) Hence, sketch the graph. B) 2. Sketch the graph of y= ge and find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point (0,1). Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of m such that (6x-+1)=(mx+ 12x +1) has exactly two non-negative real roots [6] 3. The equation of acurve C is given as y= aa where A isa constant. (i) For the case where 1=0, determine the equations of the asymptotes of C. 4) (ii) For the case where 4 is not equal to any of -1, 0, 4, 4, determine the equations of the asymptotes of C. 3) (iii) For the case where 1=~1, draw a sketch of C, stating the equations of the asymptotes and the coordinates of the points of intersection of C with the coordinate axes. 4 4, The equation of acurve C is y=2x+ xl ()_ State the equations of the asymptotes of C. 2 Gil) Find the range(s) of x for which C is above its oblique asymptote and the range(s) of x for which C is below its oblique asymptote. BI (ii) Sketch C, showing the coordinates of the points of intersection of C with the coordinate axes. [4] 5. Theemationatacune C issienas y= E28" whee a, ¢ aecontans, and itis given that 0c. Draw a sketch of C, showing the asymptotes and the coordinates of the points of intersection of C’ with the axes. 4] ‘Level Chaenging Queens MathomaticsGraphing Q_A-T 6. The equation of acurve C is given as y= where 1 is a non-zero constant. + Write down the equations of the asymptotes of C. BI Draw, on separate diagrams, a sketch of C for the cases where @ 4>0, Gi) a<0. 4] 7. Thecurve C has equation y= 1+ —&_ —24_ y-3 +3 (State the equations of all the asymptotes. RI (Gi) Determine the coordinates of the points where C meets the axes GI (iii) Determine the coordinates of the stationary points of Cand establish the nature of each point. [4] (iv) Hence, sketch the graph of C. RI 8. The given diagram shows the graph of y= f(x), where the points B and D are turning points. On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of @ y=te+D, Gi) y=4u, stating, in each case, the coordinates of the points corresponding to 4, B, C and D. 14) 9. The given diagram shows the graph of y= f(x). Fy The maximum point A has coordinates (+, a) and AGh@) the maximum point B has coordinates (0, 0) On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of @ y=f(hn. @) y=2a-f(4n), OB) OB x in each case, indicate clearly the asymptote and the coordinates of the points corresponding to A and B. 10. The given diagram shows the graph of y= f(x ~ 1) with asymptotes x =2 and y=Oanda minimum point at (1, 0). On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of @ y=f@), Q) Gi) y=1-£@-D, 2) in each case, showing clearly the coordinates of the turning point and the asymptotes. & Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsA8_ Graphing Q 11. The given diagram shows the graph of y= f(x). ‘The curve undergoes in succession, the following transformations A: Atranslation of 3. units in the negative direction of the x-avis, B= A scaling parallel to the x-axis by a factor %. Find the equation of the resulting curve in the form y=f(ax+b) where a and b are constants to be found. Sketch the graph of the resulting equation, (4) 12. The given diagram shows the graph of y= f(x). Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of f@e-1DI, Q] Gi) y=2f@-D, 2] in each case, showing clearly the coordinates of the turning points and the intersections with the axes. 13, The given diagram shows the graph of y= f(x). ‘The maximum point A has coordinates (2, 2). ‘The minimum point B has coordinates (0, -1), (On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of - -l @ y=fQxy-1, Gi) y Te" in each case, showing clearly the points corresponding to A and B, and the asymptote. [6] 14, The given diagram shows the graph of y=f(). (On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of @ y=fC2x+1) BI Gi) y= fx) +1 BI in each case, showing clearly the asymptotes and the points corresponding to A, B and C. 15. The given diagram shows the graph of not drawn to scale, where y=0, y=2 and x= 1 are the asympiotes. On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of @ y=fd-x) (ii) y= fx). [4]Graphing _A-9 16. The given diagram shows the graph of y= h(x), Sketch, separately, the graphs of @ ~2h@tl) Gi) y= 4xD-1, stating, in each case, the coordinates of the points corresponding to 4 and B. 5) 17. The graph of y= f(x) is as shown, Sketch, on separate diagrams, the curves @ y=lf@, Gi) y?