allow students to develop psychomotor skills and fine-tune motor skills with coordination, movement,

strength, dexterity, grace, and speed, and also find healthy outlets for energy.

promote camaraderie and rapport among students, instructors, parents, and administration. In other
words, sports build strong bonds within the community.

instill discipline among students.

provide a healthy pastime to help students refrain from various vices such as drugs, smoking, drinking,
and spending excessive time on electronic devices.

teach the value of teamwork. In real work environments, team skills are some of the most valuable
attributes an employee can have. The ability to work well with others can lead to job security and
promotions.

teach the value of sportsmanship. The ability to accept defeat gracefully is a sign of maturity and a
requisite skill for success. The ability to bounce back strong from a fall will able students to experience
personal triumph and immense joy. Losses teach students to rebound stronger next time, practice craft,
and learn from mistakes, while wins teach students to never rest on their laurels but to keep practicing,
and always maintain a fighting form. Playing sports teach students to refrain from boastful arrogance
and instead to learn to be realistic and humble.

showcase talents so that others will be inspired.

encourage healthy competition among participants.

teach students to shine under pressure and to cope with nerves or performance anxiety.

Intramurals Are the Perfect Opportunity to Highlight Camaraderie, Sportsmanship, and Talent

School is a place where students are nurtured toward becoming responsible and productive members of
society. School provides a means of molding students into capable employees or professionals in their
chosen fields. Mathematics and science help students to enhance their reasoning, English helps hone
and polish verbal and written communications, social studies promote socialization and awareness, and
physical education encourages students to have holistic and active lifestyles and practice the arts of
winning, losing, and teamwork.

Have fun and enjoy themselves!

Develop friendships and meet new people

Become more determined and demonstrate resilience

Understand and demonstrate the importance of respect for others

Learn to develop self control and manage emotions

Experience being part of a team and understand your contribution to it

Win with pride and lose with grace

Learn the importance of practice and preparation

Learn how to set realistic goals and work towards achieving them

Aspire to improve and challenge themselves

For teachers and schools...

Access exclusive content – registered schools have access to a range of tools, resources, videos and case
studies which support the delivery of the School Games.

Get in contact with your local School Games Organiser, who will be able to offer you an annual calendar
of competition for your school to access.

Be eligible for incentives and rewards – registered schools who blog on the School Games website will
be considered for a range of prizes and fantastic promotion opportunities.

Apply for the School Games Mark – the award scheme rewards schools registered for the School Games
for their commitment to the development of competition across their school and into their community.

Publicise sporting events at your school – registered schools can customise their very own school profile
page and share this with students, parents, and others in the local community.

Learn how to use sport as a catalyst across the curriculum – as well as an opportunity for more young
people to actively engage in competitive sport, the School Games can provide advice and resources for
wider impact across the curriculum.

Utilise Change4Life clubs - fulfil government plans for getting young people active for at least 60 minutes
every day and help tackle childhood obesity.

No.1

Competition, in reality, leads to better collaboration

Along with solo events, the top schools also host inter-school activities wherein students are required to
participate in a group. And when a team of students works towards a common goal, the collaboration
among them reaches a new peak every time. Everyone in the team will bring forward a unique skill. They
will have to share their ideas, learn from each other, respect each member’s contribution and function
as a group. All these create a sense of belongingness and bonding. Students thrive when they learn to
collaborate.

It also primes soft skill development

In that very group where the students are working together to win the inter-school event, every
member’s soft skills are getting sharpened with involvement. One student will emerge as the leader of
the group. He/she will learn management like no other. Another with exciting ideas will have to
communicate and express so that everyone understands. This student’s oration skills will touch the sky.
Similarly, every student participating in the event will benefit as the deadline somehow makes it
necessary to bring forward their own skills.

There is success even in failure

And that is what the top CBSE schools in Gurgaon try to achieve through inter-school events. As
previously thought, competitions are rarely about winning or losing. Research has shown that students
who fail often have shown a greater success rate in their future. If a student fails to win a science
competition today, he/she is sure to learn from his/her mistakes and win the next year. Good schools
counsel their students in such a fashion where failure is rarely seen through a negative lens. It is only a
learning experience for a better tomorrow.

