AEATIO EAAHNIKHZ ZIIHAAIOAOInCHZ ETAIPEW, TOMOZ XXI, 1993-1994

50 AIEBNEZ ZYNEAPIO, ABHNA-KPHTH, 7-11/11/1994 “ANAIITYEH, E S E A W KAI nEPIBAMON ZnHAAILaN”

FIRST RESULTS OF THE PALABONTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE

FISSURE FILLINGS IN THE AREA OF HALYKES, MAGNESIA

A. ATHANASSIOU

ABSTRACT
In this paper a fouil fauna found in Mesozoic marble fissure fillings M described.
The locality WM found by Dr. 0. Theodorou, who collected the first material. The
fauna conrirta of Micromammala (Leporidae and Arvicolidae) and big Mammah
(Elephantidae, B o v i h and representatives of the genera Equus, Canis and Panthera). A
brief description of these findings is given, with emphuir on the carnivores. The
locality is conaidered to be of Lower Pleistocene age.

ZYNOlPH
H axoSrOcqdy n a d 6 a IOU %spryp6cpsrat U T ~ Vspyada a H , Bpf&r1~8UE apyrXrK6
nX+copa xduparoc, W T pappLpaov
~ ~ E U O < O ~ K ~qXrxiaC,
~C U T ~ Vrcspro~i AXUKBV
M a y y d a C . H 86uq EVTO~UTI~KBan6 TOV Ex. K a & r y q i TOU navsmnaswiou ABqvaiv
r.@808dpou, o o n o i fxavs
~ xar T ~ np&q
V 0 u X h y l i U ~ A K O ~H. m d 6 a s8prLapMvst
MtxpoOqXaunxL ( a v n l r r p w h ~TOV otxoysvsraiv L e p o r i h xar Arvicolidae) xar
psyQXa BqXaunwQ (Elephantidae, Bovidae, avnlrrpouho\y TOV ysvhv Equus, Canis
Kar ~aathera),yra ta onoia napasieswat ra npaira anorshgupara, w fpwauq ura
supipara TOV Xapxotpdryopv. H qXtria T ~ ronoOsrairar
C UTO Kar. I I k r u d x a r v o .

INTRODUCTION
-
The District of Magnesia (Theualy Central Greece) M area of great importance
for the continental Pleistocene of Greece, M a big part of its surface is occupied by
clays rich in fossil Vertebratea A part of these sediments and their fauna were studied
by ZYMHCiNIAHZ & TATAPHX (1982) and XYMECiNIAIiZ (1992), both papers concerning the
petrology and paheontology Of the bMin Of SeSklOlL Another StUdy, VAN DHR m U L H N
& VAN KOLPSCHOTEN(l988), cites a faunal list for the fissure filling locality Volos,
without giving any data about the exact location of the site. The present paper M a
preliminary report on the fouil vertebrates of the locality Halykes, near the town of
Volos. and it is a part of a general study on the Plio-Pleistocene fossil Vertebratea of
Thessaly.

* IIpchra azoraliapara rqg zaXaiovroXoyir6g paXlrqg x h p a r ~r q g z a p i o ~ i gA X U K ~ V

Mayvqaiag.
** A. Athanaariou. Univerrity of at he^, Subfaculty of Geology, Department of Historical
Geology and Palaeontology. Paneputimioupolu, 157 84 Athena, Greece.

