= Presentation 2 B® Characteristics of the Modal Verbs . They take no -s in the third person singular except for have to, need and dare. 2. They have no infinitive or participle forms so they cannot be used in the continuous ae tenses except for "need", have to" and "dare". They are followed by bare infinitive except for ought to, have to and used to. . They form their negative and interrogative forms the same way as the auxiliaries (e.g. may not, may I ...2) apart from "need, "have to" and "dare’. Notes 1, Need and dare are followed by a bare infinitive if they are used as modals, otherwise they are followed by a full infinitive. eg. Youneedn't come. or You don't need to come. @ able to, be allowed to and have to are used to fill in the missing tenses of can, may (when expressing permission) and must respectively. 3. Was able to is used to refer to a past single action whereas could is used to refer to a past Tepeated action, e.g. Although he was tired, he was able to swim to safety. When he was young, he could swim well. 4, Have to expresses external obligation whereas must expresses obligation imposed by the a speaker. e.g. According to the law, all motorcyclists have to wear a helmet when riding their motorcycles. I must wear my helmet when I ride my motorcycle or fl be fined. (it's my decision to take the risk.) may expresses possibility whereas might increases the doubt. e.g. He may come if you ask him to. She might come if she has time. (slight possibility) 30 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of "can", “be able to", "must" or "have to”. 1 2 3. 4. 5, 6. Ifyou want to be a member of the club, you 7. 8. 9. 0. . One has to pass certain exams to be accepted by this college. . Although the room was full of smoke, he .. . IF go by train, 1 . You .. . As a child he phone the fire brigade. buy a tict be careful with electricity. play squash for hours. register in time. use all the meat we'd bought so we threw it away. ... feach the door handle. . we really stay so late at the party? be home by 10 p.m. . In the end we .... 3. She was so short she |. Our father told us that we 31 Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the words in capitals. 1. You have to fill in a form before joining the club. must You must fill in a form before joining the club. 2. It's not right that children are not allowed to play on the grass. SHOULD 3. Please turn on the light! COULD 4. What are we going to do with them when they arrive? SHALL 5. Do you want to come to dinner with me? 22 WOULD= Presentation 2 — 6. Itisn't necessary for you to stay any longer. NEED 7. 8. Isitnecessary for me to speak to her in person? HAVE 9. She's such a talented musician, She should have been a professional. ouGHT 10. Do you believe that he will pass the exam? LIKELY 11. I don't believe she’s an actress; she looks so ordinary. 12, Itis necessary for governments to take action against tax evasion. 13. It wasn’t necessary for him to be quite so extravagant but he was. NEED 15. You can attend the meeting ifyouwish. SS MAY 16. Please, answer the door! ‘WILL 17. I don’t believe he’s dead. | saw him only yesterday. 18. Please, sit down! WOULD 19. Asa child he had the habit of biting his nails. USED 20. I don't believe he's only twelve. CAN'T 21, Mozart was able to compose and play music before he was ten. COULD 22. Give this message to Mrs Bates, please! WILL 24. There's no need to do the ironing now. HAVE 25. Do you know how to play the piano? CAN B® May - Must - Can’t May (= perhaps) Must (= | think, I suppose) Can't (= 1 don't think, | don’t suppose) She must be at work. I think she is at work. She can't be at home. 1 don’t think she is at home. ‘She may have gone out. Perhaps she went out. 23= Presentation 2 B® Must - Can’t - May + Infinitive Simple Present Perhaps he works as a teacher. Future i don’t think he will win. Present Continuous J suppose he is working hard. Future Continuous Perhaps they will be playing tennis. Simple Past 1 don't think he worked very hard. Present Perfect Perhaps he has left work, Past Continuous 1 don't believe she was working last week. Perfect Continuous | think they have been living here a Jong time. Present Infinitive He may work as a teacher. Present Infinitive He can't win, Present Continuous Infinitive He must be working hard. Present Continuous Infinitive They may be playing tennis. Perfect Infinitive He can't have worked very hard. Perfect Infinitive He may have left work, Perfect Infinitive ‘She can’t have been woking last week. Perfect Continuous Infinitive They must have been living here a long time. 32 Finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed SP Noga © 10. 