Jurusan

Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

SAINS, MATERI, ENERGI DAN

SISTEM
 Jurusan
Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Mg Sub-CP-MK Indikator Kriteria & Bentuk Penilaian Metode Pembelajaran Pokok bahasan
Ke- [ Estimasi Waktu] Sub-pokok bahasan
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) [Pustaka]
(6)
3 Mahasiswa  Ketepatan Non-test:  Kuliah Pengantar 2. Sains, materi, energi dan sistem
mampu  mahasiswa bertanya  Memandu tanya 2.1 Pengertian tentang sains
menjelaskan dan menjawab jawab dan
menjelaskan konsep sains, 2.2 Hubungan sains dengan sistem
pertanyaan (checklist meyimpulkan
tentang konsep 2.3 Materi biotik dan abiotik
materi, energi dan partisipasi)
dan hubungan [TM: (2x50”)] 2.4 Energi kinetika dan potensial
dari sains, sistem [BT: (2x60”)]
materi, energi  Ketepatan Test: [BM: (2x60”)] [Utama: 1/ 2 / 3]
Ujian tulis 1 [Pendukung: 3]
serta sistem menjelaskan
hubungan sains,
materi, energi dan
sistem
 Jurusan
Science Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

is a human effort to discover how the physical world works by making observations and measurements, and carrying out
Science experiments.

Sains Pengetahuan sistematis yang diperoleh dari sesuatu observasi, penelitian, dan uji coba yang
mengarah pada penentuan sifat dasar atau prinsip sesuatu yang sedang diselediki, dipelajari,
dan sebagainya

Scientists collect data, making observations, experiments, develop theories, and models to answer
questions about how nature works

Scientific method
 Jurusan
How do scientist learn about nature ? Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Scientists use accumulated knowledge to develop explanations that are

consistent with currently accepted hypotheses.

Theory or Model
A scientific theory is a grand scheme that relates and explains many
observations and is supported by a great deal of evidence.

A scientific model is “a deliberately simplified construct of nature.”

It may be a physical working model, a pictorial model, a set of mathematical equations, or a
computer simulation.
 Jurusan
Important features of the scientific process Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Critical Thinking
1. Be skeptical about everything we read or hear.
2. Look at the evidence to evaluate it and any
related information and opinions that may come
from various sources.  Curiosity
3. Identify and evaluate our personal assumptions,
biases, and beliefs.  Skepticism
Creativity
major scientific advances are made by creative  Reproducibility
people who come up with new and better ways
 Peer Review.
Imagination
Creativity
Intuition
 Jurusan
The Results of Science can be: Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Tentative  news headlines

 not been widely tested
(frontier science)  accepted or not by peer review.

Reliable  consists of data, hypotheses, models, theories, and laws that are
widely accepted by all or most of the scientists who are
considered experts in the field under study,
 Finding is referred to as a scientific consensus.

Unreliable o scientific hypotheses and results that are presented

o without having undergone the rigors of widespread peer review,
or that have been discarded as a result of peer review,
 Jurusan
Make Observations
Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Formulate a Hypothesis

Test Hypothesis

Collect Data

Interpret Data

Draw Conclusions
 Jurusan
How do scientist learn about nature ? Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Easter Island: Some revision in a popular environmental story

 Jurusan
How do scientist learn about nature ? Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

A story about a forest

Scientist develops mathematical equations and computer simulations,
which are models and attempt to explain some aspects for biological
systems as well as environment
Land Use Change Scenarios for Waikato Jurusan
2001-2050 based on WISE Prototype Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Dairy Expansion
Land for dairying
increases ~4% annually
Land Use
Abandoned

Bare Ground

Broad-Acre

Forestry

Infrastructure

Mine

Indigenous Vegetation

Pastoral - Dairy

Pastoral - Other

Other Primary

Residential

Water

Wetland

Utilities

Services

Manufacturing

Construction

Source: Landcare Research & RIKS

Land Use Change Scenarios for Waikato Jurusan
2001-2050 based on WISE Prototype Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Diversification
Demand for non-dairy primary
production land increases
Land Use
Abandoned

Bare Ground

Broad-Acre

Forestry

Infrastructure

Mine

Indigenous Vegetation

Pastoral - Dairy

Pastoral - Other

Other Primary

Residential

Water

Wetland

Utilities

Services

Manufacturing

Construction

Source: Landcare Research & RIKS

Land Use Change Scenarios for Waikato Jurusan
2001-2050 based on WISE Prototype Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Village Life
Residential land
increases 7-fold
Land Use
Abandoned

Bare Ground

Broad-Acre

Forestry

Infrastructure

Mine

Indigenous Vegetation

Pastoral - Dairy

Pastoral - Other

Other Primary

Residential

Water

Wetland

Utilities

Services

Manufacturing

Construction

Source: Landcare Research & RIKS

 Three alternative scenarios for future land use change Jurusan
Kimia
in the Waikato region Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

1. Dairy expansion: 4 per cent per annum increase in

demand for dairying land, from 320,000 ha (2001) to
895,000 ha (2050)
2. Dairy decline: initial increase in demand for dairying
land to 2010 (max 370,000 ha), followed by gradual
decline to 2050 (71,000 ha)
3. Village life: 7-fold increase in demand for residential
land from 5,000 ha (2001) to 37,000 (2050) with
preference for living in smaller towns.