BULLETIN DE LA SOCIk’Il? SPELEOLOGIQUE DE G&CE, V.XXI, 1993-1994

5th INT. CONGRESS, ATHkNES-CRkTE,7-1 111111994 “CAVE DEVELOPMENT, EVOLUTION AND ENWRONMETT’

318
 The site is situated on the road Athens-Volor
by the small village Ealykes (fig. 1). It is an old
marble quarry where the marble i s already taken V O L O S
awry while the clay that filled its fissures is left
in place M uselesa. The first material WM
collected by Dr. 0. Theodorou who discovered
the locality in 1990. In the following years
fossil material was also collected many times N
by the present author during field work in the I
area. Unfortunately, the toughness of the
GULF
sediment, M well M the fragility and the bad
conservation of the fossil bone remains made the
whole work very difficult and time consuming.
Most of the material WM carried M clay blocka
to the Laboratory of the Museum of Geology
and Palaeontology of the Athens University, in
order to be prepared wing techniques which Fig. I : Geographical position
cannot be applied in the field. (circle) of Halykes locality

FAUNAL COMPOSITION
The fauna is variant including remains of small Mammals, Carnivora, Proboscidea,
Bovidae and Bquidae:

Order: Lagomorpha BRANDT, 1855

Family: Leporidae FIXHER,1817

L e p o r i d a e gen. et sp. indet.

A great number of leporid long bones, mainly metapodials, was found. The dental
remains are rather scarce, which is quite unuual. Neverthebaa there is a amdl number
of very poorly preserved skulls, mandibles and isolated teeth. Although the leporid
material i s abundant, a generic, or even more a specific, determination of the findings
is at the moment impossible because the long bones, M well as the anterior cheek teeth.
P3 and P,, which are of great importance for the determination of the lagomorphs, are
broken or seriously damaged, so that they cannot give any reliable result. Thus it is
very difficult to distinguish whether we are dealing with the genus Lepus or
Oryctolagus.
We hope that we will find some good specimens in the material that is still under
preparation, although the very bad condition of the fossils does not make us very
hopeful.

Order: Rodentia BOWDICA,1821

Family: Arvicolidae GRAY,1821

319
 A r v i c o l i d a e gen. et sp. indet.
A skull of large size, having both dental rows, is the only find that belongs to that
family. The specimen is very bad preserved. The preparation has not been completed,
so it cannot yet be determined. We tentatively assign it to a Mimomys species.

Order: Carnivora BOWDICH, 1821

Family: Canidae ORAY,1821
OenW: canis LINNAEUS. 1758

The material that is attributed to the genus Canis COMM~S of some mandibular and
maxillary fragments, that permit a specific determination. Some long bone remains are
found an well. The following species were found

C a n i s e t r u s c u s FORSYTH
MAJOR,
1877

', P4,M' and MZ;left

M a t e r i a 1: Left maxilla fragment (AX-60) having the teeth P
maxilla fragment (AX-59), perhaps of the same individual as the two specimens are
very similar, whose all teeth are broken; left mandibular ramous (AX-UO)having the
teeth C, P, (only a part), P, and M,.
M e a s u r e m e n t s [max. length x max. width (x max. height, were available),
in mml
U p e r j a w - P? 15.6 x 6.0 ; :'P 23.5 x ll3 ; M: 15.9 x 18.1 ; MZ: 8.7 x ll.2 ;
M'-M !-length: 25.0.
L o w e r j a w - C U S x 7.8; P,: 13.8 x 5.1; P,: 14.8
x 6.6 x 10.2; M,: 25.4 x 9.1 x
17.5 (trigonid length: 18.9); M,-&-length: 37.7; P,-&-length: 85.3;
Height of jaw: below the P, (max., under the protoconid, labial side): 25.0
in front of the P,:17.5
(The measured lengths of P,, M,-M, and P,-M, are not accurate, as they were partly
taken on the alveoli. However they are not far from the real ones, because, as it can be
easily observed on recent and fossil Canis mandibles, the proximal or distal ends of
these teeth coincide with the proximal or distal ends of their alveoli respectively).
These measurements were compared with others taken by the present author on
Valdarno and Olivola material in the collections of the MMeUmS of Natural History of
Florence (Italy) and of Baslo (Switzerland) and with those given by KOUPOS(1987 &
1992b) for the foasila of Mygdonia basin (Macedonia, Oreece).
The lower Pleistocene wolf Canis etruscus is represented in our material by fairly
well preserved specimens, except for the AX-UO mandible which was broken into many
pieces.

