Combating Childhood Obesity

Professor Kevin Anderson

Created by Margaret Cruz

 Childhood Obesity
 Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to determine if a child is above the
normal weight for their age and height.
Overweight: BMI ≥ 85th percentile
Obese: BMI ≥ 95th percentile
 "Obesity now affects 1 in 5 children and adolescents in the U.S."
(CDC, 2018).
 From 2015-2016 the prevalence of obesity was 20.6% in children ages
2-19 years old, and 39.8% in adults (CDC, 2017).
 As education level increases obesity rates decrease (CDC, 2019).
 The prevalence of obesity Is related to socioeconomic status.
In 2017 obesity was high for low-class and middle-class citizens,
and low for upper-class citizens (CDC, 2019).
Childhood Overweight and Obesity. 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html
 Consequences of
childhood obesity
 Health risks
High blood pressure, high cholesterol.
Heart disease or cardiovascular disease.
Type 2 diabetes.
Breathing issues, joint problems,
musculoskeletal pain.
Gastrointestinal issues with liver, pancreas,
gallstones.
 Mental affects
Low self-esteem
Anxiety and depression
Social issues
Childhood Overweight and Obesity. 2018. Centers for Disease Control and
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA. Prevention. Accessed at https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html
 Food and Mission is to increase the food security of
Americans by providing better access to
Nutrition food and nutrition education to children
and people with low income.

Service (FNS)
Public, private, and non-profit partners.

through the
United
States Department 15 federal nutrition assistance programs
working toward mission.
of Agriculture
(USDA)
FNS Nutrition Programs. United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed from https://www.fns.usda.gov/programs
 FNS Programs
Supplemental Special SNAP for Women,
Nutrition Assistance Infants, and
Program (SNAP) Children (WIC)
SNAP Farmers
SNAP-Education Connection Market Nutrition
SNAP to Skills Program
Senior
Farmer's Market
Nutrition Program
FNS Nutrition Programs. United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed from https://www.fns.usda.gov/programs
 FNS Programs continued

Child Nutrition Programs Food Distribution

 Summer Food Service Program Programs/USDA Foods
 National School Lunch Program  Food Distribution Program on
 Special Milk Program Indian Reservations

 School Breakfast Program  Commodity Supplemental

Food Program
 Team Nutrition
 The Emergency Food
 Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program Assistance Program
 Community Food Systems  USDA Foods
 Child and Adult Care Food  Food Safety
Program FNS Nutrition Programs. United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed from https://www.fns.usda.gov/programs
FNS Programs continued
Center for Nutrition
Policy and Promotion
(CNPP)
Center for Nutrition Nutrition Evidence
Policy and Systematic Review
Promotion Choose MyPlate
Dietary Guidelines for
Americans
FNS Nutrition Programs. United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed from https://www.fns.usda.gov/programs
 National School Lunch Program History
Maternalistic Progressive Era activism in 1900s
Private charities, and local school lunch programs
receive federal loans in 1932
National School Lunch Act (NSLA) inacted in 1946
by President Harry Truman
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)
published 1980
Healthy People 2000 calls on schools to assure
meals meet DGA
Gaddis, J. (December, 2019). The Labor of Lunch: Why We Need Real Food and Real Jobs in American Public
Schools. Retrieved from https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/554448?rskey=wMIv1j&result=1
 National School Lunch Program (NSLP) today

 Provides low-cost or free lunch to students in Pre-

Kindergarten-12th grade.
 In 2018 29.7 million students were provided a reduced
price or free lunch everyday.
public schools, nonprofit private schools,
residential childcare institutions.
Children are eligible based on family income
Free lunch: Household income below 130% of poverty.
Reduced lunch: Household income between 130-185%
of poverty.
National School lunch program. 2019. United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-
nutrition-assistance/child-nutrition-programs/national-school-lunch-program/
 Schools must operate lunch on a nonprofit
basis.
NSLP Eligibility
Requirements
Provide free or reduced-price meals.
for schools

Serve lunch during regular school hours.