=-£0@) 4] 18. The given diagram shows the a sketch of the graph of y=(x) with a maximum point A(1,2) anda minimum point B(4,—4). On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of: @ y=fO), Gi) y=|£@)) (3112) in each case, indicating clearly the points corresponding to A and B. 19. The equation of curve G is y=h(x) where h(x) =x'(4—x). Sketch the graph of G. (@ Deduce, on separate axes, the graph of y* = h(—), indicating clearly the shape of the curve near points where y= 0. (ii) By sketching a suitable graph on the same axes as G (accurate intercepts are not required), deduce the number of real roots of the equation (x —3)[x*(4—x) - 27] = 4. a 20. On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of 2e+1 +1 @ y=, Gy? SD, labelling each curve clearly. (6) 21. On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of 1-4 1-4 © Ee wy eI) On the diagram of part (i), sketch a clearly labeled graph of y= 4—x*, and hence state the number of negative real roots and the number of positive real roots of the equation x* +x?-8x-3=0. BI & Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsA:10 Graphing Q 22. On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of 8x 8x i) y=1+ di) +e ony x9 x9 in each case, stating clearly the equations of its asymptotes and the coordinates of any intersection with the axes. fal 23. On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of @ sh. w= in each case, indicating clearly the asymptote(s) and axial-intercept, if any (5 24, The equation of a curve is given as yo at, where @ and b are constants, If the curve has a vertical asymptote x=—2 and cuts the y-avis at +, find the values of a and 6. On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of ax-b 22 ax-b Oya OF ra in each case, stating clearly the equations of any asymptotes and the coordinates of any intersections with the axes, v7 25. On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of: = 2x41 2ix|41 @ yea Gy (21021 On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of @ y=f@), Gi) y= f(x). 212] ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathomatics& Graphing Q 27. Sketch the graph of C with the equation y= —*—, indicating clearly the asymptote(s), axial intereept(s) and stationary point(s), if any (4 On a separate diagram, sketch the graph of y QI ne . S(e=Ix+2) 28, The equation of aeurve C is y= 2ST Q R +2 @ Determine y inthe form P+ 25 + BI (i) Verify that % =0 forexactly one value of x and calculate the comesponding valueof y. [4] (ii) State the equations of the asymptotes of C. BI iv) Find the range(s) of & for which the line y= k does not intersect C. [4] Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsA-12_Egn & Inequalities Q Equations & Inequalities x 1. Find the range(s) of x for which (4) 2. Find the range(s) of x for which oT x=) 3. Find the range(s) of x for which <2 [4] x2 ; 3x-5 2 4. Find the range(s) of x for which 2#=5 2 2 [4] 5. Prove that the expression 2x? +x +1 is positive for all real values of x. 2) Hence, find the range(S) of values of x for which * (4) 6, Find the set of values of x for which Deduce the set of values of x for which (5) 7. Find the range(s) of x for which |3x+1|—|2—x|<3 [4] 1 5 8 Hence solve <1 ence solve TT “Tela a 9. Find the solution to the inequality ee 3 <3. 4 5 10, Find the range(s) of x for which |2x~3]—x+1 4 18, Sketch the graph of y=|1~2x|, Find the range(s) of x for which |x~2x7|<1 ray 19. A distributor uses a courier service to deliver papers in cartons to his retailers. It costs him $1 per carton to deliver to retailer ¥ and $1.20 per carton to deliver to retailer Y. On a certain busy day, he misplaced the records for the number of cartons he delivered to the two retailers, but found the couriers invoice of $126 for 120 cartons delivered. Formulate the equations needed to determine the number of cartons delivered to each of the two retailers. (4) 20. Abakery produces 3 types of muffins, chocolate, raisin and vanilla, in trays of 6 mutfins each, A tray of chocolate muffins requires 7 min of labour and 0.3 kg of flour. A tray of raisin muffins requires 6 min of labour and 0.3 kg of flour. A tray of vanilla muffins requires 5 min of labour and 0.4 kg of flour. The muffins were sold at $0.50, $0.45 and $0.40 each for the chocolate, raisin and vanilla muffins respectively. On a particular day, 8 hours of labour and 27 kg of flour were used, all the muffins made were sold, and the total collection was $216, Formulate the equations required to determine the number of trays of each type of muffin made on that day [5] 21. Accargo plane has two compartments ~ front and rear. ‘The front compartment has a weight capacity of 1200 kg and a volume of 100m’. The rear compartment has a weight capacity of 1000kg and a volume of 85m’, In order to maintain balance, the weight in the respective compartments must be in the same proportion as the compartment's weight capacity ‘Two types of cargoes, A and B, are to be shipped on the next flight. Type A cargoes are packed in bags of 20kg with a volume of 3m’ each. Type B cargoes are packed in bags of 10 kg with a volume of 2m’ each. The plane was eventually loaded with 1100kg of cargoes. The cargoes in the front compartment occupy 99 m? while the rear compartment is full, Formulate the necessary equations to determine the number of bags of each type of cargoes loaded in each compartment of the plane. [6] & Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsAld Series Q Summation of Series 1. Find the total number of terms in the 1" n brackets of the series (A) + 2 +27) 442842) + 25427 +8 4.2%) + where the r™ bracket contains r terms. Hence find the sum of the numbers in the first » brackets 3) 2. Given that Sy? = 4n2(n+ 1%, find the sum of the series 13429-39449 459-63 +... +(3n-2)' + Bn-1)?