Rivalry is required for true development

It is only human to compare oneself with someone else. It is by comparison that we strive to become
better people than what we already are and develop accordingly. Through inter-school activities, the
field of competition broadens. Students not only get the opportunity to compare themselves with the
students of the same school but with other schools as well. This brings them in the vicinity of better
talent where they can learn from senior students and consider them their rivals or mentors and work
harder.

It creates an internal drive

At times, participation may be about winning the competition. But gradually, it does become for the fun
of it. A master debater continues to participate in debates because he/she likes the event. A soccer
player continues to play for his/her team no matter what the result of the games turns out to be. Inter-
school activities work as the first step of motivation to bring the students to the field but from then
onwards, it becomes all about the underlying interest and passion. Students willingly participate and
keep learning along the way.

Competition elevates engagement

At the end of it all, inter-school activities are all about the fun of participating. Even if the solo contender
or the team does not win, they are bound to enjoy every bit of it, right from the research phase to the
conflicts to sharing the tension of the outcome. And regular participation naturally makes education fun-
filled where students find new enthusiasm to engage more. Inter-school activities are ways in which
schools can effectively break any lingering monotony. They bring students back to school.

So, when you Top CBSE Schools in Gurgaon, be sure to go for institutions that not only boast of a
wardrobe full of trophies but participates in inter-school activities as well. And The Paras World School
India is such an institution where constructive competition forms a crucial part of its curriculum. TPWSI
believes in challenge-based learning. Hence, it participates in a range of activities to provide maximum
exposure to its students. Winning stands as a secondary priority. Learning always takes primary
precedence

First of all, by joining inter-school sports competitions, Form 6 students can learn

to get along with their fellow teammates and make more friends with students from

other schools. They can not only share their learning experience but also enhance

their communication and interpersonal skills. As a result, joining inter-school sports

competitions helps them to develop essential skills.

Besides, by joining sports events, students could improve their fitness and
stamina. In fact, doctors always suggest people do more exercise in order to

stay healthy. Hence, Form 6 students should also do more sports so as to keep

themselves strong and vigorous. A fit and healthy body would definitely help to

improve concentration. Nevertheless, if our school does not allow them to join sports

competitions, they may become weaker than others and may even get sick easily.

Some may not be able to sit the examination due to poor health. Therefore, letting

Form 6 students join inter-school sports competitions could make them exercise more

and they would not be absent from examinations because of poor healthFirst of all, by joining inter-
school sports competitions, Form 6 students can learn

to get along with their fellow teammates and make more friends with students from

other schools. They can not only share their learning experience but also enhance

their communication and interpersonal skills. As a result, joining inter-school sports

competitions helps them to develop essential skills.

Besides, by joining sports events, students could improve their fitness and

stamina. In fact, doctors always suggest people do more exercise in order to

stay healthy. Hence, Form 6 students should also do more sports so as to keep
themselves strong and vigorous. A fit and healthy body would definitely help to

improve concentration. Nevertheless, if our school does not allow them to join sports

competitions, they may become weaker than others and may even get sick easily.

Some may not be able to sit the examination due to poor health. Therefore, letting

Form 6 students join inter-school sports competitions could make them exercise more

and they would not be absent from examinations because of poor health

More importantly, doing sports would help students relieve stress and improve

their mental health. According to a survey conducted by the Chinese University of

Hong Kong, most respondents believed that doing sports after revision brought

about positive effects. For instance, they thought that their memory span could be

enhanced after doing sports. In addition, a majority of interviewees said that they felt

relaxed by doing sports. The findings also show that physical activities are good for

both students’ physical and mental health. Thus, our school should encourage Form 6

students to join inter-school sports competitions.More importantly, doing sports would help students
relieve stress and improve

their mental health. According to a survey conducted by the Chinese University of

Hong Kong, most respondents believed that doing sports after revision brought

about positive effects. For instance, they thought that their memory span could be

enhanced after doing sports. In addition, a majority of interviewees said that they felt

relaxed by doing sports. The findings also show that physical activities are good for

both students’ physical and mental health. Thus, our school should encourage Form 6

students to join inter-school sports competitions.