Note: simulations were run with an early WISE prototype using the land use
change model only

WISE (2020/02/10) http://www.creatingfutures.org.nz/case-studies/land-use-change/

 Jurusan
What is matter ? Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Biotic vs Abiotic

Image Credit: Volodymyr Goinyk / Shutterstock

Solid Liquid Gas

 Jurusan
Matter in Various Forms Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

composed by C, H, O, P, N
Protein
Nucleic acid
Carbohydrate
Lipid

Matter Undergoes Physical,

Chemical, and Nuclear
Changes
Water
Sugar / sucrose Graphene Energy
CO2
 Jurusan
We Cannot Create or Destroy Matter Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Law of conservation of matter:

When a physical or chemical change
occurs, no atoms are created or
destroyed

Matter consumption
Everything we think we have thrown away
remains here with us in some form
 Jurusan
Plastic recycling is so confusing and expensive Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti
 Jurusan
What Is Energy and How Can It Be Changed? Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

first law of thermodynamics

• When energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is
created or destroyed
Potential Kinetic
• Energy is the capacity to do
work or transfer heat. Work
is done when something is
moved.
E= capacity to do work (w =f x d)

second law of thermodynamics

• Whenever energy is changed from one
form to another, we end up with
lower-quality or less usable energy
than we started with Forms of energy:
Light, heat, electrical, chemical, electromagnetic radiation
energy efficiency, or energy productivity
 Jurusan
Systems Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Systems have inputs, flows, and outputs of matter and energy, and their
behavior can be affected by feedback.

A system is a set of components

that function and interact in some
Human
regular way. body

• human body
• forest
• river forest
• city
• economy

Life, human systems, and the earth’s life-support systems must conform to the law of
conservation of matter and the two laws of thermodynamics
 Jurusan
Systems Respond to Change through Feedback Loops Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop

A positive feedback loop causes a A negative, or corrective, feedback loop

system to change further in the causes a system to change in the opposite
same direction direction from which is it moving.
 Jurusan
Changes of human population in large cities. Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Some systems have both positive

and negative feedbacks, as can
occur, for example, for the human
population in large cities
 Jurusan
Negative Feedback Loop Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Example: Temperature regulation in humans – increased temperature

leads to decrease in temperature by sweating
 Jurusan
Positive Feedback Loop Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Causes system to change in same direction.

• Example: Exponential growth of population – more individuals lead to increased number of births
 Jurusan
Earth as a system Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

Life in earth environment,

the biosphere, and ecosystems
leads us to the question of how
much life on Earth has affected
our planet.
 Jurusan
What Affects Complex Systems? Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

• Time lags/ time delays – change in a system leads to other changes

after a delay
• (input response)
• Problems can build slowly in systems until reaching a tipping point

• Ex: lung cancer

• Resistance to change – built in resistance – political or economic

• Synergy-when two or more processes interact so that the combined

effect is greater

• Chaos – unpredictable behavior in a system

 Jurusan
Implications for the Environment – High Waste Society Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti
 Jurusan
Implications for the Environment – Low Waste Society Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti
 Jurusan
Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

input (materi, energi ), (populasi, ) dan (produk barang,

limbah)

input proses/sistem output

produk
Materi populasi
barang

Energi hutan limbah

Daur / Guna ulang

 Jurusan
Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

According to the Gaia hypothesis (hypothesis—named for Gaia, the Greek

goddess Mother Earth),
“Earth and all living things form a single system with interdependent parts,
communication among these parts, and the ability to self-regulate”

• Are the Gaia hypothesis and its component hypotheses science, frontier science,
• or pseudoscience?
• Is the Gaia hypothesis anything more than an attractive metaphor?
• Does it have religious overtones?
• Analyzing the Gaia hypothesis forces us to deal with some of our most
• fundamental ideas about science and life.
 Jurusan
Critical Thinking Questions Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti

1. What are the main hypotheses included in the Gaia hypothesis?

2. What kind of evidence would support each hypothesis?
3. Which of the hypotheses can be tested?
4. Is each hypothesis science, frontiers science, or pseudoscience?
5. Some scientists have criticized James E. Lovelock, who formulated
the Gaia hypothesis, for using the term Gaia. Lovelock responds that
it is better than referring to a “biological cybernetic system with
homeostatic tendencies.” What does this phrase mean?
6. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Gaia hypothesis?