- Gay rc 3, Find, in terms of n, S(ar?-+2") “4 we ay 4, Evaluate 5° si2rs(2) a aI 5. (i) Find, in terms of the positive integer &, the sum 5; of the integers from 2k to 4& inclusively [2] i) Find also, in terms of &, the sum S, of all the odd integers lying between 2k and 4k. 2 (iii) Hence, show that the sum of all the even integers from 2k to 4k inclusively is 3k(k+1). [1] 6. The r™ term ofa series is 2a"+br? where a, 6 are constants and a <0. Given that the 1" term is 0 andthe 2” termis 10, find the values of a and 6. With these values of a and 6, find the sum of the I 2 terms of the series. (61 2s : 7. Find, in terms of a, $°(2a+r)?,, simplifying your answer. io] 8. Given that S,= Se" = (i) Express S, in terms of n and hence find S, the limit of S, as n tends to infinity. BI (ii) Find the smallest value of m such that S,> 0.9995. Q] we fii) Show that 7S, = £~+10e—11 2] ) Esi- el 9. By expanding In (1 —x) in ascending powers of x, verify that S1(L)' =in 2. BI 1 A Sl ay Hence, by expressing 7 partial fractions, find the value of x, Gap) . giving your answer in terms of In 2. (4) ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathomatics) Series Q AIS 10, Given that Sy = S°(-1)""'n? , find and simplify an expression in terms of N for Say a Using the results, state an expression for Say, and determine the limit of GB) 11. Tis given that 1, = *°*, Determine, in terms of N and x, the sum Su, Pl Hence, find the range of values of x for which the infinite series uy tay tus + vill converge, and write down the sum to infinity these cases, BI 12. Let u,=———_- —|___. petermine, in terms of NV, the sum BI want] wW+ntl Nl Determine a number M such that Sy<10™ for all N>M. BI 13. Verify that (n+4)°-(n-4) =3n7 +4, u) x Hence, show that Yn? = LN(N+1)2N+1). (21 The sums S, T and U are given as SH12427437 447+... HON) +QNEDS TH=1?4+3°4+57 477+... +2N-1)°+QN41)%, U=1?-27437- 474... -QN)+QNFD? Find, in terms of N, an expression for each of S, T and U, simplifying your answer. [5] Using the results, (comment on the behaviour of & as Na, ra (ii) show that z isan integer if Sis an integer. BI 16r+16. 1 4. Giv ——lér+I6_ 1 14 Given that GN aren@re3) rt Drt1 Brad" © ee determine the sum S.= Harare) 4 Deduce the value of S, as n> 2, ul 15. Given that v,=m(0+1}(0+2)... (n-+m), show that vgni—v,= (m+ Int 1Xn+2)... (atm). — (21 If itis now given that ,=(n+1Xn+2)... (n-+m), determine Y°x, in terms of m and NV. BI Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsA16 Series Q 16. Find the expansion in ascending powers of x of (4-4) » where |x| <4, as far as the term in x", x Show that the coefficient of x" in the series is 2‘, where k is an integer in terms of (4) 17. Given that f(x) 1 _ 1 and that x is small, 1” eH? x41 find the series expansion of f(x) in ascending powers of x as far as the terms in x’. ‘Write down the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid. [4] 18, Given that f(@)= 15-1. find the series expansion of f(x) in descending powers of up to and including the 3" non-zero term. (4) Write down the restriction that must be imposed on x for the expansion to be valid, 21 19. Find the expansion in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x’, of simplifying the coefficients, State the range of x for which the expansion is valid (5) 20, Find the expansion in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x, of (9 4x)" State the range of x for which the expansion is valid. By putting x= 1 in your expression, find an approximation for 77 as a fraction é where p and q are integers, in its lowest terms. [5] 21, Find the series expansion of G5 in ascending powers of x as far asthe term in x By putting x=} in your result, show that Y9 ~ = [5] 1) 3 22, Expand (+4) as a series of ascending powers of x up to and including the term in x State the range of x for which the expansion is valid. Henee, by putting x to a suitable value, find VI1 correct to 2 significant figures, [5] 23. Find the expansion in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x", of (1 ~ 2x7)" State range of x for which the expansion is valid. By putting x= in your result, show that 7 ~ S28 (3) ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathomatics) 24, Series Q_A-17 0 Find the expansion in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x?, of (3) : where |x| <1, simplifying the coefficients By putting x toa suitable value, use your series to find an approximate value for (#8) , giving your answer in the form of a fraction. [4] 25, Given hat theexparsionsof (142)! and YA in ascening powers of ae ini upto and including the term in x*, find the values of p and q. By using this result and putting x=-, find the approximate 5" root of 30 in the form of an improper fraction. m7 26. Find the expansion in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x?, of (2 +x), simplifying the coefficients. State the range of x for which the expansion is valid. Find, in terms of 1, the coefficient of x” in the expansion. [61 1 1 27. Express in partial fractions spand Garp? inascending powers of x up to and including the term in x, stating the range of x for which the expansion is valid, Deduce the coefficient of x°", where 1 is a positive integer. [8] 28. Show by induction that, for n € Z*, 13+3°45°+... +(2n-1)?=n7Qn?-D), 4] 29. Show by induction that, forall positive integers n, 2°+47+6°+... +n)? =2n7(n4 1). Hence, find $°(2r)? 7 Er) 30. Show by induction that, for all n © N, (2+1)(27+1)(2‘+1)... (27 +1) = Hence, express 3.5.17.257 as 2*=1 where a is to be found 0 31. Show by induction that, for every positive integer n, Sr(2/) = 2"! (n= 1) +2, Hence, or otherwise, find S¢r(2"-2) im terms of vn. (6) 32. Show by induction that, for every positive integer m, YX(r-+)2" =n") 6) Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsAI8_ Series Q 33. Prove by induction that $37.2” (n-+2) for every positive integer 1. 4 34, Show by induction that, for all positive integers », 5° arat (4 a 35, Prove by induction that > l= 3-4 +3) for n eZ" [5] 36. Show by induction thet, for every positive integer nS Sr [4] 2 dd 37. Show by induction that, forall positive integers. mas = 3G yaa = 1 Hence deduce the value of yer eay 63) n fe 1 = (n+in+4) 38. Show by induction that, for n € N, to prove that lana TADS * Are nry [6] . 1 Hence, find Sone ne GI ‘Level Chaenging Queens MathomaticsArithmetic and Geometric Sei A&G SeriesQ _A-19 1. A geometric progression and an arithmetic progression have the same positive I" term, The common By ratio r of the G-P. is equal to the common difference of the AP. The sum of the 1* 8 terms of the AP. is 5 times the sum of the 1* and 3" term of the G.P. The 5" term of the G.P. is -r. Find r and the 1* term of the progressions. Show that the geometric progression converges and find its sum to infinity. [6] 2. Anarithmetic progression has 10 terms. Its 1" term is @ and its common difference is d where d>0. Given that its 1", 2" and 5" terms are consecutive terms of a geometric progression, find a in terms of . Given further that the difference between the 1* term and the last term is 36, find the sum of the 10 terms. (5) 3. Deduce the n"™ term of the series log: x + logsx + logisx + logasex + Verify that the series is geometrie, and write down its common ratio. Explain why the series converges and determine the sum to infinity of the series, [6] 4, Anexecutive earned $20,000 and spent all of it in the year 1980. In the subsequent 20 years, his salary increased by 6% per annum while inflation caused his expenditure to rise by $1000 per annum. Calculate, correct to 2 significant figures, how much he had saved by the end of the year 2000. [4] 5. Acircular cake is cut into 12. sectors whose areas are an arithmetic progression, If the area of the largest sector is twice that of the smallest, find the angle, in terms of , between the straight edges of the smallest sector (4) 6. Apolygon has 25 sides. The lengths of the sides, starting from the shortest side, are in arithmetic progression. Given that the perimeter of the polygon is 1100 cm, and the length of the longest side is 10 times that of the shortest, find the length of the shortest side and the common difference of the A.P.[5] 7. Anail, 2cm long, is driven into a wall by blows of a hammer. The 1" blow drives it in 1.25 em and each successive blow drives it in two fifths of the previous distance (except the last for which the distance is less). Find how many blows must be used If the strength of the blows are reduced, with the ratio of successive distances being maintained, find the smallest distance through which the 1* blow must drive the nail in order that the nail may still be riven into the wall, 7 8 Acircle C, of radius a, touches the sides of an equilateral triangle POR. A smaller circle C; of radius a; touches C, externally and also touches PQ and PR; asmaller circle Cs of radius a, touches C; externally and also touches PQ and