Meals meet recommendations from the

Buzby, J. Clauson, A. Joanne, G. Newman, C. Ralston, K. Dietary Guidelines for Americans and child
nutrition standards.
2008. The National School Lunch Program: Background,
Trends and Issues. Economic Research and Report No.
61, USDA, ERS. Retrieved
from https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-
details/?pubid=46046
 NSLP
requirements
Food Based Meal
Meal provides 1/3 of Plan: Required foods
the daily
•1.5-2 oz of protein

for meal
recommended
•2 servings of fruits or
intake (DRI) for vegetables
calories, •1 serving of whole grains
protein, calcium,
iron and vitamins A
•1 serving of low-fat or
non-fat milk (8 oz) reimbursement
and C.

Nutrient based meal Offer vs. Serve

plan •Students can refuse up to
•Any combo of entrée, 2 items at lunch and
side dish and milk. meal will still be
reimbursable.

Buzby, J. Clauson, A. Joanne, G. Newman, C. Ralston,

K. 2008. The National School Lunch Program:
Background, Trends and Issues. Economic Research
and Report No. 61, USDA, ERS. Retrieved
from https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-
details/?pubid=46046
Community Eligibility Provision of the NSLP

Allows high-poverty schools to provide free USDA

school meals to all students.

High Poverty Schools

USDA uses routine data including SNAP participants,
or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) to Schools ≥ 40% ISP are eligible for the CEP.
prepare an Identified Student Percentage (ISP).

Rogus S., Guthrie J., Ralston K. August 2018. Characteristics of School Districts Offering Free
School Meals to All Students Through the Community Eligibility Provision of the National School
Lunch Program. Economic Research Report N0. 255. United States Department
of Agriculture. Economic Research Service.
Accessed at https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/89948/err-255.pdf?v=7184.1
Programs within NSLP Legislation

• Free breakfast and lunch in summer while

Summer Feeding school is out of session.
Program • Usually located at USDA Summer Meal Sites.

Special Milk • Provides milk to schools where NSLP is

Program unavailable.

After-School • Reimbursement to schools that provide healthy

Snack Program snacks in after school programs.

Buzby, J., Clauson, A., Joanne, G., Newman, C., Ralston, K. 2008. The National
School Lunch Program: Background, Trends and Issues. Economic Research
Report No. 61. United States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research
Service. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-
 How NSLP Influences Childrens Diets
1. Provides •Increases food consumption
reimbursements to •Two Effects
schools for meals that are •Price effect: Cost of food goes down as more students participate
•Income effect: Allows families to keep more of their income
free or reduced price.

•If donation can influence meals by providing a different food or a

2. USDA donates different form of food to students.
commodities

•Food Based Plan: Program used to require specific amounts of foods

from each food group. A few schools still do this butit is no longer
3. Nutritional Objectives required.
•Nutrient-based meal: Requires milk to be offered at each meal and to
have meals meet certain calories and nutrients.

Buzby, J., Clauson, A., Joanne, G., Newman, C., Ralston, K. 2008. The National
School Lunch Program: Background, Trends and Issues. Economic Research Report
No. 61. United States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research
Service. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-
details/?pubid=46046
 Other Child Nutrition Programs (CNP)

School Breakfast
Program
Provides free, reduced-price,
and full price breakfasts to students to try fresh fruits and
students.
All PK-12 grade schools in FL
provide free breakfast.
Fresh Fruit and Community Food Child and Adult Care Team Nutrition
Vegetable Program Systems Food Program
Provides the opportunity for Helps incorporate fresh local Provides reimbursements for Supports CNP's by providing
foods into the NSLP and its nutritious meals and snacks to training, nutrition education,
vegetables. related programs. eligible participants at child- and support to schools.
Involves grants, technical care centers, or adult day care
assistance, research. centers.
Also reimburses meals served to
children in after school
programs, children in
emergency shelters, and adults
in day care centers over the
age of 60 or with a disability.

FNS Nutrition Programs. United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed from

https://www.fns.usda.gov/programs
Farm to Child Nutrition Programs Planning Guide
• Newly created by USDA to guide schools through building a farm to school
program for their Child Nutrition Programs.

National Farm to School Network

• Helps schools connect with local farmers to purchase fresh foods in season.
• can help schools with:
• Procurement: The purchase and promotion of local foods served in the
cafeteria, as a snack, or taste test.
• School gardens: Engaging students hands on in gardening
• Education: Activities related to food, nutirition, health or gardening.

