5.5 DIFFERENTIATION © The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. If the limit approach is used to find the derivative, the solution can be very tedious. In the following will be discussed the different rulea of differentiation. . _ The rules of differentiation apply to functions which have specific structural characteristics. A rule states that if a function has specific characteristics, then the derivative of the function will have a reeulting ‘form. One will see the derivative as a general expression for the slope of the function. We will denote the derivative of the function f at x as = or f(x) (read “f prime of x”). That is, given fx), x = fx) Rule L: Constant Function _ If f(x) = c, where ¢ is any constant, f(x) = 0. ~ Example: f(x) = 8 a f(x) =0 Rule 2: Power Rule : : If flz) = x, where 4 is a real number, f'(z)'= nx®, - Example i: fix} = x? P(x) = 2x21 . = 2x . . 1 Example 2: f(x) = i since = xt f(x) = xt PQ) = -dtlExampie 3: fx) = Ya? since & = a 1 eo te " eo] bo » on tf # Rule 3: Constant.Times a Function If f(x) = ¢ * gix), where c is a constant and g is a differentiable function, f(z) = c¢ * g(x). Example I: f(x) = 20x* f(z) = 208 Zu) ‘= 206 3x7 . = 60x? : 5 Example 2: fet f(x) = -(2) x . =~5x7 Pix) = ED = 5x7 ; =5 ox!. \ Rule 4: Sum or Difference of Functions mn = ux) + v(), where u and y are differentiable. dditteeneemmlies that the derivative of a function formed by the sum he derivatives cv more component functions is the sum (difference) of the derivatives of the component functions. Example 1: fx) = x3 - 6x u(x) = x3 v(x) = 6x P(x) = w(x) - viz) f(x} = 3x2 ~ 6 Example 2: . f(x) = 8x4 + 5x3 = 2x? 4 x - 40 f(x) = B(4x8) + 5(3x2) — 2(2x) + 1 = S2x9 4 15x? - 4x41 Rule §: Product Rule . If f{x) = u © v where wu and v are differentiable, then : f(x) = uv’ + vu" This means that the derivative of a product is the first function times the derivative of the second function plus the second function times the derivative of the first. Example 1: f(x) = (5x2? - 4) f') = br ite -4+(7~ JA (6x) = Gx(2x) + (x? - 4) #5 = 10x? + 5x7 - 20 = 15x? - 20SS Example 2: » Ax) = (5xXx? = 4) form ee i could have been rewritten in the other Squivalens fx) = 5x3 — This would not Tequire the product ry . x re le by instead require the a plication of the ru “the di a func es PI on 0: rule on “the difforonce of Thus, My a fe at 20) = 5(3x7} — 20(1) = 15x? — 20 Rule 6: Quotient Rule u(x) v(x) ¢ u(x) — ulx) * vitx) = x) It fx) Vos + then = vl Example: Bx? -1 i) Se 2 : . (5-2) 4 (ax? - 1)- (ax? - 1) 4 (5 - 23) . 6-2) = x NGx)— (8x? — 14-32") — Gre 30x - 6x‘ — [-9x4 + 3x7] 6-2} 30x — 6x4 + ox* — 3x? 80x! - ax? + 30x * G— 2°) - 6- x)? 30x + 3x4. 3x? = Sxix' - x + 10) G~ xy @- x")Rule 7: Power of a Function If Hx) = [uCx)", where w is a differentiable function and n is a real number, then PG) =n © fu wie) Rule 7 is similar to Rule 2 ~ the Power Rule. The power rule is a apecial case of Rule 7 where u(x) = x, Example: f(z) = yx? ~ 8x- 2 us 3x? -ax-2 f(z) = (x? - ax — 2 1 f(z) = Jeox? ~ex-mF'e feast - 82-2) . 1 = dex? - gx 28 + fex- 81 . 1 = (8x — 4X3x" — 8x - 2)? 3x-4° ~ Vaz? — 6x2 Rule 8: Base ¢ Exponential Functions If f(x) = e%™, where a is differentiable, then f(x) = u'tx) + ett? Example a fla) wef Px) = 1 + oFoe One will notice the uniqueness of the actuation in the sense that the function e* and its derivative all identical, That ia, flx) = e*. Graphically the interpretation is that for any value of x, the slope of the graph of f{x) = e* is exactly equal to the value of the function. x Example 2: fix) = eaten f(x) = (-2" 4 1) ent? +x Rule 9: Natural Logarithm Functions If fx) = In u(x), where 2 is differentiable, then - u(x) fa) = wa Example: f(x) = In(4x? - x + 2) u(x) = 4x29 x42. f= 22-1 ‘ 4x°-x+2 Rule 10: Chain Rule - ‘ = i 5 i = dy _ dy , du If y = f{u) is a differentiable function, then kas" = “The chain rule specifically applies to composite functions - functions whose values depend upon other functions, Example: y= flu) = u2-5 us giz) = 10x-3 ay. ay , du dx du” de = (uxroy = 20uee dy can be rewritten in terma of x by substituting u = (0x - 8) ay aq 7 20010x,— 3) = 200x ~ 60 The answer can be found by using Rule 7 by first restating Au) in terms of x. Thus, y = f(u) = u? — 5 = (10x - 3)? = 5 = 100x? - 60x +9-5 dy ut 200x -— 60‘ , dy | df'(x)= —, Find f'(x) : 9. fx) = x? 7: f(x) = = f(x) = 10x3 — 19x? _ 9x 4 18 g9-x , fix) = xé 41 f(x) = (8x? - 5x + 8)8 f(x) = 12e8*"-* y= flu) = ud + 3u us gia)ext+3 “y= ftw = fo? ue g(x) = vx f(x) = In (5x) 1 10. fix) = \y?49