PR; and soon, Show that a, Given that a), a3, a5, ... isa geometrical progression of common ratio +, find the sum of the areas ofall circles C), Co, C3, ... in terms of the area of C,. Find the smallest value of 7 such that the total area of all circles smaller than C, is less than one millionth of the area of C,, [8] ) Level Chalenging Queens MathematicsA20_ A&G Series Q 9. Abank executive eared $x inthe 1" year (® Ifhis annual salary increases by 10% of his first year’s salary, show that his total salary after 1n years is orig +19). Hence calculate the least value of n when his total salary exceeds 100 times his 1 year’s salary (4) ii) Ifhis annual salary follows a geometric progression, and if he earns $50,000 in his 3" year and a total of $122,000 inhis 1" 3 years, calculate his annual percentage increase in salary. (4) 10. The diameter of the largest circle, in an infinite series of concentric circles, is 48m and the diameter of each succeeding circle is 3 that of the preceding circle (i) Find the 1* circle whose diameter is less than 1 cm. Evaluate its area, correcting your answer to 3. decimal places (3) (ii) Find the sum of the areas of the infinite series, leaving your answer in terms of x, BI 11. By expressing the number 0.3, ie. 0.222..., as an infinite geometric series, show that it is equal to 3 BI 12. An arithmetic progression has 1" term a and common difference d. The sum of the 1” three terms is 3. Ifthe 1*, 2™ and 4" terms of this A.P. are respectively the 3, 2™ and 1” terms of a geometric progression (i) Find the value of a and d. (4) (ii) Find the least number of terms such that the sum of the first m terms of the G-P is greater than 3.9999, (4) 13. The sum to m terms of an arithmetic series is given by S,= 47(n— 20). (@ Find the smallest value of m such that the sum exceeds 400. 2 (ii) Find the k™ term of the series, simplifying your expression, R21 (ii) Find the 1* term and the common difference 2 14. The n™ term of a series is given by T,=e'**"*, where x is a constant. Show that this is a geometric series, Write down, in terms of n and/or x, expressions for S,, the sum to n terms, and for S, the sum to infinity. State the set of values of x for S' to exist. Another series is given by In7, +InT +InT,+...+InT,, Find its sum interms of x and.» [6] 15. Determine how long it will take to repay an interest free loan of $6,625 by monthly payments initially of $10 and increasing by $5 each month, How much is the final payment? Ifthe loan is $10,000, find the smallest number of months that would be needed to repay it [8] 16, Given that the sum of the 1" n terms of a series is 1—(3)", find an expression for the n® term ‘Show that the series is geometric and, hence, find the sum to infinity of the series. [5] ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathomatics) A&G SeriesQ_A21 17. A geometric progression has 1" term x and 2" term y (vy y=leve fix be lt dx, x20 (ans) © sf@)=el@-'] _ _@-)? 1+(e-1)? 2 @ Let y=f a) => x=f0Q)=3-y? yis3ox yrayi-x Dr {xx ER, x<0} > flix ps -v3=x, <3 (ans) © The curve of y=f""(x) is the reflection of the curve of y= f(x) inthe line y=x. (ans) Gi) gf(@) = eG -x’) = In[4 -3-x?)] = Ind +x?) gf:x + In +x), x<0 (ans) Functions fe@)=f(e*) =e feeb e*-2, ER (ans) ¢ g'ft=(g' Let y= (Fg) '@) 2) ev art2 2y= In +2) y= 4In@v+2) gif lx Hs Eine +2), x>-2 (ans) 4 @ Let y=f te) Di (e:x <0} > ys-V7-x fts ety -V7=x, x<7 (ans) Gi) gf) = g(7- x)= Inf -7-x°)] = Ine? -6) gf:x by In(x?-6), x<-V6 (ans) Deduce from the graph that lines parallel to the x-axis below y <0 cut the curve twice ie. £(e) isnot a one-one function => f' doesnot exist (ams) ©) Ry= (ex Rx 2} Dy= (ex ER, x<2} gf exists because RCD, (ans) 2x P ae +x) (+x)! ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathomatics& 6 (i) Let y=f"'@) = x=f0)= Dp ={x:x<0) = y=--L ve 1 x>0 (ans) flixb-—, ve Gi) Re= Gee ER, x>0} Dy= (ex ER, x>0} RCD, = gf exists. (ans) 1 Ix gfix ou x<0 (ans) Ff 1. (@_Deduce that distinct values of will not map to the same f-value if as 1 For f”' to exist, largest value of a=1 (ans) © Let y=f ee) = x=f0) =0-D?- (y-raxtd yolat deed Dr= {xix ER, x51} > y=1—vee4 ftix be 1-ve+4, x2-4 (ans) Gi) gf()= gle— 1° 4] = Ve? 444 = {@-? =|x-11 =x for x<1 gfix ts 1x, r<1 (ans) Level Chalenging Queens Mathematics Functions _A-23 8. @ f "fre x, 2-2 (ans) ff'ix tex, x20 (ans) (i) Ry= (ex ER, x20} De= (ex ER, x2-2} RCD; = fg exists. (ans) © fg@)=f(e) =(e7 +2)" fgix hs (e*+2), xER (ans) © R= (ex R, x20} Dy= {xx ER} ReCD, => gf exists. (ans) © gf(e)=sgl(e+2))] =e?” gfix bse", x2 (ans) ii) £x +1)) f forsome 6<#<7 = x+1<-forxt1>p x<-f-1 or x>B-1 (ans) omnmeA-24 Functions 9. @ R= (xR, x22} Dy= (ex ER} RCD, => gf exists (ans) gf=gex?