2017 IEEE Calcutta Conference (CALCON)
Investigate the impact of Smart Grid Stability
Analysis on Synchronous Generator
Shouvik kumar Samanta (Research scholar)
Department of electrical engineering
IIEST, Shibpur
Howrah, India
e-mail: samanta_b007@yahoo.co.in
Abstract² Nowadays, intelligence electrical automation of
distribution network has been navigating the development of
future power system like as smart grid which could lead through
the modelled network being changed and this will change
certainly the electric network operations. Smarter intelligent grid
is an adequately advance concept of future power system which
coordinates electricity as well as communication in system
network that provides digital information with time on real time
operation in power network for the operator and finally the
consumer. Small-scale or large-scale integration with distributed
generation can provide noteworthy influence on power system
stability in respect of the changes through rotor angle, voltage
and frequency stability. Voltage control and reactive power
compensation are fundamental constrain to frame the grid
enhance smarter. A novel voltage stability index is represented to
determine the critical lines of a smart power grid. Furthermore,
comparative simulation between existing models and power flow
depended model are researched on the IEEE 9-bus standard
system. The simulation results exhibit that the proposed smart
grid model and different indexes are more effective on generator
due to smart grid stability analysis. In this paper concisely
summarize the concept of physical model, calculation technique
and application possibilities of generator stability which are
described in detail in the references. Therefore, it is essential to
further develop models with considered indicator for stability
study is determined by analyzing Smart Grid voltage magnitude,
frequency and power angle, so as to fulfil the new circumstances
and reduce potential of wide scale blackouts.
Keywords— smart grid , power model; synchronous generator;
review the steady state smart grid voltage; IEEE 9 bus; review of
transient smart grid stability; power angle ; dqi/dvi index.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy system all over the globe has been
undergoing unprecedented transitions level in recent times.
Primarily the transitions are operated by the requirement of
renew the developing electrical infrastructure integrating with
low-carbon intermittent energy sources and to fulfil enriched
power consumption with new kinds of demands as such smart
home, electric transport and business ensuring the security [1]
of supply. Several validating technologies for example as wide
area measurements [2](WAMS), power electronics and the
978-1-5386-3745-6/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
Chandan Kumar Chanda (Professor)
Department of electrical engineering
IIEST, Shibpur
Howrah, India
e-mail: ckc_math@yahoo.com
information and communication technologies[3](ICTS) are
increasingly getting deployed in the system to deliver the
requirement. As such deployments raise the complexity and
the system operational challenges and the 21st century
electricity grid has to embrace these challenges through
planning, design, control and operation. In the time-scale
operation ensuring the stability and security of the system be
the most important tasks.
In recent years, The WAMS and ICT propound very effectual
means of delivered these objectives [4, 5]. Everything about
the stability on power system has been occurred in system due
to utmost concern of system operation. Modern electrical
smart power system have been developed large complexity
network for the sake of increasing interconnections, tie-lines
of extra high voltage and large generating units installation
etc. Transient stability [6] is the capability of power system
maintaining synchronism subjected to a heavy transient
disturbance when fault on transmission lines, large load loss or
sudden generation loss. The response of a system depend such
disturbances i.e. large outing of rotor angle of generator, bus
voltages, power flows and other system constrains. Existing
components and systems must be re-engineered and
encapsulated to be congruent with new innovations and
standards. The most significant challenges of interoperability
are, and will going on to be interoperable with the installed
legacy systems while addressing interfaces between new and
yet to be established devices through service oriented
Architecture[7](SOA) approach and domains constituting in
the fault-dependent region of attraction locally around the
controlled unstable equilibrium points[8,9]. The transient
stability entails to be enhanced the optimization of system
load ability where the system can be closer to its thermal
limits. In this section describes some of these widely accepted
