Turbomachinery and Propulsion

Carole El Ayoubi

Department of Mechanical Industrial and Aerospace Engineering

Figure 2.1 Simple cycle

-2-
Figure 2.2 Efficiency and specific work output—simple cycle

-3-
Figure 2.9 Stagnation states - compressor
-4-
 Variation of turbine and compressor isentropic efficiency with pressure
Figure 2.12
ratio for polytropic efficiency of 85%

-5-
Figure 2.10 Turbine with exhaust diffuser

-6-
Figure 2.13 Pressure losses
-7-
Hypothetical liquid hydrocarbon
containing 13.92% H and
86.08% C with 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 43100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Combustion
Figure 2.17
temperature rise
versus fuel/air ratio

-8-
Figure 2.18 Cooling air schematic
-9-
Figure 2.19 Cooling air distribution
[courtesy Rolls-Royce plc]

- 10 -
Figure 2.1 Simple cycle

- 11 -
Because specific work output is highest when 𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑇4 use heat exchanger

Figure 2.3 Simple cycle with heat-exchange (HE)

𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑇4 − 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇1 𝑟𝑟 (𝛾𝛾−1)/𝛾𝛾

𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = =1− Increases with increasing 𝑡𝑡
𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑇5 𝑡𝑡
𝑇𝑇05 − 𝑇𝑇02
HE effectiveness
𝑇𝑇04 − 𝑇𝑇02
- 12 -
Figure 2.4 Efficiency—simple cycle with heat-exchange

- 13 -
Figure 2.5 Reheat cycle

2𝑡𝑡 − 𝑟𝑟 (𝛾𝛾−1)/𝛾𝛾 + 1 − 2𝑡𝑡/ 𝑟𝑟 (𝛾𝛾−1)/𝛾𝛾

𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
2𝑡𝑡 − 𝑟𝑟 (𝛾𝛾−1)/𝛾𝛾 − 𝑡𝑡/ 𝑟𝑟 (𝛾𝛾−1)/𝛾𝛾
Allows increasing specific work output by reheating gas between HPT and LPT

- 14 -
Figure 2.6 Work output—reheat cycle

- 15 -
Figure 2.7 Reheat cycle with heat-exchange

- 16 -