320
 Fig. 2: The maxilla
20 mm
fragment Ah-60.

The AA-60 maxillary fragment (fig. 2) belongs to a fairly old animal. Although its
teeth are considerably worn, it is possible to observe some of their characters. M' has a
week cingulum that forms a fairly big lingual cusp. The cingulum of MZ is however
well developed, while the whole tooth is rather long. The protocone of P* is rather
small. P3 is extremely long, being much longer than the maximum value measured on
Canis etruscus material. All teeth have in general large dimensions and they are always
bigger than the species mean values. This can be seen in the ratio diagram (fig. 4)
where the AX40 and the Canis etruscus mean values are plotted as log-differences from
the Canis amensis mean values (n = 3-6, Upper Valdarno).
Despite the bad condition of the mandible AA-150 (fig. 3, top), some observations on
the teeth characters can be made: Its most prominent feature is the fairly long M,,
although this is not quite uncommon in the Florence material. The hypoconid and the
entoconid are well developed. The metaconid is broken. P, has a very well developed
posterior accessory cusp (metastylid), while the cingulum tends to form another
smaller cuspid at the posterior edge of the tooth. P, is broken but a week accessory
cusp and a cingulum can be easily observed. All teeth have high crowns. The mandible
is curved (occlusal view) and the teeth are set very close to each other, both being
characteristic for Canis etnrscus (DELCAMPANA,1913). Some differences from the mean
Canis eiruscus can be e ~ i l seen
y in the ratio diagram (fig. 5), where the two lower jaws
of the genus Canis from Halykes are plotted together with the mean values of Canis
etruscus and Canis amensis from Valdarno and Olivola. (This comparison is of course
only indicative of the dimensions of our material as the specimens of Florence and
Basle Museums derive from different Localities and unknown horizons and therefore
they cannot be considered as a sample of a unique population). The mean Canis amensis
(n = 3-8, Florence collection) is used as standard. The narrowness of P,, P, and M, is
easily observed, as their points are quite divergent from the mean, but they fall within
the range of variation of Canis etruscus, being comparable to the minimum values of
the species. O n the contrary the length of the AX-150 teeth is considerably higher of
the mean, but always lower from the maximum values of the species. The only
difference from the Canis etruscus mean is in the height of the mandibular ramous in
front of PI,which in the case of AS-150 is lower than the minimum of the Italian
material, being in the range of Canis amensis. Despite this difference, we think that a
mandible of such dimensions with high crowned teeth that form a curved tooth-row
can be surely attriboted to Canis etruscus.
Compared with the Canis etruscus material from Mygdonia basin, Macedonia, studied
by KOUPOS(1992b), the AX-150 mandible has relatively longer and narrower P,, longer
P, and narrower M,.All these differences are about 10%.

321
 The relative size of the AMSO camarrrial tooth compared with already known
specimens of Canis etruscus and Canis amensis is given in the scatter diagram between
MI-length and M,-trigonid length (fig. 6). The diagram shows a very good specific
distinction, better than the one of &and M,-lengths propoaed by TORRE for this
purpose. Despite the small sample, it seem to be a good chart for taxonomic purposes.
It is clearly seen that the M,of the Canis etruscus from Ealykes is one of the longest in
the sample. The meuurementa of Canis etruscus from Mygdonia b u i n ( 0 ~ ~ - 1 6and 6
GER-167)given by Kou~os(l992b) are abo plotted.

1913
Canis a m e n s i s DELCAMPANA,

M a t e r i a 1: Skull fragment (AX-19) having the right M' and M2; left mandibular
ramous (AX-130) having the teeth P, (only a small part), P,, P, and MI.
M e a s u r e m e n t s (max. length x max. width, in mm):
Up p e r j a w - MI:12.8 x 15.0; Ma:7 2 x 10.7; ld-bf-leneth:21.7.
L o w e r j a w - P,: 11.1 x 5.0; P,: 12.9 x 58; MI:
22.1 x 9.0 (trigonid length: 15.8)
Height of jaw below the P,: 23.0.
(The poor preservation of the skull fragment didn't allow w to take any
measurements).

