ALEGRIA – E28

ALEGRIA – E28

@ A = 8.944, e = 0.78

@A=
∆(1 /e)fus
8.944, = 1.91
Sπfus/ S
ALEGRIA – E28
CLEAN AIRPLANE

Components
Cf FF Q
Part Cf FF Q Swet, ft.2
Swet
Wing 0.00282 1.14353 1.0 255.98304 0.82548
Fuselage 0.00226 1.37058 1.0 284.93700 0.88260
Vertical Tail 0.00293 1.18607 1.04 27.73074 0.10022
Horizontal
0.00300 1.20626 1.04 45.74762 0.17217
Tail
∑Cf FF Q Swet 0
Miscellaneous
Drag Area-to-
Landing Frontal Frontal Area,
Component D/q
Gear Area Ratio (Fig ft.2
12.5)
Streamlined Wheel and
Main Gear 0.18 0.9030 0.16254
Tire
Round Strut or Wire 0.30 1.4210 0.42630
Streamlined Wheel and
Nose Gear 0.18 0.7800 0.14040
Tire
Round Strut or Wire 0.30 0.4567 0.13701
∑ D/q 0.86625
(∑ D/q x 1.2) ∑Misc 1.03950
∑Cf FF Q Swet + ∑Misc 3.01997
Interference – Add 5% to f 0.15100
Roughness and Protuberances – Add 10% to f 0.30200
∑(Cf FF Q Swet + ∑Misc)Total 3.47297
ALEGRIA – E28
DIRTY AIRPLANE

Components
Cf FF Q
Part Cf FF Q Swet, ft.2
Swet
Wing 0.00282 1.14353 1.0 255.98304 0.82548
Fuselage 0.00226 1.37058 1.0 284.93700 0.88260
Vertical Tail 0.00293 1.18607 1.04 27.73074 0.10022
Horizontal
0.00300 1.20626 1.04 45.74762 0.17217
Tail
∑Cf FF Q Swet 0
Miscellaneous
Drag Area-to-
Landing Frontal Frontal Area,
Component D/q
Gear Area Ratio (Fig ft.2
12.5)
Streamlined Wheel and
Main Gear 0.18 0.9030 0.16254
Tire
Round Strut or Wire 0.30 1.4210 0.42630
Streamlined Wheel and
Nose Gear 0.18 0.7800 0.14040
Tire
Round Strut or Wire 0.30 0.4567 0.13701
1.03950
∆ CDo flap
Deflection ∆ CDo flap SRef, ft.2
SRef
Flaps 65° 0.06992 144.9 10.13141
∑Misc 11.17091
∑Cf FF Q Swet + ∑Misc 13.15138
Interference – Add 5% to f 0.65757
Roughness and Protuberances – Add 10% to f 1.31514
∑(Cf FF Q Swet + ∑Misc)Total 15.12409

For Wings:

For Cf:

 Laminar: Cf = 1.328/√ R

 Turbulent: Cf =
0.455
¿¿¿

Solving for Reynold’s Number:

ALEGRIA – E28
R = ρ V l /µ

Where: ρ = 0.002377 slug/ ft.3

V = 356.336 ft. /s.
l = 4.025 ft. (M.A.C. From Activity No. 2)
µ = 3.737 x 10-7 slugs/ s. ft. (Sea Level)

(0.002377 slugs/ft .3 )(356.336 ft ./s .)(4.025 ft .)

R =
3.737 x 10−7 slugs/ s . ft .

R = 9122873.842

Rcutoff = 38.21(l /k) 1.053

Where: l = 4.025 ft. (M.A.C. From Activity No. 2)

k = 3.33 x 10-5 ft. (Skin Roughness value from Table 12.4)

Rcutoff = 38.21(4.025 ft . /3.33 x 10-5 ft.) 1.053

Rcutoff = 8587400.863

Note:
(The lower Reynold’s Number should be used in the equations)

For Laminar:
Cf = 1.328/√ 8587400.863
ALEGRIA – E28
Cf = 0.00045

For Turbulent:

Cf =
0.455
¿¿¿
Cf = 0.00308

Cf = 10% Laminar + 90% Laminar Consumption

= (.10) (0.00045) + (.90) (0.00308)

Cf = 0.00282
ALEGRIA – E28
For FF:

F.F. = ¿

Where: ¿¿ = 0.4
M = 0.15
t/c = 0.12
Ʌm = 0° (Wing Sweep)

0.6
F.F. =
[ 1+
(0.4)m ]
( 0.12 ) +100( 0.12)4 [ 1.34 ( 0.15 )0.18 (cos 0 ° )0.28 ]

F.F. = 1.14353

For Q:

Q = 1.0 (Filleted Wing)

For Swet:

If t/c > 0.05

t
Swet = Sexposed
[ 1.977+0.52( )
c ]
Where: Sexposed = 125.5188 ft.2 (Area of Exposed Wings)
t/c = 0.12