principle characteristics that will be the basis for the theory
which has been studied intensively in solving practical
problems of large-scale complex power system. A power grid
has evolved into the most complex human-made systems.
According to recent research, it can be described as small-
world network [10] which is highly clustered. In other words,
although many nodes are not neighbours of one another in the
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network, one can be reached from others by only a few steps till the fault is removed. If rotor angle oscillate around into the
[11, 12]. As regards, this structure in power system can final position and angular speed change during transient
maintain electrically short distance between generators and condition increasing then system has no way to come at its
loads even though the size of grid is very large. This may final position and machines loose synchronism. Power flow
imply that the transmission capacity of the power network study objective has investigated through complete voltage
could reduce mostly when a failure happens through these magnitude and angle information for any bus with specified
paths. Presently, most of the research is focused on time in the power system at specified load, generator real
topological structure in smart grid network. From graph theory power and voltage conditions. In this paper efficient method to
eliminate troublesomeness has been illustrated to viable way to
studies, indexes as well as methodologies as such degree of
control resilient system with high accuracy operation.
distribution, shortest path and diameter are broadly used to
determine the vulnerable lines in power grid networks. The B. Traditional ideological structure model :
cascaded failures mechanism has been explained on these The power grid consist certain number buses,
fundamental concepts, in Ref. [13] and a power flow based generators, transformers and transmission lines etc.. Power
model of cascaded failure was proposed. Moreover, based on grid system based ideology have N no of buses and R no of
topology and load distribution, are proposed two criteria to generators and 2(N-1)-(R-1) unknowns. Due to calculate the
point out the critical lines in Ref. [14, 15]. The results explain 2(N-1)-(R-1) unknowns, here must be 2(N-1)-(R-1) equations
how to OLQN DQG LWV ORFDWLRQ FDQ DIIHFW WKH QHWZRUN¶V in which cannot produce any new unknown variables. Possible
capability. From these models, it is presumed that power flow balance power equations for any bus with regards to real
is dispatched across the least line resistance path. power and also reactive power can be expressed below. The
Consequently, the admittance is used to as weight of the lines balance equation of real power is
in a power system. Voltage Collapse, a measure of power
system performance under anomalous operating conditions, is 0 = -Pi ȈʜViʜʜVKʜ( GiK &RVșiK + BiK 6LQșiK) (1)
considered in Ref. [16]. Also Globally Voltage Security based th
Where at i bus net injected power is Pi, the real component of
Indicator (VSI) concept and function of SVC on its in
ith row as well as kth column in Y bus matrix is Gik, the
Longitudinal Power Supply Systems (LPSS) based model is imaginary component of ith row as well as kth column in Y bus
illustrated by Dey, Chanda and Chakraborty in Ref. [17]. matrix is Bik and ș ik is voltage angle difference among the ith
Several critical power system features are included in Ref. bus and kth bus. The balance equation of reactive power is
[18@VXFKDV.LUFKKRII¶V/DZVDQGSRZHUDQJOHDQGWKXVWKLV
model can have a closer approximation to a real power grid. 0 = -Qi ȈʜViʜʜVKʜ( GiK 6LQșiK - BiK &RVșiK) (2)
Most of the work just analyses the power system Where Qi is net injected reactive power at bus i.
considering with non linier system equation based algorithms
from the ‡™–‘ ƒ’Š•‘ theory. The power is controlled by
the generation and load distribution. Thus the power flow
always has a direction. Actually, the power flows from the
generation rich side to the load rich side through parallel paths
determined by complex interaction of all factors which can be
noticed by power flow analysis. As far as our knowledge, no
proper analyses have studied in terms of different flow
features and directions together. With this consideration, the
main contribution in this paper is to improve a new model and
aim to analyze the smart grid stability on grid which
approaches to analysis the generators voltages, currents, rotor
angles and speeds etc. Firstly, time bound power flow based
model is proposed. This model considers more power system
features compared with previous ones. Consequently, it is a
closer approximation with the real power grid. Higher value
stability index ranking among the lines are considered to have
less vandalism to power grid when degree of weakness [19] of
bus is lesser. Fig. 1. IEEE 9 Bus Electrical Model.

