NAME: MUYOT, GABRIEL JOSE E.

DATE: 02 October 2017

YR & SEC.: 5th Yr. Sec. 1_ RATING: _________________

GROUP NO.:______________ INSTRUCTOR: Engr. AIVEN DELA ROSA

Activity No. 11
Take-off Performance Analysis

Item Sea Level (Standard Symbols Values Remarks

No. Conditions)
1 Flap Angle, deg δf 0 Given
2 Wing Area, sq. ft Sref 136.036 Given
3 Wing Span, ft b 32.15 Given
4 Aspect Ratio A 7.60 Given
5 Max CL CLmax 1.64 Taken from
Activity No. 3
6 CL CL 1.1389 VLOF
C L= MAX

2
( LOF)

Lift-off V LOF
(
)
VS
7 CL during ground run (free air) CL Taxi(OGE)
0.6106 √ πAe C D O

7A CL during ground run (IGE) CL 0.6780 CL

C L =C L
Taxi α (IGE)
−C L
( IGE) (OGE)
CL α (OGE)
α ( IGE

8 CD during taxi CD 0.0440 CD (OGE)

=0.023+0.059 C L2
9 Coefficient of Friction 𝞵 0.03 Assumed
10 9 x 7A 𝞵C L Taxi
0.02034
11 Height of MAC above ground, ft h 7.12
12 h/b h/b 0.2215
13 Ground Effect Factor σ' 0.2632 h
1−1.32( )
b
h
1.05+7.4( )
b
14 CL 2
Δ CDi -0.0058
ΔC Di=σ ' TAXI( OGE)

πAe
15 CD(CORRECTED)=CD + ΔCDi, CD Taxi
0.0382
8 + 14
16 15 - 10 C D - 𝞵C L
Taxi Taxi
0.0179

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Item Sea Level (Standard Symbols Values Remarks
No. Conditions)
17 2W 15 VS 59.8492 Taken from Activity No.
Stall Speed
√
mph
x
ρC L S 22
max
, 9

18 Lift-Off Speed, mph VLOF 71.8191 VLOF = 1.2VS

19 Dynamic Pressure at Lift-Off, q́ LOF 13.1869 1
q́ LOF = ρ V LOF2
psf 2
20 Dynamic Pressure at VLOF/√ 2 q́ 6.5934 1 V LOF 2
q́ = ρ ( )
2 √2
21 Take-Off Thrust at VLOF/√ 2 T 237.4194 375 √ 2 THP AV
T=
V LOF
THP AV =
22 Net Force for Acceleration at Fm 159.5730
VLOF/√ 2, lb
FLOF = (T - 𝜇W) -
(𝐶𝐷𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼−𝜇𝐶𝐿(𝐼𝐺𝐸))𝑞̅S
2
23 W V LOF SG 2207.6243
SG=
2 g Fm
24 Rotation Distance, ft SR 0
25 Thrust at Lift-off, lb T 239.9881 375 √ 2 THP AV
T=
V LOF
THP AV =
26 CLTR/CLMAX 0.8
27 Transition Radius, ft R 2268.7603
28 Transition CD CDTR 0.1236
29 Drag in Transition DTR 221.7252
30 T −D 25−29 0.0080
,
W W
31 Climb Angle, deg θCL 0.4401 T −D
θCL=sin−1 [ ]
W at V =V LOF

32 Transition Distance, ft STR 17.4281 STR=RsinθCL

33 HTR, ft 0.0669 S
hTR = TR ( 1−cos θCL )
sin θCL
34 Climb Distance, ft SCL 6500.5627 50 ft −hTR
SCL=
tan θCL
35 Total Take-off Distance, ft ST/O 8725.6151 ST / O=SG + S R + STR + SCL

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Computation for Total Take-Off Distance

CL
C L =C L Δ αO
α (IGE)
−C L
( IGE) (OGE)
CL
α (OGE)
α ( IGE)

Where:ᴧ
CL (OGE )
= Lift Coefficient in the appropriate configuration out of Ground Effect
1
C D =0.022 πAe=
O
0.059
C L =√ πAe C D
(OGE ) O

1
CL = (
(OGE )
√ 0.059
)(0.022)

C L =0.6106
(OGE )

CL ¿¿ ¿

2 πA
C Lα (OGE)=
2+ √ A 2 ¿ ¿ ¿
Where:
A=7.6
ᴧC /2=0°

2 π (7.6)
C Lα (OGE)=
2+ √ A 2( 1+ tan 2 0)+ 4
C Lα (OGE)=3.5112 /rad

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For Aeff,
A 2h
=
A eff b

Where:
2h 2(7.12 ft )
= = 0.4429
b 32.15 ft

From Figure 10.8:

2 h 0.4678 , A =¿
@ = 0.7241
b A eff

Therefore,
A
Aeff =
0.7237
7.60
Aeff =
0.7241
Aeff =10.4958

For C Lα (IGE):
2 π A eff
C Lα (IGE)= , per rad.
2+ A eff 2 ( 1+tan 2 Λc /2 ) + 4
√
( 2)(π )(10.4958)
C Lα (IGE) =
2+ (10.4958)2 [ 1+( tan 0o )2 ]+ 4
√
C Lα (IGE) = 3.9978/rad

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For Taper ratio, λ:
Ct
λ=
Cr
Where:

C t =4.23 ft

C r =4.23 ft

4.23 ft
λ=
4.23 ft
λ=¿1

For MAC, ć :

2 λ2+ λ+1
ć =
3
Cr [ λ+1 ]
(1)2 +(1)+1
ć =
2
()
3
( 4.23 ft ) [ (1)+ 1 ]
ć =4.23 ft ft
For Δα o:

Δα o= ( ct )[ 3.5655
h/ ć
−
0.1177
2
π
( h / ć ) ] 180
x o , rad.

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 3.5655 0.1177 π
Δα o=
( 0.12 )
[ (
7.12 ft
4.23 ft
−
) 7.12 ft
(
4.23 ft
2
x
) ]
180 o , rad.

Δα o= 0.0043 rad

Therefore:
C Lα (IGE )
C LTAXI (IGE) = C L(OGE) −C L α ( IGE ) Δ α o
C Lα (OGE)

C LTAXI (IGE) = ( 0.6106 ) ( 3.9978 /rad

3.5112/rad )
−(3.9978 /rad)(0.0043 rad )

C LTAXI (IGE) =0.6780

For C D(OGE):
2
CD (OGE)
=0.022+0.059 C L (OGE ) (Clean Airplane)

CD (OGE)
=0.022+0.059 ¿

CD (OGE)
=0.0440

For ΔC Di :

C L 2(OGE)
ΔC Di = - σ ' ( πAe )
Where:
h
1−1.32( )
b
σ=
h
1.05+7.4( )
b
7.12 ft
1−(1.32)( )
' 32.15 ft
σ =
7.12 ft
1.05+(7.4)( )
32.15 ft

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 σ ' =0.2632

(0.6106)2
ΔC Di = - (0.2485) (
1/0.059 )
ΔC Di =-0.0058

For Drag Coefficient in Ground Effect, C D(IGE ):

C D(IGE ) = C D(OGE) + Δ C D i

C D(IGE ) = 0.0440+ (-0.0058)

C D(IGE ) =0.0382

For Stall Speed, V s :

V s=
(√ Ws )( 2ρ )( C 1 )
LMAX

2043.04 lb 2 1
V s=
(√ 136.036 ft 0.002377 slug/ft 1.64 )
)(
2 ) ( 3

V s = 87.7789 fps x ( 1522 )

V s =59.8492 mph

For Lift-Off Speed, V LOF:

V LOF = 1.2V s

V LOF = (1.2) (59.8492 mph )

V LOF = 71.8191 mph

For Dynamic Pressure at Lift Off, q́ LOF :

1
q́ LOF = ρ V 2LOF
2

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 2
1 slug 22
q́ LOF = ( )(
2 )(
0.002377 3 71.8191 mph x
ft 15 )
q́ LOF =¿ 13.1869 psf

V LOF
For Dynamic Pressure at , q́:
√2
2
1 V LOF
q́ =
2
ρ( )
√2
2
1 slug 71.8191mph 22
q́ =
2 ( )(
0.002377 3
ft )[( √2 ) ( )]
x
15

q́ = 6.5934 psf

Approximate Method I for SG

Thrust at Lift-Off V LOF

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 375THP AV
T=
V LOF

375 ( 45.47 hp )
T=
71.8191 mph
T =¿237.4194 lb

For Static Force, F S

F S=T −μW

F S=237.4194 lb−(0.03)(2043.04 lb)

F S=¿ 176.1282 lbs

For Lift – Off Force, F Lof

1
F Lof =T −μW −(C D(IGE )−μ C L(IGE )) ρV Lof 2 s at V =V Lof
2
1
F Lof =T −μW −(C D(IGE )−μ C L(IGE )) ρV Lof 2 s
2

F Lof =237.4194 lb−(0.03)( 2043.04 lb)−(0.0382−(0.03)(0.6780)) ( 12 )( 0.002377 slug

ft ) (
3
71.8191 m

F Lof =¿ 144.0893 lb

For Net Force for Acceleration, F m

F m=k F s

F Lof
1−
Fs
k=
F
ln s
F Lof

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 144.0893 lbs
k=
1− ( 176.1282 lbs )
176.1282 lbs
ln (
144.0893l lbs )

k =¿0.9060
Therefore:
F m=k F s

F m=(0.9005)( 176.1282lbs)