Farm to School
Farm to School Resources. 2019. https://www.fns.usda.gov/cfs/farm-school-resources-1
National Farm to School Network. 2020. http://www.farmtoschool.org
 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010
Established updated terms for child nutrition
programs and nutrition standards for schools and
non-USDA foods sold in school meal programs.
• Offered an additional 6-cent payment for each
meal served that met standards.
• Regulations for the price of meals charged to
students not on free or reduced lunch.
• Community Eligibility Provision allows high-poverty
schools to offer free meals to all students.
Rogus S., Guthrie J., Ralston K. August 2018. Characteristics of School Districts
Offering Free School Meals to All Students Through the Community Eligibility
Provision of the National School Lunch Program. Economic Research Report N0.
255. United States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service.
Accessed at https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/89948/err-
 The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018
or
The Farm Bill
President Trump reauthorized
the Farm Bill in 2018
 Provides funds and
approval for Food and
Nutrition Service (FNS)
Programs until 2023
 Buy American
requirements in NSLP
Food and Nutrition Service. 2019. Farm Bill. https://www.fns.usda.gov/farmbill
Child Nutrition
Programs
•School Breakfast
Program The Farm Bill and
Farm to school
Combined
•NSLP
•Fruit and Vegetable Network
Program

Efforts to
SNAP-Ed (nutrition Policies, Systems
reduce
childhood
Education and and Environmental
physical activity Changes (PSE's)
encouragement) •Smarter Lunchrooms
•Example of a grant
funded SNAP program
serving 40 counties in
Techniques
•School gardens
•Increase in access to
obesity
FL: UF/IFAS Extension fresh fruits or vegetables
Family Nutrition Program

2019 Florida SNAP-ED Impact. 2020. UF/IFAS Extension

Family nutrition program. Accessed
at https://familynutritionprogram.org/about-us/#impact
 REFERENCES
Buzby, J., Clauson, A., Joanne, G., Newman, C., Ralston, K. 2008. The National School Lunch Program: Background, Trends and Issues. Economic Research
Report No. 61. United States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-
details/?pubid=46046

Childhood Overweight and Obesity. 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed at https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html

2019 Florida SNAP-ED Impact. 2020. UF/IFAS Extension Family nutrition program. Accessed at https://familynutritionprogram.org/about-us/#impact

Farm to School Resources. 2019. https://www.fns.usda.gov/cfs/farm-school-resources-1

FNS Nutrition Programs. United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed from https://www.fns.usda.gov/programs

Food and Nutrition Service. 2019. Farm Bill. https://www.fns.usda.gov/farmbill

Gaddis, J. (December, 2019). The Labor of Lunch: Why We Need Real Food and Real Jobs in American Public Schools. Retrieved
from https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/554448?rskey=wMIv1j&result=1

S 3307-Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010. 2010. 111th Congress (2009-2010). Accessed at https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/senate-bill/3307

Rogus S., Guthrie J., Ralston K. August 2018. Characteristics of School Districts Offering Free School Meals to All Students Through the Community Eligibility
Provision of the National School Lunch Program. Economic Research Report N0. 255. United States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service.
Accessed at https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/89948/err-255.pdf?v=7184.1

National Farm to School Network. 2020. http://www.farmtoschool.org

National School lunch program. 2019. United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed from https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/child-
nutrition-programs/national-school-lunch-program/
 Child Nutrition Programs
Child Nutrition Program
 National School Lunch Program
 Summer Food Service Program
 Special Milk Program
 After School Snack Program
 School Breakfast Program
 Team Nutrition
 Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program
 Community Food Systems
 Child and Adult Care Food Program
Program Summary
 Free or reduced-price lunch.
 Free breakfast and lunch in summer.
 Provides milk to schools where NSLP is unavailable.
 Reimburse schools for healthy snacks in after school.
 Provides free, reduced-price, and full price breakfast.
 Supports CNP's by providing training and assistance with nutrition-ed.
 Provides students an opportunity to try fresh fruits and veg.
 Incorporate fresh local foods into NSLP and its related programs.
 Reimburses nutritious meals and snacks at child-care centers, or adult