evRvi KvVv‡gv BDwbU

Structure of Market 11
f‚wgKv
†h †Kvb A_©bxwZ‡Z mvaviY gvbyl evRvi ej‡Z wbw`©ó ¯’vb‡K ey‡S| †hgb ¸jkvb gv‡K©U, wbDgv‡K©U, Puv`bxPK
BZ¨vw`| A_ev gvQ, gvsm, ZiKvwi ev d‡ji evRvi| wKš‘ A_©bxwZwe`MY evRvi ej‡Z GKwU cÖwµqv‡K eySvb| †h
cÖwµqvq †µZv-we‡µZv Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ges †Kbv-†ePv K‡ib| †hgb †µZv-we‡µZv Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb †Kvb
RvqMvq Dcw¯’Z n‡q Ki‡Z cv‡ib, †Uwj‡dvb, d¨v·, B‡gBj ev AbjvB‡bI Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB cy‡iv cÖwµqv n‡jv
evRvi| A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi evRvi _v‡K| †hgb- c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi, GK‡PwUqv evRvi BZ¨vw`|
cÖ‡Z¨K evRv‡ii wbR¯^ ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q| GB BDwb‡U GBme evRv‡ii ˆewkó¨, Avq, e¨q, gybvdv, fvimvg¨ BZ¨vw`
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 5 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 11.1: evRv‡ii msÁv I †kªwYwefvM
cvV 11.2: weµqjä Avq
cvV 11.3: dvg© I wkí
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 11.1 evRv‡ii msÁv I †kÖwYwefvM

Definition of Market and its Classification

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 evRv‡ii m¤c‡K© A_©bxwZi avibv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evRv‡ii †kªwYwefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK I Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii ˆewkó¨mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

evRvi (Market)
evRvi ej‡Z mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb ¯’vb‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b ‡µZv-we‡µZvi cv¯úvwiK wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g
`ªe¨mvgMÖx µq-weµq nq| wKš‘ A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi ej‡Z †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’vb‡K †evSvq bv eis †Kvb `ªe¨‡K †evSvq hv
†µZv-we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU wba©vwiZ `v‡g µq weµq nq| †hgb:
†kqvi evRvi, cv‡Ui evRvi| Aa¨vcK P¨vcg¨vb e‡jb,ÒevRvi ej‡Z †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’vb‡K †evSvq bv eis GK ev
GKvwaK `ªe¨‡K ‡evSvq hv †µZvI we‡µZvi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨ÿ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`ó `v‡g µq weµq
nq|Ó

evRv‡ii msÁv we‡kølY Ki‡j Avgiv wb‡¤œv³ ˆewk󨸇jv cvBÑ

i) µq weµ‡qi Rb¨ GK ev GKvwaK `ªe¨ ev †mev ii) A‡bK †µZv I we‡µZv iii) †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g `vg wba©viY BZ¨vw`|

evRv‡ii †kÖwY wefvM (Classification Market)

AvqZ‡bi wfwˇZ evRvi‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:-
1) ¯’vbxq evRvi: †h `ª‡e¨i evRvi †`‡ki GKwU wbw`©ó A‡ji g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K| †hgb: kvKmewRi evRvi|
2) RvZxq evRvi: †Kvb `ª‡e¨i evRvi mviv †`ke¨vcx n‡j Zv‡K RvZxq evRvi e‡j| †hgb-‡`kxq e‡¯¿i evRvi|
3) AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi: †Kvb `ª‡e¨i evRvi †`‡ki g‡a¨ mxgve× bv †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ †`‡kI m¤úªmvwiZ n‡j †m `ª‡e¨i
evRvi‡K AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi e‡j| †hgb: ˆZix †cvkvK, wPswo BZ¨vw`|

mg‡qi wfwˇZ evRvi‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:

1) AwZ ¯^íKvjxb evRvi: hLb †Kvb `ª‡e¨i µq weµq Lye Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úbœ nq, †m `ª‡e¨i evRvi‡K AwZ
¯^íKvjxb evRvi e‡j| †hgb- gvQ, `ya, kvKmewR, Avg, wjPz BZ¨vw`i evRvi | G ai‡bi evRv‡i †hvMvb
Aw¯’wZ¯’vcK nq|

2) ¯^íKvjxb evRvi: Giƒc evRv‡i cwiewZ©Z Pvwn`vi mv‡_ `ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi wKQzUv mgš^q mvab m¤¢e|¯^íKv‡j
Drcv`b cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v, AvqZb I hš¿cvwZi †Kvb cwieZ©b Kiv hvqbv| G e¨vcv‡i ‡hvMv‡bi †P‡q `ª‡e¨i
Pvwn`vi f~wgKv †ekx| †hgb- jy½x,kvwo cÖf…wZi evRvi ¯^íKvjxb evRvi |