Inter.

They can not only share their learning experience but also enhance their communication and
interpersonal skills. As a result, joining inter-school sports competitions helps them to develop essential
skills. ... More importantly, doing sports would help students relieve stress and improve their mental
health.

2.Coroebus of Elis, commonly spelled Koroibos (Greek: Κόροιβος Ἠλεῖος), was a Greek cook,[1] baker[2]
and athlete from Elis, who won the stadion race in the first recorded Ancient Olympic Games in 776 BC.

From the years 776 to 724 BC, the stadion was the only event that took place at the Olympic Games. The
victor gave his name to the entire four-year Olympiad, which has allowed scholars to know the names of
nearly every ancient Olympic stadion winner.[1]

The stadion was named after the building in which it took place, also called the stadion. This word
became stadium in Latin, which became the English word stadium. The race also gave its name to the
unit of length, the stadion. There were other types of running events, but the stadion was the most
prestigious; the winner was often considered to be the winner of an entire Games. Though a separate
event, the stadion was also part of the ancient Pentathlon.
Stadion or stade (Ancient Greek: στάδιον) was an ancient running event, part of the Ancient Olympic
Games and the other Panhellenic Games. It was one of the five major Pentathlon events. It was the
premier event of the gymnikos agon (γυμνικὸς ἀγών "nude competition").[1]

4.4.Track and field (Athletics) is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of
running, jumping, and throwing.[1] The name is derived from where the sport takes place, a running
track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field is categorized
under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running, and
racewalking.

The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, racewalking and
hurdling, are won by the athlete who completes it in the least time. The jumping and throwing events
are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long
jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put,
javelin, discus and hammer. There are also "combined events" or "multi events", such as the pentathlon
consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, and decathlon consisting of ten events.
In these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are
individual sports with a single victor; the most prominent team events are relay races, which typically
feature teams of four. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and
women's competitions are usually held at the same venue. If a race has too many people to run all at
once, preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants.

Track and field is one of the oldest sports. In ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with
festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. In modern times, the two most
prestigious international track and field competitions are the athletics competition at the Olympic
Games and the World Athletics Championships. World Athletics, formerly known as the International
Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body for the sport of athletics.

Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, right down to
a personal level. However, if athletes are deemed to have violated the event's rules or regulations, they
are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased.

In the United States, the term track and field may refer to other athletics events, such as cross country,
the marathon and road running, rather than strictly track-based events.
The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory. Track and field-style events are among the
oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of
human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a sports
festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event
was contested: the stadion footrace.[3] The scope of the Games expanded in later years to include
further running competitions, but the introduction of the Ancient Olympic pentathlon marked a step
towards track and field as it is recognized today—it comprised a five-event competition of the long
jump, javelin throw, discus throw, stadion footrace,[3] and wrestling.[4][5]

Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and
they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC.[6][7] After the period of Classical antiquity (in which the
sport was largely Greco-Roman influenced) new track and field events began developing in parts of
Northern Europe in the Middle Ages. The stone put and weight throw competitions popular among
Celtic societies in Ireland and Scotland were precursors to the modern shot put and hammer throw
events. One of the last track and field events to develop was the pole vault, which stemmed from
competitions such as the Fierljeppen contests in the Northern European Lowlands in the 18th century.

Discrete modern track and field competitions, separate from general sporting festivals, were first
recorded in the 19th century. These were typically organised by educational institutions, military
organisations and sports clubs as competitions between rival establishments.[8] Competitions in the
English public schools were conceived as human equivalents of horse racing, fox hunting and hare
coursing, influenced by a Classics-rich curriculum. The Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt is the oldest
running club in the world, with written records going back to 1831 and evidence that it was established
by 1819.[9] The school organised Paper Chase races in which runners followed a trail of paper shreds left
by two "foxes";[9] even today RSSH runners are called "hounds" and a race victory is a "kill".[10] The
first definite record of Shrewsbury's (cross-country) Annual Steeplechase is in 1834, making it the oldest
running race of the modern era.[9] The school also lays claim to the oldest track and field meeting still in
existence, originating in the Second Spring Meeting first documented in 1840.[9] This featured a series
of throwing and jumping events with mock horse races including the Derby Stakes, the Hurdle Race and
the Trial Stakes. Runners were entered by "owners" and named as though they were horses.[9] 13 miles
(21 km) away and a decade later, the first Wenlock Olympian Games were held at Much Wenlock
racecourse.[11] Events at the 1851 Wenlock Games included a "half-mile foot race" (805 m) and a
"leaping in distance" competition.[12]