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION ON TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
A. Proposed Problem on topological model:
System instability occurs when fault may lead the system
unbalanced or transient condition or the machine losing out of
synchronism. Power flow analysis should be done to examine
the both stability of the power system at certain conditions. If
the system collapse, the perturbation oscillate the whole system
III. THE PROPOSED SOLUTION FOR SYSTEM MODEL :
A. Electrical Power Based Intelligent Flow Smart model:
The intelligent analytical model explicates the physical
structure and complex connections of the system. However, a
power grid has several electrical features like voltage and
current which can affect the operation of the whole system.
Hence, based on the physical model, electrical power model is

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upgraded. The most renowned technique i.e. Newton Raphson generation to steady state smart grid voltage. Concerning
method [20] at starting all unknown variables have initial steady state smart grid voltage profile before participation of
guesses. Unknown variables i.e. voltage amplitude and angle G I, G II and G III, it is presumed that bus voltage of the entire
of load buses along with voltage angle of generator buses. system in all case studies remain fixed at 1 p.u. Voltage
Now, Taylor series is considered neglecting the terms with variation between maximum and minimum level can be
higher order for each power balance equations. The linear permitted within ±5% from the nominal voltage. Moreover,
system equations are expressed as below, the steady state smart stability profile index is observed for all
buses succeeding participation G I, G II and G III and
οɅ ο tabulated result is presented in Table 3.
ฬ ฬ ൌ െ ିଵ ฬ ฬ (3)
οȁȁ ο

:KHUH ¨3 DQG ¨4 DUH FDOOHG WKH active & reactive power D. Transient Smart Grid stability Analysis :
mismatch equations. Now J is known as Jacobian matrix of Steady state profile response of smart grid through coupling of
partial derivative form. generator to the network has been examined. This illustrates
 that steady state voltage profile of smart grid is laying in
பο୔ பο୔ between 0.945 p.u. to 1.045 p.u. with acceptable limit. Though
ப஘ பȁ୚ȁ this situation cannot safe the system to be stable if a large
 αቮபο୕ பο୕
ቮ (4) perturbation occurs on it. So there is critical to justify the
ப஘ பȁ୚ȁ transient [21] smart grid stability. Study of the transient
The linearized system equations is elucidated to check the stability examines the system response during fault occurrence
next guess of (m+1) based on voltage angles and magnitude when generator before and after participation in smart grid. In
șm+1 șm ǻș (5) stability study the considered indicator is noted by analyzing
voltage magnitude, frequency and power angle of smart grid.
and ȁȁ m+1 = ȁȁP ǻȁȁ (6)
The procedures continue until a system is getting end status. A ௗ௤೔
normal stopping condition is terminated if the mismatch E. Stability index :
equations norms are under the specified tolerance. ௗ௩೔
It is seen that at constant frequency of operation and constant
B. Newton Raphson methods algorithm consists of the terminal voltages, at any constant power input from the
following steps: ௗ௉
turbine, the critical steady state stability occurs when = 0.
1. Declare variables. ௗஔ
2. Set maximum number of iterations to perform. If in nodal point unbounded voltage is formed, it is caused as
3. Set tolerance to small value. (e.g. 1.0e-6) voltage instability [22] i.e. the capacity of the system is
4. Set an initial guess. comparatively exceed with respect of load and power
5. Set the counter of the number of iterations to zero. mismatch is created. The wVi index [23] is define by the two
6. Begin newton Raphson loop. w Qi
a. Find next guess via equation reactive powers must be equal to each other at equilibrium that
new root = root fnct(root)/fnct prime(root) means source & load side both.
b. If absolute value of fnct(new root) is less than tolerance,
then exit Newton Raphson loop. Condition for stability:
c. Increment the count of the number of iterations.
d. If we had the exceeded the maximum number of ୢሺ୕ೄ ି୕ಽ ሻ
൏ Ͳ‘”
ୢ୕ೄ
൏
ୢ୕ಽ
(7)
iterations, then exit Newton Raphson loop. ௗ௏ ௗ௏ ௗ௏
End the Newton Raphson loop.
7. If root was not found in maximum number of iterations, wQi implies degree of weakness in the ith bus. If wQi being
then warn to the terminal. w Vi w Vi
8. Write to terminal the value of root and number of
high, wVi became low that indicates minimum change in ȁ୧ ȁ
iterations performed.
w Qi
C. Steady State Smart Grid Voltage Analysis :
, reactive power Q level of the bus will vary. So wQi being
In advance power system network with integrated distributed w Vi
generation provide the steady state smart grid voltage th
higher, degree of weakness of i bus becomes lesser.
configuration improvement. However, fluctuating voltage and
its limit violation during the participation of distributed
generation could appear as large perturbation which impact on IV. THE SMART POWER GRID MODEL :
network transient stability profile. For this reason, Power
It is considered as proposed electrical power flow model
System Operators (i.e. PSO) is essential to verify worst
[24] on IEEE 9 bus test system. Therefore smart power model
situation. This part instructs the significance of distributed

