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Octave Levenspiel
Engineering Flow
and Heat Exchange
Third Edition
Octave Levenspiel
Department of Chemical Engineering
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR, USA
v
vi Preface
presentation of heat exchange is that of Kern’s unique book; certainly simpler, but
at the same time broader in approach.
Wrestling with problems is the key to learning, and each of the chapters has
illustrative examples and a number of practice problems. Teaching and learning
should be interesting, so I have included a wide variety of problems, some whim-
sical, others directly from industrial applications. Usually the information given in
these practice problems has been designed so as to fall on unique points on the
design charts, making it easy for the student and also for the instructor who is
checking the details of a student’s solution.
I think that this book will interest the practicing engineer or technologist who
wants a broad picture of the subject or, on having a particular problem to solve,
wants to know what approach to take.
In the university it could well form the basis for an undergraduate course
in engineering or applied fluids and heat transfer, after the principles have been
introduced in a basic engineering course such as transport phenomena. At present,
such a course is rarely taught; however, I feel it should be an integral part of
the curriculum, at least for the chemical engineer and the food technologist.
My thanks to Richard Turton, who coaxed our idiot computer into drawing
charts for this book, and to Eric Swenson, who so kindly consented to put his skilled
hand to the creation of drawing and sketch to enliven and complement the text.
Finally, many thanks to Bekki and Keith Levien, who without their help this new
revision would never have made it to print.
vii
viii Contents
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
xv
xvi Nomenclature
ff friction factor, for flow in packed beds [–]; see equation (6.10)
and Appendix A.20
fF Fanning friction factor, for flow in pipes [–]; see equation (2.1),
Figs. 2.4 and 2.5, and Appendix A.20
F force [N]
Fo Fourier number, for unsteady state heat conduction [–];
see equation (11.2) and Appendix A.20
0
F12, F12 , various view factors for radiation between two surfaces;
F12 , f12 fraction of radiation leaving surface 1 that is intercepted by
surface 2 []; see equations (9.74), (9.79), (9.81), and (9.83)
f efficiency factor for shell-and-tube heat exchangers [–];
see equation (13.17a)
Fd drag force on a falling particle [N]; see equation (8.1)
ΣF lost mechanical work of a flowing fluid due to friction [J/kg];
see equation (1.5)
g acceleration of gravity, about 9.8 m/s2 at sea level [m/s2]
G ¼ uρ ¼ G0/ε mass velocity of flowing fluid based on the mean
cross-sectional area available for the flowing fluid in the
packed bed [kg/m2 open·s]
Gnz mass velocity of gas through a well-rounded orifice [kg/m2·s];
see equation (3.24)
Gnz maximum mass velocity of gas through a well-rounded orifice
[kg/m2 · s]; see equation (3.27)
G0 ¼ u0ρ ¼ Gε mass velocity of flowing fluid based on the total cross-sectional
area of packed bed [kg/m2 bed·s]
Gr Grashof number, for natural convection [–]; see text above
equation (11.31) and Appendix A.20
Gz Graetz number [-], see equation (9.20)
h heat transfer coefficient, for convection [W/m2 · K];
see text above equation (9.11)
hL head loss of fluid resulting from frictional effects [m];
see equation (1.6) and the figure below equation (2.2)
H enthalpy [J/kg]
He Hedstrom number, for flow of Bingham plastics [–];
see equation (5.8) and Appendix A.20
i.d. inside diameter [m]
k thermal conductivity [W/m · K]; see equation (9.1)
and Appendices A.15
k ¼ Cp/Cv ratio of specific heats of fluid [–]; k ffi 1.67 for monotonic gases;
k ffi 1.40 for diatomic gases; k ffi 1.32 for triatomic gases; k ffi
1 for liquids
Nomenclature xvii
Greek Symbols
Subscripts
lm logarithmic mean
s solid
Basic Quantities
Mass M ¼ kg
Distance D¼m
Time s
Temperature Kelvin ¼ K
Their combinations
Area a ¼ m2
Volume v ¼ m3
Velocity V ¼ m/s
Acceleration A ¼ m/s2
Volumetric flow rate m3/s
Mass velocity G ¼ kg/m2 · s
Density kg/m3 ¼ ρ
Momentum M · v ¼ kg · m/s
Dynamic or absolute viscosity Poiseuille, Pl ¼ Pa · s ¼ kg/(m · s) ¼ μ
Kinematic viscosity μ/ρ ¼ [kg/(m · s)]/(kg/m3) ¼ m2/s
When two masses collide elastically M1V1 + M2V2 ¼ M1V2 + M2V1
When two masses collide non-elastically M1V1 + M2V2 ¼ (M1M2) Vfinal
Note: With these SI units we have dropped the hundreds of gc-terms in the equations
used in previous versions of this book. The present version is simpler to use.
Q ¼ (stress) (length of arm turning the rotating bob) (wetted perimeter of bob
ignoring its bottom) (rotations per sec)
¼ (stress) (R)(2πrL)(N/s)
J ¼N·m
KJ ¼ Kilo J ¼ 103 J
MJ ¼ Mega J ¼ 106 J
Nomenclature xxi
GJ ¼ Giga J ¼ 109 J
TJ ¼ Tera J ¼ 1012 J
PJ ¼ Peta J ¼ quadrillion J ¼ 1015 J
Q ¼ Quad ¼ 1015 Btu ¼ 1.055 · 1018 J [a crazy unit]
EJ ¼ Exa J ¼ quintillion J ¼ 1018 J
Zj ¼ Zeta J ¼ 1021 J
mJ ¼ milli J ¼10-3 J
μJ ¼ micro J ¼ 10-6 J
nJ ¼ nano J ¼ 10-9 J
pJ ¼ pico J ¼ 10-12 J
fJ ¼ femto J ¼ 10-15 J
aJ ¼ atto J ¼ 10-18 J
zJ ¼ zepto J ¼ 10-21 J
Pa ¼ Na ¼ J/m3
v ¼ m3
N ¼ moles of ideal gas
T ¼ degrees kelvin ¼ K
R ¼ Pa·v/n·T ¼ 8.314 J/mol·K
¼ (101325)(0.0224)/(1)(273), J/mol·K
About the Author
xxiii
xxiv About the Author
Some of his other books are The Chemical Reactor Omnibook, Fluidization Engi-
neering (with co-author D. Kunii), Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange, Under-
standing Engineering Thermo, Tracer Technology, and Rambling Through Science
and Technology.
He has received major awards from A.I.Ch.E. and A.S.E.E., has three honorary
doctorates: from Nancy, France; from Belgrade, Serbia; from the Colorado School
of Mines; and has been elected to the National Academy of Engineering. Of his
numerous writings and research papers, two have been selected as Citation Classics
by the Institute of Scientific Information. But what pleases him most is being called
the “Doctor Seuss” of chemical engineering.