In 1865, Dr William Penny Brookes of Wenlock helped set up the National Olympian Association, which
held their first Olympian Games in 1866 at The Crystal Palace in London.[12] This national event was a
great success, attracting a crowd of over ten thousand people.[12] In response, that same year the
Amateur Athletic Club was formed and held a championship for "gentlemen amateurs" in an attempt to
reclaim the sport for the educated elite.[12] Ultimately the "allcomers" ethos of the NOA won through
and the AAC was reconstituted as the Amateur Athletic Association in 1880, the first national body for
the sport of athletics. The AAA Championships, the de facto British national championships despite
being for England only, have been held annually since 3 July 1880 with breaks only during two world
wars and 2006–2008.[13] The AAA was effectively a global governing body in the early years of the
sport, codifying its rules for the first time.

Meanwhile, the United States began holding an annual national competition—the USA Outdoor Track
and Field Championships—first held in 1876 by the New York Athletic Club.[14] The establishment of
general sports governing bodies for the United States (the Amateur Athletic Union in 1888) and France
(the Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques in 1889) put the sport on a formal footing and
meant that international competitions became possible.

The establishment of the modern Olympic Games at the end of the 19th century marked a new high for
track and field. The Olympic athletics programme, comprising track and field events plus a marathon
race, contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the 1896 Summer Olympics. The
Olympics also consolidated the use of metric measurements in international track and field events, both
for race distances and for measuring jumps and throws. The Olympic athletics programme greatly
expanded over the next decades, and track and field contests remained among the Games' most
prominent. The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field, and only amateur sportsmen
could compete. Track and field continued to be a largely amateur sport, as this rule was strictly
enforced: Jim Thorpe was stripped of his track and field medals from the 1912 Olympics after it was
revealed that he had taken expense money for playing baseball, violating Olympic amateurism rules,
before the 1912 Games. His medals were reinstated 29 years after his death.[15]

That same year, the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) was established, becoming the
international governing body for track and field, and it enshrined amateurism as one of its founding
principles for the sport. The National Collegiate Athletic Association held their first Men's Outdoor Track
and Field Championship in 1921, making it one of the most prestigious competitions for students, and
this was soon followed by the introduction of track and field at the inaugural World Student Games in
1923.[16] The first continental track and field competition was the 1919 South American
Championships, which was followed by the European Athletics Championships in 1934.[17]

Up until the early 1920s, track and field had been almost exclusively a male-only pursuit. Alice Milliat
argued for the inclusion of women at the Olympics, but the International Olympic Committee refused.
She founded the International Women's Sports Federation in 1921 and, alongside a growing women's
sports movement in Europe and North America, the group initiated of the Women's Olympiad (held
annually from 1921 to 1923). Working in conjunction with the English Women's Amateur Athletic
Association (WAAA), the Women's World Games was held four times between 1922 and 1934, as well as
a Women's International and British Games in London in 1924. These events ultimately led to the
introduction of five track and field events for women in the athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics.[18]
In China, women's track and field events were being held in the 1920s, but were subject to criticism and
disrespect from audiences. National women's events were established in this period, with 1923 seeing
the First British Track & Field championships for women and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)
sponsoring the First American Track & Field championships for women. Also in 1923, physical education
advocate Zhang Ruizhen called for greater equality and participation of women in Chinese track and
field.[19] The rise of Kinue Hitomi and her 1928 Olympic medal for Japan signified the growth of
women's track and field in East Asia.[20] More women's events were gradually introduced as years
progressed (although it was only towards the end of the century that the men's and women's
programmes approached parity of events). Marking an increasingly inclusive approach to the sport,
major track and field competitions for disabled athletes were first introduced at the 1960 Summer
Paralympics.