The skull fragment AX-19 haa only two teeth, M' and MZ.Both are 80 much worn
that it is impossible to make any observation on their morphology. The only prominent
cwps are the paracone and the metacone on MI, while on MZ even the metacone i s
completely worn out, leaving only a trace. The dimensions are small, placing this
specimen in the range of Canis amensis (fig. 4), although the great abrasion makes all
measurements inaccurate (the tooth dimensions are smaller at the base of the crown).
However, it isn't probable that the original dimensions would be comparable with those
of Canis etniscus
The AX-130 mandible (fig. 3, bottom) belongs to an aged individual, aa ita teeth are
fairly worn. Both preserved premolars, P, and P,, have only posterior accessory cwps
and a small cuspid formed by the cingulum. On P, a vestigial anterior cusp is abo
observed. The mandibular ramous is rather low and the teeth are well aligned. The
teeth dimensions match well with those of the Canis amensis material (see ratio
diagram, fig. 5). Some deviation from the mean Canis amensis values is observed mainly
in the width of P, and MI, but all these values fall in the range of variation of the
species. In the scatter diagram between the length of M,and the length of ita trigonid
(fig. 6) AX-130 lies almost on the trendline of the Canis amensis sample. Compared with
the mandibles of Canis amensis from Apollonia (APL)and Gerakrou (GER) localities in
Macedonia (studied by KoUPOs, 1987 & 1992b) our specimen appears to have practically
the same dimensions.

Family: Felidae GRAY,1821

Genus: Panthera OKBN,1818

322
 Fig. 3:The mandibles AX-150 (top) and AX-130(bottom).

-I.:
-0.02

Fig. 4: Upper jaw log-differencesfrom the mean Caois amensis (Florence Collection).

323
 0.12

0,lO 0
D
008

*\ I 4 ' i *
lo
\

0.M &- 0

0.04
0

0.02

0.00

-0,02

$ $

Fig. 5: Lower jaw log-differences from the mean Canis amensis (Florence Collection).

20

19

18

.. .
17

16
+ 9
0
.
.
wsetruccus carxsarlwns/s
0 Ah-150 0 Iu-130
15
)( GER-166 X GER-167
+ APL-17
14
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
mm
MI-LENGTH

Fig. 6: Scatter diagram of MI-length and the length of its trigonid.

324
 Panthera g o m b a s z o e g e n s i s (KRBTZOI, 1938)

Thin species in represented in our material by a very poorly preserved mandible

fragment (AX-7), having the teeth P, and M, as well as a small f ragment of the P,. The
protoconid of M,in broken.
Me as u r e m e n t s (max. length x max. width, in mm):
P,: 22 x 11; M,:23 x 12
Height of the m d b l e behind M,:42; in front of P': 39
All teeth measurements, especially that of the M,-length, are inaccurate because of
the very poor preservation of them. However, they are indicative of the specimen size,
placing it well within the variation of Panthera gombaszoegensis, M we me in the
following table:

Author

DELCAMPANA
(1915) 18.8-21.3 9.7-10.8 21.2-23.3 8.6-9.0 21-34
S m m ( 1949) 20.2 10.5 24.5 10.6 - -

BONIFAY(1971) 22.6-24.5 10.6-12.1 24.8-26.3 11.6-13.4 30.2-32.0

ARGANT (1991) 22.8-24.3 10.0-11.8 24.0-25.1 11.4-12.0 44.0 44.5

* Note: the above cited authors use different specific or even generic names, but all
were considered latter M synonyms of Panthera gombaszoegensis (SCHAUB,1949;
FICCARBLLI & TORRB, 1968, HEMMER, 1971; HBMM~R, 1972).
The specie8 is also known from Volos locality, Magnesia, T h e d y (VANDBR MBULBN
& VAN KOLPSCHOTBN, 1988), and from aerakarou, Mygdonia basin, Macedonia ( a k a ,
KOUPOS,1992b).