24 . think she’s going abroad. before. . Perhaps he was feeling tired yesterday. He may have been feeling tired yesterday. . | don’t think he is revising for his test. He ... ! suppose you've already met Charlie. You .. I'm sur The ferries . Pethaps they decided not to come after all. They . I don't think the hostages have been released yet. The hostages . Perhaps you'll need some help with that. You . . | don't think she was sleeping when you called her. She She .. He Mustn’t - Needn’t Mustn’t (= it’s forbidden / not allowed) You mustn’t smoke in hospitals. You are not allowed to smoke in hospitals. I suppose he’s had a lot of experience in management. Needn’t You needn't learn it by heart. It's not necessary for you to learn it by heart. (= it's not necessary)¥ Presentation 2 33 Rewrite the following sentences using "mustn't" or "needn't’. |. You are not allowed to overtake on the inside lane. You mustn't overtake on the inside lane. Itisn’t necessary for him to wash up now; he can do it later. _ 2 He doesn’t have to leave until 6 o'clock. 4, Itisn't necessary for you to send a taxi to pick me up from the station. 5. Taking photographs in the museum is prohibited. n't Need to - Needn’t Have Didn’t need to shows that it wasn’t necessary for something to happen and it didn’t happen. Needn’t have shows that it wasn't necessary for something to happen but it did happen. He didn’t need to go to work on Sunday. It wasn't necessary for him to go to work because it was Sunday. She needn't have bought so many eggs. It wasn't necessary for her to buy as many eggs as she did. 34 Rewrite the following sentences using “didn’t need to" or "needn't have". |. Itwasn't necessary for Paul to have studied for so many hours because the exam was cancelled. Paul needn't have studied for so many hours. 2. It wasn't necessary for mother to cook as we had been invited out to dinner. 3. Itwasn't necessary for Andrew to take so much money on holiday as he did. 4. Itwas unnecessary for him to have got so angry yesterday; it was only a joke after all. 5. It wasn’t necessary for Mr Jones to collect his wife because his son said he would do it. eres . Itis certain that she (has) attended the ceremony. |. Perhaps she is abroad. She is certain to have attended the ceremony.| She may be abroad. She must have attended the ceremony. . Perhaps she wasn't taking a bath. |. I must reject this plan. ‘She may not have been taking a bath. I have ne option but to reject this plan. 3. Perhaps he has been/was studying. 1 will have to reject this plan. He may have been studying. ). | don't think she'll pass the test. | think she has lost her way. She can't pass the test. She must have lost her way. . I'm sure he isn't lying to us. 5. I suppose he has left Austria. He can't be lying to us. He must have left Austria. . . It wasn’t necessary for you to buy so many 3. | think he was in Germany. roses as you did. He must have been in Germany. You needn't have bought so many roses. ”. It is certain that he'll fail. . . Was it necessary for her to behave like that? He is bound to fail. Did she need/have to behave like that?Presentation 2 14. 15. 16. 21. 22. 23. 24. It wasn’t necessary for me to walk to work as he gave me a lift. I didn't need to walk to work as he gave mea litt. There’s no need to correct the tests today. Don't bother to correct the tests today. It isn’t necessary to correct the tests today. You needn't correct the tests today. You don't need to correct the tests today. He isn’t obliged to tell you the truth. He needn't tell you the truth. He doesn't need/have to tell you the truth. , It is important for you to learn to drive. You need/have to learn to drive. . Are tests compulsory at this school? Do you have to take tests at this school? . Senior students don’t have to take tests. It’s optional for senior students to take tests. It is against the rules to write your answers in ink. You mustn't write your answers in ink. Itis forbidden to smoke in most public places. You mustn't smoke in most public places. He couldn't go out because it was raining. The rain prevented him from going out. Itis advisable to speak politely to your teachers. You should speak politely to your teachers. You had better speak politely to your teachers. It would be @ good idea to go ona diet. You had better go ona diet. You should/ought to go ona diet. It is advisable to go ona diet. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Why didn’t you consult your lawyer? You should have consulted your lawyer. Let's work out the details. Shall we work out the details? Why don't we work out the details? Shall | help you with the dishes? Would you like me to help you with the dishes? Could you come on Monday? Would Monday be convenient for youto come? How does coming on Monday suit you? May I borrow your car? Do you mind if! borrow your car? Would you mind if | borrowed your car? Could I borrow your car, please? Would you like to open a bank account? Would it interest you to open a bank account? Would you be interested in opening a bank account? How would you fee! about opening a bank account? She is unlikely to pass her exams. It is unlikelyinot likely that she'll pass her exams. There's little likelihood/possibility of her passing her exams. it’s doubtful whether she'll pass her exams, He is likely to win the prize. It Is likely that he will win the prize. Itis very possible that he will win the prize. He could certainly win the prize. There is every likelihood that he will win the prize. 35 Finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed .. I'm sure it wasn't his fault. It . Shall | tell you my opinion? You . Is it likely that he will return this afternoon? before them. |. Let's review what we've done so far. Shall we review what we've done so far? Would . He is unlikely to be promoted. There .. Is he ... The interference .. . Perhaps she has forgotten about the meeting, She .. . They couldn't understand the message because of the interference on the radio.Presentation 2 — 2 . | suppose my mother left this message. My Mother score 10. You should have signed this form at the bottom. Why ... 11. Did you need to spend so much money? Was . 12. He .... 18. You need to be more careful. You . 14. Could he have been telling the truth? Is it. 15. You mustn't play ball games inside the school. tis. 16. I suppose she has seen the newspaper today. She . 17. It wasn't necessary for you to apologise. After all, it wasn’t your fault. You .. 18. Perhaps they have made alternative arrangements. Th 19. How does Saturday Would ... 20. How do you feel about going on an excursion? Would . 21. Was it necessary to invite so many people? Did .. 22. I don’t think we're near the village yet. We ... 23. Itis very possible that he'll pass his tests. There is every 24. You'd better consult the map. You .... 25. Could we meet on Friday? Would Friday ... 26. Itis certain that the ship will arrive at 7 o'clock. The ship is 36 Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase practising modals. . He must be quick or he'll miss his appointment. You . It it snows, we . He orcs 1. 2 you couldn't come; | waited for ages. 3. 4 5. This room 6. 7. 8. . skiing, .. on time, but | doubt it. ; look at the state of the walls. ; she looks exhausted this morning. jogging in order to improve our stamina. . at the cinema that evening, although no one is quite sure. me a present; you could have just sent a card. to the bank after all; we had enough cash. II night. | didn't think you'd finish the work in time! 12. Do we or have you got enough to feed everyone? 43. You me; I can do it alone. 14. They . here by now; | wonder what's happened. 16. the pleasure of this dance, madam? 27= Presentation 2 37 Foreach of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in B 12, . They couldn't go to the Middle East because of the war. PREVENTED . Would you like to go out with us? INTEREST meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way. e.g. Photography interests me. FIND I find photography interesting. . You needn't clean up now. NECESSARY MIND . You mustn't ride motorbikes in the park. FORBIDDEN WHY . You should be careful what you say to him. ADVISABLE , Perhaps it wasn’t John who rang. MAY . We don't have to go to the party. OBLIGED . You ought to phone the manager tonight. IDEA . Why didn’t you let me know you were coming? SHOULD He must have heard the news by now. CERTAIN je may not " PERHAPS 15. 28 . They aren't likely to come with us. WILL You mustn't open your book once the test has started. RULES