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Submission date: 23-Sep-2018 12:30PM (UTC-0400) Submission ID: 1006716516 File name: 
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OHM'S LAW AND SERIES DC CIRCUITS PRE LAB REPORT 
NAME 
BENCH 
COURSE NUMBER 
DATE SUBMITTED 
DUE DATE 
 
SUMMARY 
The purpose of the experiment was to apply and plot ohm's law, and determine the 
slope of the curve. Learn to identify resistors in series and calculate their total 
resistance. Calculate the total resistance of series DC circuit and note the effective 
4 

magnitude of each series resistor on the total resistance, correctly measure the 

voltage and current of a DC circuit, verify Kirchhoff's voltage law, test 

the 
application of voltage divider rule and familiarize with the use of majority of the 
laboratory equipment. The key concepts which were covered by the experiment are 
understanding more about voltage, current and resistance and determining the 
relationship between them The procedure which was carried out included 
connecting the circuit, determining the current using ohm law's, plotting the 
voltage 
current curve and find various resistances with different voltages and currents, 
displaying the I-V curve using the Analog discoveries, finding the total resistance 
in 
series arrangement of resistors by applying the Kirchhoff's voltage law. In 
conclusion the relationship between current, voltage and resistance was determined 
and able to answer all numerical questions using Kirchhoff's law, current divider 
rule and voltage divider rule. 
 
EQUIPMENT 
Table 1 below shows the equipment required to carry out Ohm's law and DC circuit 
experiment and standard text equipment used to obtain the needed data. 
Equipment Type 
Details Details 
Breadboard 
Make 
Model 
Serial number 
Dual power supply (+12V and - 12V) 
Make 
Model 

Serial Number 
DMM Bench - top 
Make 
Model 
Serial Number 
DMM Hand – held 
Make 
Model 
Serial Number 

Analog Discovery or Analogy discovery 

| Make 
Model 
Serial Number 
Make 
 
Bench shoebox containing cables and 
Model 
other test components 

Serial Number 
Power Brick 
Make 

Model 
Serial Number 
Portable Hand held meter 
Make 
Model 
Serial Number 
Table 2 shows the components used and to carry out the Ohm's law and DC circuit 

experiment with their details 

Components type 
Details 
100 2 Resistor 
220 2 Resistor 
330 2 Resistor 
470 Resistor 
680 Q Resistor 
1k 2 Resistor 

1k N Resistor 3.3k N Resistor 

3.3k 
Resistor 
1 m Resistor 
 
2N3904 Bipolar junction Transistor (BJT) 
10k Potentiometer 
24 gauge wire - various colors 

Digilent power BRICK 9 Output +9 V 

and - 9V or power BRICK 12 output 
+12V and - 12 V 

INTRODUCTION 
The concepts discussed in ohms' law direct current experiment includes the 
following, what voltage, current and resistance are, the relationship between 
voltage, current and resistance, what ohm's law is and how it is used to understand 
electricity and the use of Kirchhoff's voltage rule, voltage divider rule and current 
divider rule to find the corresponding currents and voltages. The basic relationship 
between voltage, current, resistance is called the ohm's law. Materials are made up 

of neutrons which do not have a charge, protons which are positively charged and 
electrons which are negatively charged once all these particles are together they are 
stable but once they are separated from each other they could want to reform 
therefore they exert a potential of attraction known as potential difference. The 
potential flow results to electric voltage which is the potential energy of an electric 
 
supply in form of electric charge. The flow of this electric charge results to electric 
current which is measured in amperes. The ratio between the voltage and current 
3 

flowing in a conductor gives rise to resistance. Therefore, ohm's law states that the 
ratio of voltage to current flowing in a conductor is a constant as long as 
temperature and other physical quantities are kept constant. The overall procedure 
of carrying out the ohm's law and direct current experiment include the following, 
all measurements were done using lab bench DMM and the hand held DMM all the 
measurements taken were recorded in the tables and the accuracy of the test 
equipment was determined by comparing with the equipment used. The current of 
the DC series was determined by direct measurements of the voltages and use of 
ohm law's. Once the values of the resistances are found, ohm 's law was plotted 
using the MATLAB where the values of voltage were plotted against the values of 
current. Once the curve was drawn the value of resistance was determined at any 
level of voltage or current other sequential procedures included the following 
plotting resistance at 3 k2, displaying of the I-V curve using the Analogy 
Discovery's oscilloscope and resistances estimated at different frequencies, 
arranging two and three resistors in series to provide combined resistance, to 
provide different levels of resistance by inserting values of each resistor shown and 

applying the Kirchhoff's laws to find corresponding values of current 

and voltage. 
All measurements were also tabled. The lab procedure is related to the concept of 
study as it utilizes the use ohms' law to determine the relationship between voltage, 
 
current, resistance and the use of voltage and current diver rule to determine 
current 
and voltage and to verify Kirchhoff's laws. 