With the rise of numerous regional championships, as well as the growth in Olympic-style multi-sport
events (such as the Commonwealth Games and the Pan-American Games), competitions between
international track and field athletes became widespread. From the 1960s onwards, the sport gained
more exposure and commercial appeal through television coverage and the increasing wealth of
nations. After over half a century of amateurism, the amateur status of the sport began to be displaced
by growing professionalism in the late 1970s.[8] As a result, the Amateur Athletic Union was dissolved in
the United States and it was replaced with a non-amateur body solely focused on the sport of athletics:
The Athletics Congress (later USA Track and Field).[21] The IAAF abandoned amateurism in 1982 and
later removed all references to it from its name by rebranding itself as the International Association of
Athletics Federations.[8] While Western countries were limited to amateurs until the early 1980s, Soviet
Bloc countries always fielded state-funded athletes who trained full-time, putting American and Western
European athletes at a significant disadvantage.[22] 1983 saw the establishment of the IAAF World
Championships in Athletics—the first ever global competition just for athletics—which, with the
Olympics, became one of track and field's most prestigious competitions.

The profile of the sport reached a new high in the 1980s, with a number of athletes becoming household
names (such as Carl Lewis, Sergey Bubka, Sebastian Coe, Zola Budd and Florence Griffith Joyner). Many
world records were broken in this period, and the added political element between competitors of the
United States, East Germany, and the Soviet Union, in reaction to the Cold War, only served to stoke the
sport's popularity. The increase in the commercial capacity of track and field was also met with
developments in the application of sports science, and there were many changes to coaching methods,
athlete's diet regimes, training facilities and sports equipment. This was also accompanied by an
increase in the use of performance-enhancing drugs. State-sponsored doping in 1970s and 1980s East
Germany, China,[23] the Soviet Union,[24] and early 21st century Russia, as well as prominent individual
cases such as those of Olympic gold medallists Ben Johnson and Marion Jones, damaged the public
image and marketability of the sport.

From the 1990s onwards, track and field became increasingly more professional and international, as
the IAAF gained over two hundred member nations. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became
a fully professional competition with the introduction of prize money in 1997,[8] and in 1998 the IAAF
Golden League—an annual series of major track and field meetings in Europe—provided a higher level
of economic incentive in the form of a US$1 million jackpot. In 2010, the series was replaced by the
more lucrative IAAF Diamond League, a fourteen-meeting series held in Europe, Asia, North America and
the Middle East—the first ever worldwide annual series of track and field meetings.

Ancient History

Track and field has been around since the start of the Olympics in Ancient Greece in 776 B.C. It was
created alongside religious events and celebrations for the Greek gods where men (no women were
allowed) could show off their athletic abilities. From there it spread to the Romans who continued the
games until the Christian Emperor Theodosius I banned them in 394 A.D. because of their ties to pagan
beliefs.

While it has grown since its inception, the first games included categories such as sprint races, long
jump, discus, shot put and javelin. The track and field events in these ancient times still remain in
today’s sport. Victors were praised and celebrated by their home cities for their success in these games.

Modern Age

While track and field has a long and storied history, it did not gain great popularity and take off until the
1860s. In 1866, England held its first championships for men amateurs. No financial compensation was
provided to the winners, setting precedent for the modern-day Olympics and basis for the sport.

Momentum behind track and field started to grow in England and later traveled to the United States.
The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) was founded in the U.S. in 1887 and has been the governing body for
the sport since. Just shy of 10 years later, the modern Olympics began in 1896 with track and field
amongst the list of participating sports.
Track Events

Specific track events include indoor and outdoor sprints. Indoor sprints range from 50 yards to 500
meters and outdoor sprints are either 100, 200, or 400 meters. Middle distance races range from 800 to
2,000 meters and long distances range from 3,000 to 30,000 meters.

In addition to the sprints, there are also hurdles and relay teams. Hurdles are placed on the track and
the athlete must run while jumping over the barriers. Men must cross 10 hurdles in either the 110 or
400-meter race and women must cross eight hurdles at 100 or 400 meters. Relay teams are composed
of four athletes who each run separate distances or legs of the race. The 4x100m and 4x400m are most
common.