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must have multiple sources and multiple sinks which are
denoted by nodes.
Fig. 2. Electrical Power Active Flow Model of the IEEE 9 Bus System.
to resolute the solution. When a fault occurs at bus 6 and each
line runs for five seconds at setting step time ' t with 0.0010
sec. Solution precession for the initial LF is 0.0001000000.
Each contingency data is noted in which is taken one steady
state data before the fault arises and 03 sampled data obtained
for five sec. duration after the fault occurs. From the ˜9L˜_4L|
table we investigate that the bus no.7-2 is the weakest bus in
the above IEEE 9 bus test system. The outcomes from
theoretically the test system indicate that system approaches
that collapse point to the generator 2 most severely. The
results from practically by simulation the test system indicate
that system approaches that collapse point to the generator 2
most severely hence prove.
Case- I:

V. SYSTEM SIMULATION, CASE STUDY

ANALYSIS & RESULTS
This part presents general overview of various event
frameworks for the fact-finding and its assumption. In
pursuance of illustrating the several kinds of distributed
generator influence on smart grid have been investigated. This
analysis performs through steady state as well as transient
stability technique. The considered scenarios are as bellow:
Case 1: Steady state voltage profiles in load flow study have
been estimated employing Newton-Raphson Method to
validate voltage pattern and perhaps overloading and
convergence point.
Case 2: In short circuited condition transient stability analysis
Fig. 3. Electrical Load Flow Model on IEEE 9 Bus System.
has conducted notably when G I, G II and G III are integrated
into the smart grid. The components i.e. frequency, voltage
and power angle are being measured. Case-II & III.
Case 3: In the assessment of transient stability was executed
particularly when perturbation or fault occurs in the grid
system. The network parameters are estimated by frequency,
voltage and power angle.

I. The objective of standard system bus model is to power

flow of active & Reactive through transmission line with
specified thermal limit. The computation with load flow
equation is done by virtue of Newton Raphson technique
which has taken data as initial conditions and the rotor angle.
We consider non-linear numerical technique in the simulation
process to solve the IEEE 9 bus system load flow which
indicated the direction among buses & generator to or from
load with simulated value. A new technique approach to check
the power matching between generators to load shown in the
fig.3. It resolves the smart power network through normal Fig. 4. Short Circuit Simulation data on 0.2 sec on IEEE 9 Bus System.
steady-state operation.

II. When the fault occur in smart grid, transient stability TABLE I. DATA FOR BUS VOLTAGE
assessment was observed particularly where G I, G II and G
III are integrated into Smart Grid.
Bus V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9
Voltage         
III. In next context of the scenario there have some complexity ͳͺ ͳ͸Ǥͷ ͳ͵Ǥͺ ʹ͵Ͳ ʹ͵Ͳ ʹ͵Ͳ ʹ͵Ͳ ʹ͵Ͳ ʹ͵Ͳ
(KV)
in that Process i.e. short circuit analysis from fig.4, because
simulation on the Electrical Transient Analyzer program helps

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TABLE II. THE TYPES OF BUSES

Sl. Type of Buses No. of Total

No Buses
1 Swing bus 1
2 V-control bus 2 9
3 Load bus 6

wVi
TABLE III. INDEX TABLE FOR SYSTEM MODEL Fig. 7. Short Circuit Impedance of Generators.
w Qi
Sl. No. Bus No. ࣔࢂ࢏
ࣔȁࡽ࢏ ȁ
1 1-4 -j5.06*10 -3
2 4-6 - j1.28*10 -6
3 6-9 -j1.2047*10 -7
4 9-3 -j8.47*10 -3
5 5-4 -j1.190*10 -6
6 5-7 -j1.75*10 -8
7 Fig. 8. Electrical Power of Generators.
7-2 -j0.0121
8 7-8 -j7.51*10 -7
9 8-9 -j3.17*10 -7

Fig. 9. Speed Characteristics of Generators at fault time 0.2sec.