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 
The test equipment and components used to form the circuit included the following: 
Breadboard, Dual Power Supply (+12 V and -12 V) DMM Bench-top, DMM Hand-held, 
Analog Discovery or Analog Discovery 2, Bench "Shoebox“ containing cables and 
other test 
components, 100 2 Resistor, 220 22 Resistor, 330 12 Resistor, 470 2 Resistor, 680 
2 
Resistor, lk Resistor, 3.3k Resistor, 1 M Resistor, 2N3904 Bipolar Junction 
Transistor (BJT) 
, 10k Potentiometer, 24 gauge wire - Various colors, Digilent Power BRICK 9: Outputs +/ 

9V or Power BRICK 12: Outputs +/-12V. The test equipment and 

components were 
connected as shown in the circuits below 
PowerBRICK 
ADK +5 

V+In Your + 
ADK GND 

GND YOUT 
OUT positive (0 to +12 volts) 
TOK 
Ry 10K 

3.2 
VOUT negative (O to -12 volts) 
OUT negative 

Figure 1 shows circuit 1 which has been added to the existing circuit or breadboard. 
 
Circuit 1 contains a fixed resistor, RF, and a variable resistor, Ry. Changing the 
value of Ry, a potentiometer, adjusts the output voltage Vout by the use voltage 
divider rule. 
VIN was provided by the power brick. Additional parallel 10k potentiometers can 
be added so as to obtain more than one positive and negative outputs. 
Red (+) lead 
DMM 

-Black (-) lead 

Red (+) lead Red (+) lead 
dc power supply 

+ 
VOM V = V = 2 V 
+0 
2vo 
Black (-) lead R measured 

Figure 2 above shows the arrangement of the test equipment and the components. 
The value of the unknown resistance was determined which was tabled in table 3 
during the recording the measurements. 
1000 
W1 
E 

Figure 3 shows The connection of the analogy discoveries, 100 ohms' resistor and 
coni 

resistor R I-V, the analogy discovery waveform was then set up to 
100Hz triangular 
 
wave to display I-V curve using the analogy discovery oscilloscope and estimate 
various resistances. 

it 
R 
R 
Figure 4 shows the circuit where resistors R1, R2 and R3 are arranged in series. To 
find the total resistance is the sum of individual resistance. Ohms' law was used to 
find the current in that network. 

RiR2 R3 ammm 
100 12 220 12 330 12 

RT 
R1 measured R2 measured = R3 measured = 
Figure 6 above shows Resistors A, B and C were arranged in series. 
Other circuits that were constructed included the following 
R 
R2 a mm 
100 12 16 22 
II 
R 
R1 measured $100 k 2 R2 measured 
R3 measured = 
11 

Figure 7 
 
R1 
R2 

1002 
100 2 

R3 
R1 measured = 100 2 R2 measured = 
R3 measured = 
a 
Figure 8 
am 
100 2 

R$ 
Ri measured = 330 N R2 measured = – 
R3 measured = 
RT 
R2 

‫ﮦ‬ 
2202 

Figure 9 
In figure 7, 8 and 9 the circuit as the same connection it contains different resistors 
10 which are connected in 
series the total resistance determined by finding the sum of 
10 

the individual resistances 

WT 
II 

2202 

*nima non 
R1 measured R2 3330 N R3 3 1 kN R2 measured = 
R3 measured = 
Figure 10 shows two resistors connected in parallel to the third one connected in 
series. 
 
+ V, - 
Ri 

220.22 
R1 measured = 
+ 

by 
12V 
R2 3330 N V2 R2 measured = 
R3 measured = 
- V3+ 
R3 M 470.2 
C 

"" 
Figure 11 

p" 
+ 

R23 
Figure 12 
+ V, - 100_2 
+ V2 - 3302 

R 
+ 
Ra 
E = 
10 V 
V 
+ R1 measured = R3 3 68022 V3 R2 measured = 
R3 measured = 
1 
 
Figure 13 
Figure 14 
+V1 
Ri 

LLLL 
1k 

E 20 V 
R2 31 MA V2 
Figure 15 
+V, 
Ri 
P + 
220.2 
R1 measured 

E 
16V 
R2 measured = 
12 
1k12 - V2+ 
Figure 16 
 
In figures 11,12,13,14,15 and 16 show the arrangement of the components of the 
circuit where the values of the corresponding currents were required to be 
determined by using the voltage and current divider rule and then applying the 
Kirchhoff laws 
The circuit gives a deeper understanding on the relationship between voltage, 
current, resistance it provides a clarity of the use of Kirchhoff's law, current divider 
rule and the voltage divider rule the circuit can be improved use of high quality 
multimeter to give very accurate observations. Use of a high quality DC power 
supply so as it can be able to display accurate observations on the screen. 
 