Field Events

Today's field events include high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump, shot put, discus, javelin, and
hammer. Vertical jump competitions include the high jump and pole vault. These events are scored by
the height at which each athlete reaches without knocking down the pole/marker. Horizontal jump
competitions include the long and triple jump. Both of these are measured by how far an athlete can
jump forward, with the winner jumping the farthest into a sandpit from a runway. The triple jump has
specific components of a hop, step, and jump. Throwing competitions include shot put, discus, javelin,
and hammer. The winner of these events succeeds by throwing the object the farthest.

In some cases, these competitions held once by Greek and Roman warriors could be considered the
birthplace of true sport. Track and field has grown to one of the most participated and popular sports
around the world. Whether you are an avid all-year fan or just catch the highlights every four years
watching the Olympics, track and field has been a part of history since ancient times and will continue to
be for many years to come.

The Olympic Games are an international sports festival that began in ancient Greece. The original Greek
games were staged every fourth year for several hundred years, until they were abolished in the early
Christian era. The revival of the Olympic Games took place in 1896, and since then they have been
staged every fourth year, except during World War I and World War II (1916, 1940, 1944).
Perhaps the basic difference between the ancient and modern Olympics is that the former was the
ancient Greeks' way of saluting their gods, whereas the modern Games are a manner of saluting the
athletic talents of citizens of all nations. The original Olympics featured competition in music, oratory,
and theater performances as well. The modern Games have a more expansive athletic agenda, and for 2
and a half weeks they are supposed to replace the rancor of international conflict with friendly
competition. In recent times, however, that lofty ideal has not always been attained.

The Ancient Olympics

The earliest reliable date that recorded history gives for the first Olympics is 776 B.C., although virtually
all historians presume that the Games began well before then.

It is certain that during the midsummer of 776 B.C. a festival was held at Olympia on the highly civilized
eastern coast of the Peloponnesian peninsula. That festival remained a regularly scheduled event, taking
place during the pre-Christian golden age of Greece. As a testimony to the religious nature of the Games
(which were held in honor of Zeus, the most important god in the ancient Greek pantheon), all wars
would cease during the contests. According to the earliest records, only one athletic event was held in
the ancient Olympics — a footrace of about 183 m (200 yd), or the length of the stadium. A cook,
Coroibus of Elis, was the first recorded winner. The first few Olympics had only local appeal and were
limited to one race on one day; only men were allowed to compete or attend. A second race — twice
the length of the stadium — was added in the 14th Olympics, and a still longer race was added to the
next competition, four years later.

When the powerful, warlike Spartans began to compete, they influenced the agenda. The 18th
Olympiad included wrestling and a pentathlon consisting of running, jumping, spear throwing (the
javelin), discus throwing, and wrestling. Boxing was added at the 23rd Olympiad, and the Games
continued to expand, with the addition of chariot racing and other sports. In the 37th Olympiad (632
B.C.) the format was extended to five days of competition.

The growth of the Games fostered "professionalism" among the competitors, and the Olympic ideals
waned as royalty began to compete for personal gain, particularly in the chariot events. Human beings
were being glorified as well as the gods; many winners erected statues to deify themselves. In A.D. 394
the Games were officially ended by the Roman emperor Theodosius I, who felt that they had pagan
connotations.
The Modern Olympics

The revival of the Olympic Games in 1896, unlike the original Games, has a clear, concise history. Pierre
de Coubertin (1863–1937), a young French nobleman, felt that he could institute an educational
program in France that approximated the ancient Greek notion of a balanced development of mind and
body. The Greeks themselves had tried to revive the Olympics by holding local athletic games in Athens
during the 1800s, but without lasting success. It was Baron de Coubertin's determination and
organizational genius, however, that gave impetus to the modern Olympic movement. In 1892 he
addressed a meeting of the Union des Sports Athlétiques in Paris. Despite meager response he
persisted, and an international sports congress eventually convened on June 16, 1894. With delegates
from Belgium, England, France, Greece, Italy, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and the United States in
attendance, he advocated the revival of the Olympic Games. He found ready and unanimous support
from the nine countries. De Coubertin had initially planned to hold the Olympic Games in France, but
the representatives convinced him that Greece was the appropriate country to host the first modern
Olympics. The council did agree that the Olympics would move every four years to other great cities of
the world.