Swet = 125.5188 ft.2 [ 1.977+0.52( 0.12) ]

Swet = 255.98304 ft.2

ALEGRIA – E28
For Fuselage:

For Cf:

 Turbulent: Cf =
0.455
¿¿¿

Solving for Reynold’s Number:

R = ρ V l /µ

Where: ρ = 0.002377 slug/ ft.3

V = 356.336 ft. /s.
l = 28.7310 ft. (Lfus from Activity No. 2)
µ = 3.737 x 10-7 slugs/ s.ft. (Sea Level)

(0.002377 slugs/ft .3 )(356.336 ft ./s .)(28.7310 ft .)

R =
3.737 x 10−7 slugs/s . ft .

R = 65120320.09

Rcutoff = 38.21(l /k) 1.053

Where: l = 28.7310 ft. (Lfus from Activity No. 2)

k = 3.33 x 10-5 ft. (Skin Roughness value from Table 12.4)

Rcutoff = 38.21(28.7310 ft . /3.33 x 10-5 ft.) 1.053

ALEGRIA – E28
Rcutoff = 68027825.85

Note:
(The lower Reynold’s Number should be used in the equations)

For Turbulent:

Cf =
0.455
¿¿¿

Cf = 0.00226

For FF:

60 f
F.F. = (1 + 3 + )
f 400
l l
f = =
d √ 4 / π A max

Where: l = 28.7310 ft. (Lfus from Activity No. 2)

Amax = 21.2795 ft.2

28.7310 ft .
f =
√ 4 /π (21.2795 ft .2 )
f = 5.51970

60 5.51970
F.F. = (1 + 3 + )
5.51970 400

F.F. = 1.37058
ALEGRIA – E28
For Q:

Q = 1.0 (Negligible Interference Factor)

For Swet:

Swet = 284.937 ft2 (Fuselage Wetted Area, Sf From Activity No. 4)

ALEGRIA – E28
For Vertical Tail:

For Cf:

 Laminar: Cf = 1.328/√ R

 Turbulent: Cf =
0.455
¿¿¿

Solving for Reynold’s Number:

R = ρ V l /µ

Where: ρ = 0.002377 slug/ ft.3

V = 356.336 ft. /s.
l = 3.2303 ft. (Vertical Tail’s M.A.C. From Activity No. 2)
µ = 3.737 x 10-7 slugs/ s. ft. (Sea Level)

(0.002377 slugs/ft .3 )(356.336 ft ./s .)(3.2303 ft .)

R =
3.737 x 10−7 slugs/s . ft .

R = 7321644.565

Rcutoff = 38.21(l /k) 1.053

Where: l = 3.2303 ft. (Vertical Tail’s M.A.C. From Activity No. 2)

k = 3.33 x 10-5 ft. (Skin Roughness value from Table 12.4)
ALEGRIA – E28
Rcutoff = 38.21(3.2303 ft./3.33 x 10-5 ft.) 1.053

Rcutoff = 6812021.165

Note:
(The lower Reynold’s Number should be used in the equations)

For Laminar:
Cf = 1.328/√ 6812021.165
Cf = 0.00051

For Turbulent:

Cf =
0.455
¿¿¿
Cf = 0.00320

Cf = 10% Laminar + 90% Laminar Consumption

= (.10) (0.00051) + (.90) (0.00320)

Cf = 0.00293
ALEGRIA – E28
For FF:

F.F. = ¿

0.9064 ft .
Where: ¿¿ =
3.2303 ft .
= 0.28059
M = 0.15
t/c = 0.12
Ʌm = 24° (Sweep angle from Activity no.4)

0.6
F.F. =
[ 1+
(0.28059)m ]
( 0.12 ) +100(0.12)4 [ 1.34 ( 0.15 )0.18 (cos 24 ° )0.28 ]

F.F. = 1.18607

For Q:

Q = 1.04 (Conventional Tail)

For Swet:

If t/c > 0.05

t
Swet = Sexposed
[ 1.977+0.52( )
c ]
Where: Sexposed = 13.5975 ft.2 (Area of Exposed Vertical Tail)
t/c = 0.12

Swet = 13.5975 ft.2 [ 1.977+0.52( 0.12) ]

Swet = 27.73074 ft.2

ALEGRIA – E28
For Horizontal Tail:

For Cf:

 Laminar: Cf = 1.328/√ R

 Turbulent: Cf =
0.455
¿¿¿

Solving for Reynold’s Number:

R = ρ V l /µ

Where: ρ = 0.002377 slug/ ft.3

V = 356.336 ft. /s.
l = 2.8180 ft. (Horizontal Tail’s M.A.C. From Activity No. 2)
µ = 3.737 x 10-7 slugs/ s. ft. (Sea Level)

(0.002377 slugs/ft .3 )(356.336 ft ./s .)(2.8180 ft .)

