Chapter 4 NON-UNERR equatlo NS 4.1 NON-LINEAR CURVES ‘The general quadratic equation of a second degree in two variables is in the form Ax? + Byy + Cy? 4 Dx + By + F=0 with A, B, and C, as non-zero integers, A, B, c, D, E, and F as constant, x and y as variables Examples are: 1. sis Gxy + Sy? + 4x - Gy +2=0 2 axyox =O 3. y2=2x 4 6y-2=0 4. sa yh- Gd Thus, the graph of the quadratic equation ii z. < cect hich Sneld be 2 eltele, ellipse parabula wad hen is conie * ola. 4.2 DEFINITION OF CONIC SECTION The locus of a point moving such that its di aoe : + . its ia in constant ratio to its distance from a fixed Bistan ce from a fixed point or better Known only as conic. called a conie seetion The fixed point, fixed line and the co: directrix, and eccentricity, respectively. ‘Thus fF tee are called focus, the line DD, denotes the directrix and P be a: denotes the focus and we have the relation my point on the conic, then oe wo, Pb where ¢ denotes the eccentricity,> \ Pa, yd o The four special forms of conic sections are circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola. These are called conic sections because these are sections formed when a plane slices a right cireular cone as shown below. fw / . aN (The plane cuts the conical (The plane cuts the conical surface horizontally.) surface diagonally.) ty cS LR / (The plane cuts the conical surface and is extended to the vase diagonally.) (The plane crosses the conical surface vertically.) Conie sections cam be classified into four basic types according to the value of the eccentricity. For a circle, e = 0; for an ellipse, ¢ < 1; for a parabola, ¢ = 1; and for a hyperbola, e > 1.4.3 DEFINITION OF A CIACLE ically speaking, a circle is the locus of points in a plane ay a fixed guntonce run given point. The fixed distance in called the radixg and the fixed point is called the center. In elementary geometry, we define the radius ag a line segment joining the center and any point on the circle, while the diameter is a chord passing through the center. 4.3.1 STANDAAD EQUATION OF A CIACLE Let the center of a circle be denoted by Cth, k) and the radius be r Then, if P(x, y) ia the generating point of the circle, we have cP = fiz- bh)? +G- b? Pix, 9) re fab +G- mF . Squaring both sides, we obtain _ oe” G@-h?+G-kP er? "a This is called the standard equation of a circle whose center is at (h,k) and radius zr. This is also known as the center radius form of the equation of the circle. NOTE; When the center of the circle ia at the origin, equation 1 becomes xPg yhor? Illustration: Find the equation of a circle whose center is at (3, Ay and with radius 2. Solution: Using the center radius form, we have (x-2%e (y+ l= 44.3.2 GENEAAL EQUATION OF A CIRCLE By expanding and collecting similar terms, equation 1 can be written ae x2 + y? — Shy — 2hy ¢ (h? + k? ~ r2} =, letting the coefficients of x, y and the constant term as D, E, and F respectively, we obtain x? +y?+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 This equation is called the general equation of a circle. Remark: — \, 1. In sketching a circle whose general equation is given, put the equation into the standard form using the concept of “completing the squares* and determine the center and radius. 2. Ifwe reduce the general equation of the circle to the standard form, the following can be formulated: a. ifr? <0, there is no real locua since the radius is imaginary b. ifr? = 0, the locus is single point known as the point circle. c. If? > 0, the locus is a circle. Illustration: Put the following general equation into the standard form of a circle. Draw the circle and check for imaginary loci. va) dx? + dy? + 16x 4 By + 11 = 0 b) x24 y? — 8x + Gy +25 =0 co) xt+y?- 6x4 dye 240 Solution: ~ a) xb + dy? + lx 4 By + 1120 ‘Transposing the constant term on the right side and divide “1” | by 4, we get x? + y?4 4x + 2y = TT completing the aquare in 7 . -i xand y, (x74 du 4 4+? + 274 D= To 4 aed or (4224 ty 4 1 = 2 for which Ct-2, -1) and r= 3b} e) . * 64, -3) xt, y 2 Be + By + 25=0 Using the same procedure as in letter a, (x? — 8x + 16) + (y? + 6y + 9) = -25 + 1649 (x- 4)? + (y+ 3P = 0 for which C(4, -3) and r = 0. This example iJlustrates the point wig y? Bxe4y+ 2 oO (x2 — Bx + 16) + Gy? + dy + 4) = -24 4+ 1644 (x - 4)? + (y + 2)? = ~4. Since r= -4, there is n0 real locus hence, no circle is formed.