Thirteen countries competed at the Athens Games in 1896. Nine sports were on the agenda: cycling,
fencing, gymnastics, lawn tennis, shooting, swimming, track and field, weight lifting, and wrestling. The
14-man U.S. team dominated the track and field events, taking first place in 9 of the 12 events. The
Games were a success, and a second Olympiad, to be held in France, was scheduled. Olympic Games
were held in 1900 and 1904, and by 1908 the number of competitors more than quadrupled the number
at Athens — from 311 to 2,082.

Beginning in 1924, a Winter Olympics was included — to be held at a separate cold-weather sports site
in the same year as the Summer Games — the first held at Chamonix, France. In 1980 about 1,600
athletes from 38 nations competed at Lake Placid, N.Y., in a program that included Alpine and Nordic
skiing, biathlon, ice hockey, figure skating and speed skating, bobsled, and luge.

But the Summer Games, with its wide array of events, are still the focal point of the modern Olympics.
Among the standard events are basketball, boxing, canoeing and kayaking, cycling, equestrian arts,
fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, modern pentathlon, rowing, shooting, soccer, swimming and diving,
tennis, track and field, volleyball, water polo, weight lifting, wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman), and
yachting. New sports are added to the roster at every Olympic Games; among the more prominent are
baseball, martial arts, and most recently triathlon, which was first contested at the 2000 Games. The
Games are governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), whose headquarters is in Lausanne,
Switzerland.
The Summer and Winter Games were traditionally held in the same year, but because of the increasing
size of both Olympics, the Winter Games were shifted to a different schedule after 1992. They were held
in Lillehammer, Norway in 1994, in Nagano, Japan in 1998, in Salt Lake City, Utah in 2002, in Turin, Italy
in 2006, and in 2010, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Ancient History

In order to understand this sport's past, we need to go back about 2,800 years to ancient Greece.
Religious festivals at Olympia provided the opportunity for runners to sprint about the length of a half of
a modern track. This flat piece of ground where these races took place was often straight rather than
curved and was known as a stadion, giving us the name for the stadiums of today's sporting world.

Around 1,700 years later, these ancient Olympic games were no longer allowed in the region. The
religious elements of the festivals clashed with the beliefs of the Christian emperor of the time.
Although the sport was still practiced to some extent, it would take nearly another 1,500 years until
track and field would make a huge comeback in the late 1800s.

Growth in the Nineteenth Century

The nature of work and play were changing by the nineteenth century. In particular, in the second half
of the century, leisure time would get a big boost. Industrialized regions of the world, such as England,
were discovering a revitalized form of leisure experience in the world of sports.

Whether playing or spectating, this new group of sports enthusiasts saw track and field becoming more
organized. Single meetings, or meets, included a variety of events in one large competition, with field
events taking place at the same time as track events.

Formal groups were established to set the rules and organize the events. Schools began to offer
programs to teach the sport. By the end of the century, the first modern Olympic Games were held and
12 of the events were track and field.

Modern Track and Field

By 2008, the number of Olympic track and field events had grown from these original 12 to a total of 47
events. This evolution occurred due to at least two major factors.

First, many events were added over time, such as relays, javelin, and cross-country. Combined events,
such as the decathlon (10 total events) and pentathlon (5 total events) were also included. Some events
were discontinued, but more were added than removed during this period.

5.1. The organiser cf a sports competition must enlist the assistance of qualified personnel concerned
with the particular sports competition being organised. One way of doing this is for the organiser to
involve officials of the sports organisations or federations in the organisation of the sports meet (Keiler
& Forsythe, 1984). Once these personnel have been identified, they may constitute an organising
committee, of which the principal organiser (sports manager) becomes a member. Further to this, it may
be necessary to set up sub-committees to take care of the various aspects of the sports meet.