—2) =e"? xER (ans) gi e* © R= (ee xER, x20} De= (xx ERY RCD, = fg exists (ans) fg=f(e)=e*—2 fgix ty e%-2,xER (ans) © Sketch y=fg(x)=e7*—2 (ans) ii) A counter example of f@)=2 = x°-2=2 = x=42 => f(x) isnot a one-one function 1 cannot be formed. (ans) f(x) line of symmetry, x= 0, => f(x) isa one-one function if Dr= {xx ER, x20) or (xx ER, <0} A largest domain of f, for £* to exist, is D={x:x€R, x20) (ans) © Let y=£"@) Way? Dr= Cex ER, x20) > y=)vVe42 xtevx+2, x22 (ans) Reis (i yER, y20) (ans) (iv) ge) =e" => glix bs Inx, x>0 (ans) R= ty yER} (ans) 10. @ ge)=e* => ghixh -Inx, x>0 (ans) Gi) R= (ex ER, v20} Rp Dy: => g'f doesnot exist. (ans) (iii) Dp= A = (ER, x> Ky For g'f to exist, Dy has to be restricted such that Rec Dy ie (w=1)?>0 = x1 Least value of k=1 (ans) © gf) =e @-1))] =-Ine- 1 g'fsx bs -In@e— 1), x>k (ans) Sketch y= gf (x) ==In(e-1)* ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathomaticsul @ gf4-5)= gfn@ x45 -3)] g(In 6) 2in6-Inl2 =mty (ii) Let y=f"@) => x=f(y)=In(2y-3) 2y-3=e* 4(er+3) In3 (ans) Fe’ fix 4@%+3), ER (ans) (iii) For y= £0), At y=0, x=2. As x4, yo-0 For y=f"\(x), At x=0, (iv) fe) -6£ "Gey + 5>0 ie. b(e"+3)-6[4(e +3] +5>0 e*+3-Ge*-18+10>0 et-6e%-5>0 e*-6-Se*>0 (X-OMeTHI)>0 = ©7-6>0, since (e*+1)>0 for all x em 6 x>In6 (ans) 7 ‘Level Chalenging Queens -Mathoatice Functions _A-25 12 © Sketch y=f(x) =(e+1)=1, x<=1 At x=-1, y=; at y=0, 2-2 (@) Let y=f'@) => x=f(y) =(+DP-1 xt1=(y 41)? y= Vet1-1 [NA,D,= (ER, x<1}] or -ve41-1 fx be—ve41-1, x>-1 (ans) © Sketch y=f (x) =-Ve41-1, x>-1 Ate=-l, y=-ly at x= ya-2 (ans) (b) gf(@)= gle+1)*- 1] =e" gfsx el x <-1 (ans) © Sketch y= gf (x) Atx eet -lysets at y © Deduce that range of gf, Rg=(y:yER, y>e"} (ans)A-26 Functions 13, @ R= ty yER, y>2} (ans) Gi) Let “@) = x=fQ)=2+In(1 +3y) x-2=In(l +3y) et =1+3y y= he**-1) fox be Ler 2-1), x>2 (ans) Drs =Ry = {xix ER, x>2} (ans) Gill) Rp= (ex ER, x21} Dy= {xix ER, x>0} => RycDy (ans) © RpcD; = fg exist fg@)=f( +x?) + Inf 1+3(1 +x7)] Fin 4+3x?) fgix hs 2+1n(4+3x"), xER (ans) Reg= (eye R, y22+1n4} (ans) (iv) Sketch y=f(x)=2+In(1 +3x), y>2, y=f"@)= L(eF?-1), x>2, and yHft@) =x, x>2 y=fo) yaift'@y Dy= (x: R, x50} > y=-v3-x Ptix by -V3-x, xS3° (ans) © Where f@)=1"@), fO)=ff "a =x ie -x?4+3=x xitx-3=0 -ltvie2 _ -1+Vi3 2 2 As xS0, x (ans) 2 i) Re= fe: KER, xS3} Dy= (ex R'} ReZD, => hf cannot be formed. (ans) © For hg toexist, § must be such that Ry c Dy => -x74+3>0 x<3 ~Viex< Vi Largest § = {x: x € R, V3 InCx?+3), xeS (ans) Rig= (yy ER, ysin3} (ans) © kt@) =k Gx? +3) = y3-Grt +3) Ix] When (iii) x< 0, kt(e) When (iv) x20, kt(x) 8 ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathematics& 15. (@_ Sketch y=f() =In@e—1), 1-1} (ans) (iii) R, 2D; => fg doesnotexist. (ans) © RicD, = gf exists. (ans) © gf()=glln@—1)] = fn@—1)P-1 gf:x bh fn@-1P-1, 1(In2)"— 1} (ans) © For g@)=x?-1, deduce that with D,= (x: R, <0}, distinct values of x have distinct g-values => g(x) isa one-one function £ exist. (ans) © Let y=g"@) = x=g()=y7-1 ylextl yetvet1 Dy={xix<0} = y=—ves1 gixb- Ryo = (xix R, x<0} (ans) +1, x>-1 (ans) ‘Level Chalenging Queens -Mathoatice Functions _A-27 16, (a) Let y=h\x) “ER (ans) © Acounter example of f@)=1 = |I+x|=1 = x=-2 or v=0 = f(x) isnot a one-one function f has no inverse (ans) (b) Ry=(xx ER} Dy= (xx ER} RycD; = th exist (ans) © Sketch y=fh(x) =£(nx) =[1+Inx| »y, 2 Dm=Dy = be:x ER} (ans) Re=ty:y ER, y20} (ans) (©) Ru= ex ER} Dy= (ex ERY R, GD, = hh doesnot exist (ans) © For hh toexist, RycDy => Inx>0 => x>1 Largest Dy= {x:x€R, x>1} (ans) @ gh@y>21@) gdm 4x)> (11 +x) 4x>2]l+2| 2x>|1+z| “2x<1+x or 14x<2x x>-L or x>1 Solution is x>1 (ans) ctrA-28 Functions 17. (Sketch y= g(x) =In@e+ 1), x>-1 (ans) 6 siesh yong +2, v1 | (ans) Gi) Ry= (ex ER, <2} Dy= Gx ER, x>-1} RZD, => gh cannot be formed. (ans) * For gh tobeformed, Ry Dy will require 1 pass x+2 xix€R,x<-1} (ans) tee 18. @ Sketch y= f(x) for xe (0, 42 Lines parallel to the x-axis cut the curve of (x) at only ‘one point each = f() isa one-one function Inverse of f exist. (ans) © ftixsintx, O Re Dz= 0.1] > Ry=[l.20) RZD, = fg doesnotexist. (ans) © RecDy = af exists. (ans) . (x) = = lL acoses af(e)= g(sinx) = 5 =coseex gfix bs coseex, O (2) isa one-one function if Dy= (2, 0] of [0,1] For fh to be well-defined, RySDr = (0, 4A] = Dy=[-yAr ,0) or 0,1) Maximum Dy = (exe R,- Jr x (ii) As x 2, yom; as x2, yoo, as xx, y>0 Asymptotes are (ii) Sketch graph. When x=0, y=-2 y>0 when x>2 or x<-2 y<0O when -2-4, yom; as x40, y>3, => x=—4 and y=3 are asymptotes. At x=0, y Sketch graph. pat =-b, y=0. 