1811
Order: Proboscidea ILLIOBR,
Family: Elephantidae ORAY,1821

E l e p h a n t i d a e gen. et sp. indet.

A fragment of a small unworn deciduous molar that possess the characteristic
lamellar structure of Elephantidae was found in Halykes. Due to the lack of diagnostic
characters thin specimen Cannot be further determined.'

E q u u s cf. s t e o o n i s COCCHI,
1867

The presence of a horse in Halykes is proved by a single find (AI-lW), a mandible

that has both rami and all teeth except I, dext The specimen is laterally compressed;
the rami are almost in contact. All teeth are worn, so their morphology cannot be
studied in detail. However the cheek teeth (fig.7) are clearly of stenonid type

' This deciduous molar is actually very similar with a specimen from Saint-Vallier (Basle
collection), labelled D2of Elephas meridionalis.

325
(BISENMANN, 1981): the metaconid and meturtylid (double knot) have generally rather
convex lingual aides (that show minor folding in certain teeth) leaving a narrow and
fairly deep linguaflexid (lingual groove) in between. The ectoflexid (vestibular groove)
is very deep on the molars, reaching the point of the linguaflexid. There is not any pli
caballinid. The enamel is thin and its folding is not intensive or complicated. Despite
the general stenonid appearance of the teeth, some characters, M the not typically
convex vestibular side of protoconid and hypoconid, are not in accordance with the
typical stenonid pattern These are however not uncommon in the Equus stenonis
material. Some measurements (according to BISENMANNet id., 1988, fig. 4) are given in
the following table (in mm):

1 2 3 4 5 10 11 12 13
Ah-160 513 (130) 95 96 189 122 94 76 84
1: length (from the point between the alveoli of the I, to the back of the condyle); 2: muzzle length (from
the point between the alveoli of the 11 to the anterior border of P2); 3: premolar length (alveolar, on
vestibular side); 4: molar length (alveolar, on vestibular side); 5: lower cheek teeth length (alveolar); 10:
height of the jaw posterior to M3;11: height of the jaw between P4 and M,; 12: height of the jaw in front of
P2;13: length of the symphysis (from the point between the alveoli of the 1, to the back of the symphysis).

The P/M ratio (premolar-length x 100/ molar-length) is 99 (cement excluded) or 104

(cement included in the measurements).
The length and width measurements for each tooth are given in the following table
(cement excluded):

p2 p3 p4 MI M2 M3
A I - 1 6 0 ~ w L w L w L w L w L w
left 33.7 17.0 29.5 15.5 29.5 18.2 26.0 16.8 27.2 15.5 36.0 14.8
rieht - 17.2 29.6 15.9 29.7 17.7 25.7 15.7 27.4 15.3 36.3 14.0

Because of the teeth wear it is not possible to calculate any postflexid index.
The cheek teeth row length (measurement 5). the premolar and molar length (3 and
4 respectively), as well as the dimensions of each tooth are comparable to the size of
fairly large individuals of Equus stenonis, especially to that of the larger Equus stenonis
subspecies, E. st. vireti and E. st. stenonis (DB GIULI, 1972; PRAT,1980; BISENMANN,1981).
Compared to the Equus stenonis cf. senezensis from Libakos, W. Macedonia (STBBNSMA,
1988). the teeth of AX-160 are always among the larger specimens of the Libakos
material Nevertheless M, is distinctly larger than the maximum values from Libakos
(length: 32.2 mm; width: 13.7 mm). The equids of Gerakaroq Mygdonia basin,
Macedonia (KOUPOS,1992a), also appear to be smaller, having maximum values that are
often lower than those of AX-160. M, is much smaller measuring 26.2-32.2 mm in
length and 10.613.4 mm in width. Both equid samples, from Libakos and Gerakarou,
are referred by KOUPOS (1992a) to a new subspecies (Equus stenonis mygdoniensis).