Fig. 5. Generator Relative Power Angle.

Fig. 10. Reactive Power of Generators.

A. For figure 5, Generator 2 in Swing mode when at fault bus

6 Power angle of Generator 1 & 3 fluctuates & that of
Fig. 6. Electrical Generator Absolute Power Angle.
JHQHUDWRU  UHPDLQV PRUH RU OHVV FRQVWDQW įǤ ‹…‡

‡‡”ƒ–‘” ʹ ‹• ‹ •™‹‰ ‘†‡ǡ ‹– ”‡ƒ‹• •–ƒ„Ž‡
™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‘” ͳ ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‘” ͵ —†‡”‰‘ Š‡ƒ˜›
•™‹‰Ǥ
B. For figure 6, Generator 2 in absolute power angle Swing
widely negative mode when at fault bus 6 and Generator
1 & 3 have positive power angle.
C. For figure 7, Reflection of generator current in terms of
synchronous impedance since we are observing bus
voltage at transient condition is constant more or less. In

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 2017 IEEE Calcutta Conference (CALCON)
generator 2 maximum impedance change occurs.
Generator 1 and generator 3 almost same impedance
level. Since generator2 is in swing bus mode.
D. For figure 8, Electrical Power of Generator 2 is peak 0.2
sec during fault time.
E. For figure 9, at the instant on that point the occurrence of
fault is slightly fluctuation of generator 2 Speed occurs.
Whereas the speed of gen1 & gen 3 remains almost
unaffectedǤ
F. For figure 10, Generator 2 has no reactive power delivered
whereas generator 1 has delivered maximum reactive
power. Generator 3 has slow down or less reactive power
than Generator 1.
This demonstrates that it is a noteworthy power swing
between the generators. The elimination of each important
line out of the system can affect other transmission lines
which having to transmit more power so as to keep the load
balance of the system. The overloaded lines of the real power
grid are leaded to further failures and ensures in cascaded
based blackout.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper suggests the power flow based smart model for
analytic approach that aim to evaluate the smart grid stability
on grid generator voltages and rotor angles of a generator
which identified by this proposed model for matching realistic
situations. The analysis results also support power system
planning and design provided a reference for predicting
cascaded failures. A new Smart Stability index is established
to determine vulnerable lines and weak generator. By
performance of the topological model we establish minimal
way to find out fault and recover with lowest time consumed
that is beneficial stake-holder of power trading owner. After
all a smart power grid is a dynamic and complex intelligent
system. Considering all features in one model is impossible.
This paper elucidates the generator most severity for grid
analysis and how to quantify the weak bus. In practice, rate of
power flow can alter every once in a while. Depending on
demand, season and weather power generation can vary. First
and foremost smart grid is an interdependent complex
network. Hence, there are good scopes of model the coupling
networks in smart grid for researchers and then extend
approaches to identify new collapse point.In future work,
dynamic model will be implemented considering above those
factors.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The uttermost gratitude goes to professors are from IIEST,
Shibpur giving their valuable suggestion and profound
discussion helped to enhance the standard of this paper.
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 2017 IEEE Calcutta Conference (CALCON)

ANNEXTURE Pole 32 2 2
Frequency(Hz) 50 50 50
Xd 0.1460 0.8958 1.3125
TABLE IV. GENERATOR DATA
;¶d 0.0608 0.1198 0.1813
;´d 12 0.1 0.16
Generator No. 2 1 3 Xq 0.0969 0.8645 1.2578
Rated MVA 247.5 192 128 ;¶T 0.0969 0.1969 0.25
MW 163.2 247.5 108.8 Xl 0.0336 0.0521 0.0742
H(s) 23.64 6.4 3.01 Td0 8.96 6.00 5.89
KV 16.5 18 13.8 Tq0 0 0.535 0.600
Power factor 1.0 0.85 0.85 Stored Energy 2364 640 301
Type Hydro Steam/Turbo Steam/Turbo (MW)
Speed(rpm) 188 3000 3000

247