F m=¿159.5730 lbs

For Ground Distance, SG

W V Lof 2
SG = ( )(
2g Fm )
2
22
SG =
[(
2043.04 lb
2 32.174
ft
sec 2
[) ] ( 71.8191 mph x
15
159.5730 lbs
) ]
SG =¿ 2207.6243 ft

Approximate Method II for SG

Thrust at Take-off

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 375 √2 THP AV
T=
V Lof

375 ( 32.50 hp ) √ 2
T=
71.8191mph
T =¿239.9881 lbs

Static Force, F S
F S=T −μW

F S=¿239.9881 lb−( 0.03 ) ( 2043.04 lb )

F S=178.6969 lbs

For Lift – Off Force, F Lof

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 F Lof =T −μW −( C D( IGE )−μ C L( IGE ) ) ( q́ s ) at V =V Lof / √ 2

F Lof =239.9881lb− ( 0.03 )( 2043.04 lb )−¿

F Lof =¿ 162.7019 lbs

For Net Force for Acceleration, F m

F m=( F s + F Lof ) /2

F m=( 178.6969 lbs+ 162.7019lbs ) /2

F m=¿ 170.6994 lbs

For Ground Distance, SG

W V Lof 2
SG = ( )(
g F s + F Lof )
22 2
SG =
[(
2043.04 lb
32.174
ft
se c 2
[)] ( 71.8191 mph x
15
178.6969 lbs+162.7019lbs
) ]
SG =¿ 2063.7286 ft

For Transition Radius, R

V Lof 2
R=
2
CL
g
[( ) ( )
V Lof
Vs CL
TR

MAX
−1
]
Where:

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 CL
( )TR

CL
MAX
=0.8

R=¿ ¿
R=¿2268.7603 ft

Transition C D , C D TR

C D =0.022+0.059 C2L
TR TR

Where:
C L =0.8 C L
TR MAX

C L =0.8(1.64)
TR

C L =¿1.312
TR

C D =0.022+0.059(1.312)2
TR

C D =0.1236
TR

Drag in Transition
D TR =C D q́ LOF s
TR

DTR =(0.1236)(13.1869 psf )(136.036 ft 2 )

DTR =¿221.7252 lbs

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Figure 10.3 Geometry to Take off Flare Path
Take-off Flare Path Geometry
Climb Angle Angle, deg

θCL=sin−1 |T −D
W | at V =V Lof

237.4194 lbs−221.7252lbs
=sin | |
−1
θCL
2043.04 lbs at V =V Lof

θCL=¿0.4401 °

Transition Distance, STR

STR =R sin θCL

STR =(2268.7603 ft)sin( 0.4401° )

STR =¿ 17.4281 ft

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Climb Distance, SCL
50 ft −hTR
SCL=
tan θCL

Where:
STR
hTR = ¿
sin θCL
17.4281 ft
hTR = ¿
sin(0.4401 ° )
hTR =0 .0669 ft

50 ft −0.0669 ft
SCL=
tan ⁡( 0.4401° )
SCL=¿ 6500.5627 ft

Total Take – Off Distance, ST / O

Approximate Method I for SG

ST / O=SG + S R + STR + SCL

ST / O=2207.6243 ft+ 0 ft +17.4281 ft +6500.5627 ft

ST / O=¿ 8725.6151 ft

Total Take – Off Distance, ST / O

Approximate Method II for SG

ST / O=SG + S R + STR + SCL

ST / O=2063.7286 ft+ 0 ft +17.4281 ft +6500.5627 ft

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ST / O=¿ 8580.7194 ft

Figure 10.3 Geometry to Take off Flare Path

Geometry to Take-off Flare Path

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Where:
STR = 17.4281 ft
SCL = 6500.5627 ft
R = 2268.7603 ft
ΘCL = 0.4401 deg
hf = 50 ft
htr = 0.0669 ft

Geometry to Take-off Flare Path

Approximate Method I

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Where:
SG = 2207.6243 ft
STR = 17.4281 ft
SCL = 6500.5627 ft
ST/O = 8725.6151 ft
R= 2268.7603 ft
ΘCL = 0.4401 deg
hf = 50 ft

Geometry to Take-off Flare Path

Approximate Method II

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Where:
SG = 2063.7286 ft
STR = 17.4281 ft
SCL = 6500.5627 ft
ST/O = 8580.7194 ft
R= 2268.7603 ft
ΘCL = 0.4401 deg
hf = 50 ft

CONCLUSION

Upon the completion of this activity I was able to determine the take-off
performance of my designed aircraft. Data from previous activities were utilized in
order to complete the analysis of the designed aircraft’s take off performance.

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