2. Another important consideration for the success of the sports meet is the identification and
provision of suitable and adequate facilities and equipment (Bucher, 1979; Dauer & Pangazi, 1990; Fait.
1976; Fordham & Leaf, 1978), The facilities should be availed in a venue that can easiiy be accessed
(Kirchner, 1978). The facilities, both indoor and outdcor, must be marked properly according to the
required dimensions, cleaned and cleared of any physical hazards (Keller & Forsythe, 1984; Kirchner,
1978; Robertson, 1994).

The sitting and parking areas must be adequate, The equipment for the competition(s) must also be of
acceptabie standard and adequate in quantity to avoid wastage of time by competitors standing and
waiting to perform activities in turns (Dauer & Pangazi, 1990; Keller & Forsythe, 1984; Robertson, 1994).
In addition to the sports equipment, there should be provision for a Public Address Equipment or any
other suitable device for use in facilitating communication, and for some entertainment during rest
intervals in the competitions (Kirchner, 1978).

3. An elaborate programme that shows the order and timing of events or competitions must be arawn
to avoid delay, wastage of time or any possible omission of some (Fait, 1976; Frost,

Lockhart & Marshall, 1995). A precondition of drawing the actual programme of competition is the
careful identification of the date and day of competition such a date should not collide with any other
important event in which the organisers may be involved or which may interfere with the sports meet
(Frost, Lockhart & Marshall, 1995; Keller & Forsythe, 1984). The programme that is drawn must clearly
show the nature of tournament or competition format that is to be adopted, for instance, the round
robin format/ ieague-cum-knockout, knockout, byes, heats (in track events), and so forth (Dauer &
Pangazi, 1990; Kirchner, 1978). Further to this, any competition or tournament rules should be spelt out,
clarified and posted to all participants (Dauer & Pangazi, 1990; Keller & Forsythe, 1984).
4. Critical to the success of a sports competition is the quality of officiating. Organisers of any
competition must, therefore, recruit technicaliy qualified officials to officiate at such event (Dauer &
Pangazi, 1990; Fait, 1976; Robertson, 1994). A suitable guest of honour and any other guests should also
be identified (Frost, Lockhart & Marshall, 1995). It is aiso a good sign of courtesy and a way of ensuring
security to invite and or communicate to inform the local administrative authority about the intended
sports meet (Frost, Lockhart & Marshall, 1995).

5. All the necessary invitations should be made in good time to enable the concerned persons prepare
themselves adequately for the intended sports meet. Invitations should be sent out to teams, officials,
guests, guest of honour, First-Aid/medica! personnel, members of the press, and any other relevant
persons. The invitation letters should contain details of location (of venue), date and time for the
competitions (Kelier & Forsythe, 1984). In competitions invoiving youth, there may be need to inform or
seek the permission of their parents and or their school authorities (Keller Forsythe, 1984).

6. Consideration should be given to the need to pubiicise the meet through the media, posters or any
other available channel (Frost, Lockhart & Marshall, 1995; Keller & Forsythe, 1984). This includes
extending an invitation to the members of the press to provide coverage of the event.

Philippine Athletics Track and Field Association (PATAFA)[1] is the governing body of athletics in the
Philippines. The first participation of the Philippines in an international competition was at the Far
Eastern Games in 1913.[1] As for the olympics, their first participation began in 1924 and has continued
every summer olympics expect the 1980 Moscow Olympics. The first win that the Philippines national
athletics team had won though was the olympic games, receiving a bronze medal in the Men's 200
meters breaststroke, won by Teófilo Yldefonso, in the 1928 Amsterdam summer Olympics.

Philip Ella Juico was elected president of PATAFA in November 2014 but the Philippine Olympic
Committee withdrew recognition due to the absence of an observer from the committee to overlook the
election. Another election was held on March 25, 2015, now with POC Vice President Joey Romasanta as
observer and Juico was recognized as president by the Olympic body. Juico will serve a three-year term.

Upon the legitimization of his post as president, Juico announced a plan to rename the Athletics body
and drop the word "amateur" because the body also accommodates professional and semi-pro athletes
and not only collegiate players. The sporting body was renamed Philippine Athletics Track and Field
Association on March 25 at the POC General Assembly where the athletics body was also granted
recognition by the Olympic Body.