6x41 2x41 = Gxt 2x+l (ans) «yx Set 23-2 ¥ deat 3 Feat y 4 x x4)? At (0,1), gradient of tangent is ore dx @+1) => Tangent at (0, 1) is yo1=4(e-0) = y=4x+1 (ans) © Gxt1)=(mx+DQx+1) 6x+1 Set = met © Deduce from the graph that the curves of 6x+1 2x+] at 2 points with +ve x-coordinates, ie, 6x+1)=(mx+ IQx+1) has 2 non-negative roots, if O-1, pm; as x, p> 2x43, Asymptotes of C are =I and x+3. (ans) (ii) C above its oblique asymptote, ie 2x+3-—S > 2043 x41 <0 = x#1<0 = r<- a (ans) Deduce that C below its oblique asymptote, ie de43- 2 < 2x43 = >-l xt (ans) a5 HD ii) Sketch C: y= 2+ > y-intercept at (0, -3) At intersection with x-axis, 2x? 4+5x—3=0 (2x1) +3)=0 x= or x= => x-intercept at (3,0) and (%,0) = 2x2 45x. x41 ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathematics 8& 5 (x-a)(x-5) ene @ Lety +P+ xe Clearing the fractions: (c= aoe=b)=x(e= 0) +P) +O Cover-up rule: x=: (e-ale~b)=Q Comparing coefficients: x: -a-b=-c+P => P=c-a-b (e-aye~b) =e xt(c-a-b)+ (ans) ii) As xe, yoy as x90, yoxt(c-a-b) Asymptotes of C are: x=e and y=x+(c-a—5) (ans) 4 Gii) At stationary pts, 2 =0, (c-ay(e-b) S fx4(c-a-b)+ oi (-6)?=(c-ay(e-b) x=c+J(e—aye—b) O x has 2 (real) solutions, there are 2 stationary points on C. (ans) (iv) a+b>e => c-a-b<0 => the asymptote y=x+(e-a—6) crosses the y-axis below the origin, y-intercept at (0, -22), ¢ x-intercepts at (a, 0) and (b, 0) (ans) cara ‘Level Chalenging Queens -Mathoatice Graphing A331 xo At xta Yo, as x90, yox-d Asymptotes of C are: x=-A and y=x-A (ans) @ Sketch C:y=* for 4>0 y-intercept at (0, 0)A32__Graphing 1. 24 x-3 +3 (@) AS x93, yoo as x93, yoo, as x40, yo Asymptotes are x=3, x=-3, and y=1 (ans) o yalt 3 x43 => (e-3)e+3) + 6 +3)-24(K-3)=0 x79 +6x+ 18-24x+72=0 x7-18x+81= @-9 =0 > x=9 C meets x-axis at (9, 0) (ans) (iii) At stationary pts, 2 =0 30x+27=0 Gx-3)e-9) x=1 or x=9 Py 12 48 a 0-3) 043) -225<0 = amaximum pt At x=9, fy 12 a8 & 0-3 043) =0,0278>0 => aminimum pt Stationary pts are (1,-8), amaximum pt, and (9,0), aminimum pt. (ans) (iv) Sketch C: us (ans) rte 8. @ Sketch y=fee+1) yet) > y=fer) => ACI,0) + A(2,0) B(0,-4) > BAL CU,0) > C(0,0) D1) > DA.) we Gi) Sketch y= F(4) y=f@) > y=f(4x) = ACI,0)> AC2,0) CC, 0) > C(2,0) D(2,1) > DUD) DAN) 8 ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathematics& 9. @ Sketch y=£(4y) y=f@) > y=fGx) = A(4,a) > A(l.a) (ii) Sketch y=2a-f y=f@) > y=2a-f(4y) Q) y=f@) > y=fx) => A(4,a)> A(l.a) Q) y=f(h9) > y=-F(4) = A(l,a) > AC,~a) @) y=-f(49) > y=2a-F(4) => asymptote y=0 > y=2a A(,-a)> A(1,a) B(O,0) > B(O,2a) (ans) 10. (i) Sketch y= £0), y=f@-1) > y=f@) => asymptote x=0 > x asymptote x=2 -> x=1 (1,0) > (0,0) T > ‘Level Chalenging Queens -Mathoatice Graphing _A-33 (ii) Sketch f@-1), yHf@-1) > y=1-f@-) () y=f@-1) > y=-f@e-1) y=-f@e-1) > y=1-fee-1) => asymptote y=0 > y=1 (ans) u © A> Atranslation of 3 units in the negative direction of the x-axis, > y=f@e) > y=f@t3) BA scaling parallel to the x-axis by afactor 4 => y=f@+3) > y=fr+3) Resulting graph is y=£(2x+3) (ans) © Sketch y=f(2x+3). () y=f@) > y=f@+3) => asymptote x=2 > x=-1 PC-1,2) + P(-4,2) (0,0) > (-3,0) @ y=f@+3) > y=fx+3) => asymptote x=-1 > x=-4 P(-4,2) > P(-2,2) G9 > 4,0 P(2,2) 4Ad Graphing 12. (Sketch y=|f@-1] y=f@) > y=|f@-1] () y=f@) > y=f@-1) > €4,0) > 63,0) (3-1) > (2-1 (2,0) > 1,0) GD > OD (0,0) > (1,0) @ y=f@-1) > y=lf@-DI > 2)>21 v=lf@-DI (ii) Sketch y=2£6-1), y=f() > 2f(@-1) () y=f@) > y=f@-1) = 4,0) > €3,0) (.-) > 2-1 (2,0) > €1,0) G11) > (0,1) (0,0) > (1,0) (01) > (0,2) 13. @ Sketch y=fQx)-1 yrf@) > y=f@x)-1 () y=f@) > y=f2x) => A(2,2) > A(1,2) Q) y=f@x) > y=fQ2x-1 => asymptote y=0 > y A(,2) > AC) B(O,-1) > B(O,-2) y=f(Q2x)-1 B(0,-2) ch y= Gi) Sketch y= 55 1 y=t@) > y= Te 1 ot at £(2)= F¢e) and 57 intersect at £60) = 1 1 (CA, 0) > asymptote (1,0) > asymptote x max pt A(2,2) > minpt 4'(2, 4) min pt B(O,-1) > max pt B(0,-1) ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathematics 814 @ Sketch y=F(-2x+1). () y=f£@) > y=f@+1) => asymptote x=0 > x=-1 A(2,0) > AC1,0) B(7,0) > B(6,0) C(4,-2) > C3,-2) Q) y=fe+1) > => asymptote x=0 > A(1,0) > AC4,0) B(6,0) > B(-3,0) BC3, 0) C3.) (ii) Sketch y=f (x) +1 Q) =f) > y= f(x) => A(2,0) + A(2,0), A" B(7,0) > BCT, 0), B C(4,-2)- C(4,-2), C Q y=fx) > y=f(xD+1 => A(2,0),A' B(7,0),B C(4,-2), C1 4,2) > C40, C'C4-1 & ‘Level Chalenging Queens -Mathoatice 15, @ Sketch y= £1 -3). y=f@) > y=f(1-x) Q) y=f@) > y=f@rl) => asymptote x=1 > x=0 (2,0) > ©3,0) (0,2) > C12) @ yale) > y=fCxrt1)=f0-9 ) > 3,0) +2) > (1,2) (ans) (ii) Sketch y= f(x). vate) > y=fdxD => asymptote x=1 > x= 41 x>0, y=fO) x<0, y=fCEx),A36 16. @ Gi) Graphing Sketch y=—-2h(x+1). yeh) > y=-2ho+) () y=h@) > y=hoet), => asymptote x=-2 > r=-3 A(1,-2)> A(O,-2) B(0,0) > BC, 0) Q) y=h@e+1) > y=2he+1) = A(0,-2) > A(O,-4) (3) y=2h@e+1) oy =-2h@e+1) A(0,-4) > A(0,4) 2he+b, Sketch y=h(4x[)-1 y=h@) > y=hbx)-1 () y=h@) > 4 => asymptote x=-2 > x=-4 A(L,-2) > AQ2,-2) Q) y=h(4x) > y=h(ldx)) A(2,-2) A(2,-2), A'C2,-2) @) y=h dx) > y=h(4x)-1 => asymptote y=0 > y= A(2,-2), A'(-2, -2) > A(2,-3), A'C2,-3) B(0,0) > B(0,-1) 17. @ Sketch y= |£@)] y=f@) > y=|f@ y + y= [FC VV. (ans) (ii) Sketch y?=~-f(x), -f(0) (ans) cone 18. @ Sketch y?= f(x). y=f(e) > y?