In conclusion, it seems that the AX-160 mandible belongs to a stenonid horse with
some more advanced characteristics. Nevertheless the lack of other equid remains, as
well as the great abrasion of the teeth, do not allow any definitive specific
determination It is surely better to wait for more material.

326
 Fig. 7: Left and right dental series of the mandible AX- 160.

Order: Artiodactyla OWEN, 1848

Family: Bovidae ORAY,1821
Genw: GazellospiraPILGRIM& SHAUB, 1939

Gaze11o s p i r a tor t i c orn i s (AYMARD,1854)

The presence of Gazellospira torticomis ia indicated in the Halykes material by a

single find, a mandibular fragment having the M, and M, (AX-33). The very large
goatfold at the anterior part of M,,the hypsodont molars, the almost flat lingual side,
that are observed on the AX-33 specimen, are all characters of this species (PILGRIM&
S-UB, 1939). Both teeth are not much worn, especially M,, which has an unworn
talonid.
M e a s u r e m e n t s (max. length x max. width, in mm): M,: 25 x 12.8; M,:32.0 x 13.0.

Order. Artiodactyla OWEN, 1848

Family: Bovidae GRAY,1821

Bovidae gen. et sp. indet.

Numerow fragments of long bones that belong to a small animal of the family of
Bovidae were found in Halykes, but the poor preservation and the lack of sufficient
determinable material do not allow any generic determination.

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
The taxa identified in Halykes can give useful information about the stratigraphic
position of the locality. CaniL of the form of Canis etruscus are typical for the Upper
Villafranchian faunas, arriving in Europe at the beginning of the Olivola faunal unit
(AZZAROLI,1983; AZZAROLIet al., 1988; TORRBet al., 1992). Canis amensis is a later
immigrant; ita dispersal in Europe is dated at the beginning of T w o faunal unit. At the
same time the large panther Panthera gombaszoegensis appeared in the fossil record.

327
 The stratigraphic range of the horse Bquus stenonis extends till the lower part of the
Middle Pleistocene according to PUT (1980). BONADONNA & ALBBRDI(1987) consider
the specier M indicative of the Middle and Upper Villafranchian. According to
AZZAROLI(1990) it survived until the end of the Early Plettocene. The rather
progressive characters of the specimen from Halyker could place it at the upper part
of this range.
The antelope Gazellospim torticornis has a fairly wider stratigraphic range surviving
throughout the Villafranchian, probably till the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene
(DUVER”IS & GUeRIN, 1989).
The above mentioned data ruggest a Lower Pleistocene (Upper Villafranchian) age
for the fauna of Halykes, comparable with the age of the localities Oerahroa
(KOUPOS, 1992. & 1992b) and Pyrgor (VAN DBR m U L B N & VAN KOLFSCHOTHN, 1988),
although the former h u a fairly different Equid population. Volor locality (mentioned
by the latter authors) ir romewhat younger (Early Oalerian). Halykes fauna may be
synchronow to the Italian T w o faunal unit (about l.6-l.3 Ma old, according to TORRB,
1987); however it M better to wait for more and better preserved material in order to
make such conclwiom.

ACKNOWLBWBWBNTS
Many t h a n t to Am. Prof. 0. Theodorou and C. Theocharopoulor (Univerrity of Athem), ar
well as to Prof. 0. Koufor (Univerrity of Therraloniki), Dr. B. Engerrer (Natural Hirtory
Museum of Bule), Prof.A. Azuroli, Prof. D. Torte, Prof. 0. Piccarelli and P.Mazza (Univerrity
of Florence) for their valuable help.

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