R =
3.737 x 10−7 slugs/s . ft .

R = 6387144.966

Rcutoff = 38.21(l /k) 1.053

Where: l = 2.8180 ft. (Vertical Tail’s M.A.C. From Activity No. 2)

k = 3.33 x 10-5 ft. (Skin Roughness value from Table 12.4)
ALEGRIA – E28
Rcutoff = 38.21(2.8180 ft. /3.33 x 10-5 ft.) 1.053

Rcutoff = 5899716.202

Note:
(The lower Reynold’s Number should be used in the equations)

For Laminar:
Cf = 1.328/√ 5899716.202
Cf = 0.00055

For Turbulent:

Cf =
0.455
¿¿¿
Cf = 0.00327

Cf = 10% Laminar + 90% Laminar Consumption

= (.10) (0.00055) + (.90) (0.00327)

Cf = 0.00300
ALEGRIA – E28
For FF:

F.F. = ¿

0.7907 ft .
Where: ¿¿ =
2.8180 ft .
= 0.28059
M = 0.15
t/c = 0.12
Ʌm = 14° (Sweep angle from Activity no.4)

0.6
F.F. =
[ 1+
(0.28059)m ]
( 0.12 ) +100(0.12)4 [ 1.34 ( 0.15 )0.18 (cos 14 °)0.28 ]

F.F. = 1.20626

For Q:

Q = 1.04 (Conventional Tail)

For Swet:

If t/c > 0.05

t
Swet = Sexposed
[ 1.977+0.52( )
c ]
Where: Sexposed = 22.4319 ft.2 (Area of Exposed Vertical Tail)
t/c = 0.12

Swet = 22.4319 ft.2 [ 1.977+0.52( 0.12) ]

Swet = 45.74762 ft.2

ALEGRIA – E28

For Miscellaneous

For Landing Gears

Drag Area-to-
Frontal Frontal Area,
Landing Gear Component D/q
Area Ratio (Fig ft.2
12.5)
Main Gear Streamlined Wheel and Tire 0.18 0.9030 0.16254
Round Strut or Wire 0.30 1.4210 0.42630
Nose Gear Streamlined Wheel and Tire 0.18 0.7800 0.14040
Round Strut or Wire 0.30 0.4567 0.13701
∑ D/q 0

∑ D/q = 0.86625 x 1.2 (Fixed Landing Gears)

∑ D/q = 1.03950

For Flaps
ALEGRIA – E28
∆ CD Flap Span
= 0.0023 δ
o flap
Wing Span flap

Where: Flap Span = 16.8371 ft.

Wing Span = 36 ft.
δ flap = 65° (Flap Deflection is about 60 to 70 deg.)

∆ CD 16.8371 ft .
= (0.0023) ( ) 65°
o flap
36 ft .

∆ CD o flap
= 0.06992
ALEGRIA – E28
For Clean Airplane

CL2
CD = CDo +
πAe

∑(C f FF Q S wet + ∑ Misc)Total

Where: CDo =
S Ref
3.47297
=
144.90 ft .2
CDo = 0.024

Flaps Up:
1
∆( )
e fus = 1.91 (From Fig. 14.2)
S π fus /s
1 S π fus
∆( ) = 1.91( )
e fus S

Where: S π fus = Frontal Area of Fuselage

= 21.2795 ft.2
Sref = 144.90 ft.2 (From Activity No. 2)

1 21.2795 ft .2
∆( ) = 1.91 ( )
e fus 144.90 ft .2
1
∆( ) = 0.28050
e fus

For e:
1
e = 1 1
+ ∆( )
ew fu
e fus
1
= 1
+0.28050
0.78
e = 0.63998
ALEGRIA – E28
For CD:

CL 2
CD = CDo +
πAe
CL 2
= CDo +
(π )(8.944)(0.63998)
CD = 0.024 + 0.056 CL2
ALEGRIA – E28
For Dirty Airplane

CL2
CD = CDo +
πAe

∑(C f FF Q S wet + ∑ Misc)Total

Where: CDo =
S Ref
15.12409
=
144.90 ft .2
CDo = 0.104

Flaps Down:
1
e = 1 1
+ ∆( )
ew fd
e fus
Where: eW fd
= e w (1 + Kf)
fu

Kf = Correction Factor (0.13 – 0.15 at δ = 30°)

= 0.78 (1 + 0.14)
eW fd
= 0.8892

For e:

1
e = 1 1
+ ∆( )
ew fd
e fus
1
e = 1
+0.28050
0.8892
e = 0.71169

For CD:

CL2
CD = CDo +
πAe
ALEGRIA – E28
CL 2
= CDo +
(π )(8.944)(0.71169)

CD = 0.104 + 0.050 CL2