=£00) = AQ,2) > AQ, V2), A'CL v2) a 1(1, v2) ANCA V2) (ii) Sketch y= |£0)) yf) > yo tte (ans) 8 ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathematics: Sketch y=h() =»? 4—x) =4x?—x4 2 Stas 4] = 1208-434 fae? 4x)] = 24x-1257 [At stationary points, = =x)=0 = x=0 of x=3 At x=0, y= (04-0) =0, oe =24(0)-12(0)* =0 = aptof inflexion =3, y=G)G-3)=27, 4(3)— 12(3)? =-36 => amax point or x=4, @ Sketch y?=hCx) =-x?4+x) () y=h@) > y=hex) => (3,27) > (3,27) (4,0) > (4,27) @ y=hCx > y?=hex) => (3,27) > ©3,4V27) ‘Near the point (0,0), ie. as x0, yR=-x'(4tx) > -x7(4) y>+2Cx) © power of x>1 => gradient > 0 y=hCx) & ‘Level Chalenging Queens -Mathoatice Graphing _A-37 (i) (@- 3) 4 -x)- 27) =4 = xG-n-7+ 4 = Sketch y=27+—4 x3 AS x3, yo; as x40, y27 => x=3 and y=27 are asymptotes Where x>3, y>27; where <3, y<27 Sketched as dashed lines in the same diagram as graph of y= h(x). (ans) © Curves of y=x?(4—x) and y= 27+ intersect at one point, = r4-ys7+4 = (e-3)[x*(4-x)-27] =4 has one real root. (ans) ctr 20. @ Sketch y=2*+1 xol As x91, yoo; as x0, p92 Asymptotes are x= 1 and y=2 At x=0, at y=0,A38_ Graphing 21 = ede @ Sketch y= 74 As x>-l, yo as x to, y>—4 Asymptotes are x=-1 and y=-4 1; at y=0, x= tx (ans) (ii) Sketch y? = led Ite tx = (0,1) > (0,41) (ans) © Sketch y=4—x? as a dashed line on diagram of part (i) 14x lt+x intersect at 2. points with -ve x-coordinates, and at one point with +ve x-coordinate 4x l+x = l-4y =(4-x°)(1 +x) =4 + 4x—x7- x? +x7—8r-3=0 has 2 —ve real roots and one +ve real root. (ans) ete Curves of y 22, @ Sketch y= 1+ As x43, ya, as roto, yo] Asymptotes are x= 43 and y= 1 Atx=0,y=1; —— &e y=0, 1+ =o x7+8x-9=0 (e+ 9(x-1)=0 (ii) Sketch y?= 1+ 8 8x 2 8x =1+ > ytelt * g OI => line of symmetry is x= 0. asymptote y=1 > y=+1 (1) > 4D a 8 ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathematics23. @ (ii) Sketch y? & Sketch y= xa’ Aline of symmetry is x=0 Asx ota, yo; asx >to, y 90 Asymplotes are x= ta and y=0 1 Atx=0, y= For x?a, y>0 i (ans) ‘Level Chalenging Queens -Mathoatice Graphing _A-39 Asymptote at x=-2 = x92, vta90 = a=2 (ans) As x0, y->2 => y=2 isan asymptote Asymptotes are x=—2 (given) and y=2 At x=0, y= 4; at y=0, Oo) => Asymptote y=2 > y=+V2 4) 4 O24) (ans)A40__ Graphing 28 (Sketch y= 241 x2 As x32. y on; as xo to, yd Asymptotes are x=2 and y=2 At x=0, y=—4; at y=0, ob Gi) Sketch y= 2/141 |x|-2 a 2x4] xl x2 Tel-2 => asymptote x=2 + r= 42 26. @ Sketch y= f(), Deduce from graph of y?= f(x) that y<0 when x<0 (ans) ii) Sketch y=f (xD. y=f@) > y=fde) => asymptote y=1 — asymptotes y ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathomatics& 21. Sketch y= Pa ¥ As x9 40, y90 = y=0 isan asymptote dy _ GP +D)=xQx) ox & +? w+? ay A stationary points, $* = 0 Y @ety< Y ee-1)> Ge@r-1)<0 and Fe (w=-1)>0 => amin point, Ate oye, Peareo and Pen => amax point. <0 Level Chalenging Queens Mathematics (ans) (ans) Graphing _A-Al 28 = Se=De+2) pO (x= 2)e +3) xo? Clearing the fractions: S(e— 1)e +2) P (e—2(e+3)+O(e +3) +R(E-2) Cover-up rule: 2: SQ@-2+2)=Q2+3) > O=4 =3: 53-13 +2)=RE3-2) >R Comparing coefficients: x?: 5 =P @ Lety +3 (NA) or x-2=-( +3) x=-05 € one value only (ans) 05, —4 -_ 4 5-2 543 Alx= pase 18 (ans) Gill) As x3, yo, a8 x2, yo; as xo, y>S Asymptotes of C are .x=2 and y=5 (ans) ke (iv) Where C and the line y= intersect, Sex=D(e+2) _ DEF) => Sx?+5x—10= kx? +he-6k (k-5)x? + (k-5)x—Gk-10)=0 Curve C and the line y= & do not intersect, if there is no real solutions, ie. discriminant <0 => (k-5)?-4(k-5S)-Ck- 10)] <0 KP 10k +25 + 24k? — 160k + 200 <0 25k? 170k +225 <0 Sk? -34k+45 <0 (Sk-9Xk-5) <0 k<18 and k>5(NA) or 180 forall xER, +4 Beraray 70 F Ar“ DE-39>0 Critical values are x= 4 and x= 4 Let f(x) =(2x-1)(4 - 3x) Range Test Value Sign of £2) x4 2 = Solution is b2 3 - Solution is x<1 or $4 (ans) dcx1 > 34 xed 3 + 2-12, Solution is x<0, } is | > -3 <|x/<0 (NA) or [x|>4 5 Solution is |x|>4 = x<-4 or x>4 (ans) e Qxttxtl 2 sep = 207+ dy +1 1 = 2 =2[tty- e141 © Let f(x)=|3x+1]-|2-x] Het 4+ FE Critical values are x=-4, x=2 Since (e+ 4)?20 for xe R Range Getl] 42ex) =fce 2@+4)?+F>0 for ER (ans) x<-b 0 -Gx+1) -Q-x) 3-2 -he2 0 4x1) #2-x) 2x3 For x<—4, f()<3 => -3-2x<3 > x>-3 For -4. x2, f(x)<3 x => Ixt3<3 = x<0 (NA.x>2) Since 2x?+x+1>0 for xER Qxt-+x-41 Solution is -32 3 + Solution is x<—4 or -12x42 Sx<-2 or x>2 Solution is ¥<=2 or x>2 (ans) eo [2x-3| For x< 3, f(@)=0 = -x?-2x43=0 x?+2x—3 (e+ 3\(x-1) x=-3 or For x> 3, f()=0 0 ACDC3)] <0 => -x?4+2x— Discriminant [ => noreal roots Critical values are x =—3, x= 1 Range Test Value Sign of f(x) x<3 -4 = -31 (ans) © [r-2|<3x |x-2|-3x<0 Let (x)= |x-2|-3x Range [x-2) =3x = f(e) x<2 0 -(e-2) -3x -4x +2 x>2 0 4(x-2) -3x -2x-2 For x<2, f(x) <0 => -4x4+2<0 => x>d For x>2, f()<0 => -2x-2<0 => x>-1 (NA,x>2) Solution is x> + (ans) comnoe ‘Level Chaenging Queens Mathomatics