MEASUREMENTS 
Table 3 shows the current of the resistor from the DMM 
TABLE 3.3 R= 1k1 
Rimeasured = 
VR(VOM) 
IR (DMM) 
ma 

IR = VpJR meas 
mA 
% Difference 
OV 
O mA 
Oma 
0% 

2V 
4V 
6V 
8V 

10 V 

Table 4 shows corresponding value of voltage and resistance to the 

provided current 
1 (mA) 
I 
V 
.(V) 
R(Q) 

5.6 
1.2 

Table 5 shows the values of current and resistance corresponding to the 

provided 
value of voltage 
AᏙ2Ꮩ 
AIR (mA) 
R(2) 
 
Table 6 shows the value of the 1k resistor and 3.3k resistor using value of resistor 
from table 7 below 
1 ΚΩ 
3.3 k2 

Table 7 shows the actual values of the 3.3 resistor and the measured value of 
the 
resistor 
TABLE 3.7 
R= 3.3k 
Rmeasured = - 
IR (DMM) 
1 = V/R meas. mA 
MA 

VR(VOM) 
% Difference 
OV 
Oma 
O mA 
0% 
2 V 
4V 
6V 

8V 
10 V 

Table 8 shows value of the current of the resistor from DMM and 
voltage of the 
resistor from the VOM 
IR = 2.4 mA 
AIR = 0.8 mA 
VRE 
AVR = 
R = 
R= 
 
Table 9 shows the total calculated resistance using equation 7 and the percentage 

difference from this part and part 5 c 

Ry (calculated) Ry(ohmmeter) 
% Difference 
I (measured) 
Ry(Ohm's law) % Difference 
Table 10shows the total calculated resistance from using equation 7 and the 

difference between this part and part 5 c 

Rycalculated R (ohmmeter) 
% Difference || 1 (measured) 
R (Ohm's law) % Difference 

Table 11 below shows total resistance calculated using equation 7 and compare with 
the measured value in 50 
R (calculated) 
R (ohmmeter) 
% Difference || I (measured) R (Ohm's law) % Difference 

Table 12 shows the total resistance calculated by measured value of the resistors and 
the percentage difference between the results and the measured value of 8c 
Ry(nominal) 
Ry(DMM) 
% Difference 
| 
Ry(measured) 
% Difference 
 
Table 13 below shows the magnitude of the percentage difference between the 
measured value of part 9g and the calculated value of part 9b 
Ry(calculated) 
R, (measured) 
R (R, ignored) 
R (measured) 
% Difference 
R (R, R, ignored) 
Ry(measured) 
% Difference 
I (measured) 
R (calculated) 
% Difference 

Table 14 below shows the impact of the 1 k resistor on the total 

resistance 
Rr(calculated) 
R (measured) 
% Difference 

Table 15 below shows the resistors of figure 12 when in series 

R (calculated) 
Ry(measured) 
% Difference 

Table 16 below shows the current through each resistor calculated using Ohms' law 
with the measured resistor value 

Voltage (V) 
Current (mA) 
M 
1R2 
 
Table 17 below shows the currents at position A, B, C and D measured by DMM 
I (mA) 

TO 
Table 18 below shows the value of 12 d compared with those of 12 e 
Ry(calculated) 
7(calculated) 
Ry(measured) 
Ry(ohmmeter) 
Table 19 below shows the magnitude of percentage difference between the 
measured value of V3 from the part 13 b of the calculated value of part 13 c 
Vi (measured) V2 (measured) V, (measured) V, (calculated) % Difference V. (calculated) V. 
(measured) % Difference 
 
Table 20 below shows the voltage V1, V2, and V3 measured by the DMM 
Calculated 
Measured 

ws 
CONCLUSIONS 
LAB QUESTIONS 
 
REFERENCE 
1. Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law - learn.sparkfun.com. (2018). 
Retrieved from https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/voltage-current-resistance-and 
ohms-law/an-ohms-law-experiment 
2. Concepts from Ohm's Law DC current experiment (2018). Retrieved 

from 
https://www3.nd.edu/~hgberry/Fall2012/p31220%200hms%20L
aw.pdf 
 
98 
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