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-158

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

3) `xN©Kvjxb evRvi: `xN©Kvj Ggb GKwU mgqKvj †hLv‡b wbw`ó© cÖhyw³i mv‡c‡ÿ me DcKib cwieZ©b‡hvM¨| G
ai‡bi evRv‡i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ mgb¥q mvab K‡i `xN©Kvjxb `vg wba©vwiZ nq| †hgb- cÖvB‡fU Kvi,
†gvUi mvB‡Kj, wUwf , wd«R,Iqvwks †gwkb cÖf…wZi evRvi `xN©Kvjxb evRvi|

4) AwZ`xN©Kvjxb evRvi: Aa¨vcK gvk©vj AwZ`xN©Kvjxb evRvi bv‡g Avi GK †kÖbxi evRv‡ii K_v D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| mg‡qi w`K w`‡q G evRvi AwZ `xN©Kvj ch©šÍ ¯’vqx _v‡K| Giƒc evRv‡ii mgq GZB `xN© ‡h mvaviY
`xN©Kvjxb evRv‡i †h mKj cwieZ©b m¤¢eci nq G‡Z Zv A‡cÿv AviI my`~icÖmvix cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| RbmsL¨v
e„w×, †µZvi iywP BZ¨vw` Øviv AwZ`xN©Kvjxb evRvi wbqwš¿Z I cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- RvnvR, ‡ij BwÄb
BZ¨vw`i evRvi nj AwZ `xN©Kvjxb evRvi cÖwZ‡hvMxZvi wfwˇZ evRvi‡K cÖavbZ 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK evRvi : †h evRv‡i AmsL¨ †µZv I we‡µZv ¯^vaxbfv‡e c~Y©gvÎvq cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq wjß †_‡K
mgRvZxq cb¨`ªe¨ wb‡q wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ µq weµq m¤úbœ K‡i Ges †µZv-we‡µZv †KDB wbR Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g
evRv‡ii `vg‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †m evRvi‡K c~b©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi e‡j|
c~b©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii ˆewk󨸇jv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
i) eûmsL¨K †µZv I we‡µZv
ii) mgMÖevRvi ev wk‡íi †cÖwÿ‡Z `vg wba©vwiZ nq hv ¯’vqx _v‡K
iii) mgRvZxq `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z nq
iv) `xN©Kv‡j Drcv`‡Ki evavnxb cÖ‡ek I cÖ¯’v‡bi my‡hvM _v‡K
v) evRv‡i †µZv I we‡µZvi ¯^vaxb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM _v‡K
vi) wbw`©ó mg‡q evRv‡i GKwU gvÎ g~j¨ weivR K‡i Ges †µZv we‡µZv g~j¨‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv
vii) we‡µZv gybvdv m‡e©v”PKi‡Y I †µZv Dc‡hvM m‡e©v”PKi‡Y AvMÖnx nq
viii) ¯^íKv‡j GKwU dv‡g©i Mo Avq †iLv ev Pvwn`v †iLv A‡ÿi X mgvšÍivj nq Ges AR= MR= P Ges †gvU
Avq †iLv mij ˆiwLK nq|

TR
Y
`vg I Avq

P=AR=MR

O X
Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
wPÎ 11.1.1: c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii †gvU Avq, cÖvwšÍK Avq, Mo Avq, `vg

Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi: †h evRv‡i Kg msL¨K we‡µZv ev †µZv _v‡K Ges †µZv I we‡µZv Amg
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ cY¨ µq weµq K‡i| G ai‡Yi evRv‡i †µZvi †P‡q we‡µZvi msL¨v Lye Kg nq ev †µZvi
†P‡q we‡µZv †ewk nq| weµq‡hvM¨ `ªe¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¸Y I AvKviMZ cv_©K¨ _v‡K Ges †µZv I we‡µZv DfqB
`ª‡e¨i `vg‡K Kg †ewk cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-159

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv g~jK evRv‡ii ˆewk󨸇jv n‡”Q:

1) we‡µZvi msL¨v Kg ev †µZvi msL¨v Kg
2) `ª‡e¨i ¸Yv¸Y wewfbœ n‡e
3) `vg m¤ú‡K© †µZvi AÁZv
4) evRv‡i GKB `ª‡e¨i wewfbœ `vg cÖPwjZ _v‡K
5) †µZv‡`i cÿcvZg~jK AvPiY BZ¨vw`|
Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v;
i) GK‡PwUqv evRvi: †h `ª‡e¨i evRv‡i GKRb gvÎ Drcv`K ev we‡µZv _v‡K Ges `ªe¨wUi Nwbô weKí bv _vK‡j
Zv‡K GK‡PwUqv evRvi e‡j| A_©bxwZwe` KzU‡mvqvwbm Gi g‡Z ÒGK‡PwUqv evRvi n‡”Q Giƒc GKwU evRvi
†hLv‡b GKRb we‡µZv _v‡K, Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i †Kvb wbKU cwieZ©K _v‡K bv Ges evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki c‡_ evav
we`¨gvbÓ| ev¯Í‡e weï× GK‡PwUqv evRvi Lyu‡R cvIqv KwVb| Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖvK…wZK M¨vm I we`y¨r Gi evRvi
GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii D`vniY| GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii ˆewk󨸇jv wb‡P †`Iqv nj:
1) GKRb gvÎ we‡µZv ev GKwU gvÎ Drcv`K cÖwZôvb `ªe¨wU mieivn K‡i
2) `ªe¨wUi †Kvb Nwbó cwieZ©K _v‡Kbv|
3) bZzb dv‡g©i Drcv`‡b cÖ‡e‡ki c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv we`¨gvb
4) GB evRv‡i we‡µZv `v‡gi Dci cwic~Y© cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i
5) GB evRv‡i †gvU Avq †iLv eµ‰iwLK, f~wg A‡ÿi w`‡K AeZjvK…wZi | Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq †iLv evg w`K
†_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb¤œMvgx| wKš‘ AR > MR A_©vr AR †iLv MR †iLvi Dc‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| GQvov P=AR nq|
Y
`vg I Avq

TR

MR
MR AR=P

OO Drcv`‡bi cwigvY XX

wPÎ 11.1.2: GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i Mo Avq, cÖvwšÍK Avq ,†gvU Avq †iLv|

ii) Wz‡qvcwj: Wz‡qv n‡jv `yB Ges cwj n‡jv we‡µZv| A_©vr †h evRv‡i we‡µZv gvÎ `yRb Ges †µZv AmsL¨ Zv‡K
Wz‡qvcwj evRvi e‡j| G evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b `yBRb we‡µZv Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| A_©bxwZwe` †nÛvimb-Kzqv›U
Gi g‡Z ÒGKwU Wz‡qv‡cvwj wk‡í `yBRb we‡µZv _v‡KÓ| G evRv‡i we‡µZv؇qi g‡a¨ †Kvb Pzw³ bv _vK‡jI
G‡K A‡b¨i `vg I Drcv`b bxwZ Øviv we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbt †Kvb kn‡i cwien‡bi Rb¨ `ywU evm
†Kv¤cvwb _vK‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc evRv‡ii ˆewkó¸‡jv wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:
1) we‡µZv `yRb
2) †µZv AmsL¨
3) we‡µZvi msL¨v e„w× Kiv †ek KwVb|
iii) Awj‡Mvcwj: Awj‡Mv n‡jv Aí msL¨K I cwj n‡jv we‡µZv, A_©vr †h evRv‡i we‡µZv `y‡qi AwaK wKš‘ Lye
†ewk bq, Zv‡K Awj‡Mvcwj evRvi e‡j| GKR‡bi `vg Drcv`b bxwZ Ab¨iv mZK©Zvi mv‡_ we‡ePbv K‡i
cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i| Awj‡Mvcwj `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| hw` evRv‡i K‡qKwU Drcv`K cÖwZôvb mgRvZxq

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-160

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

`ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K c~Y© Awj‡Mvcwj e‡j| wKš‘ dvg© ¸‡jv hw` mgRvZxq wKš‘ c„_KxK…Z `ªe¨ Drcv`b
K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Ac~Y© Awj‡Mvcwj e‡j| A_©bxwZwe` DBwjqvg †djbvi Giƒc evRvi‡K ¯^‡íi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡ki †gvevBj †dv‡bi evRvi|
Giƒc evRv‡ii ˆewkó¸‡jv n‡”Q:
i) ¯^ímsL¨K we‡µZv
ii) we‡µZv‡`i AvPiY A‡bKUv GK‡PwUqv cÖK…wZi
iii) GKR‡bi wm×všÍ Ab¨Rb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
iv) G evRv‡i we‡µZv `vg wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L
v) G evRv‡i weÁvcb I †mev ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|

iv) GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi: hLb †Kvb evRv‡i eûmsL¨K we‡µZv GKB RvZxq wKš‘ c„_K `ªe¨ weµq
K‡i ZLb Zv‡K GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi ejv nq| Giƒc evRv‡i Drcvw`Z wewfbœ `ªe¨ m`„k wKš‘ Awfbœ
bv| wewfbœ ai‡bi †UªWgvK©, †j‡fj Øviv we‡µZviv Zv‡`i `ªe¨‡K Avjv`v Kivi †Póv K‡i| G ai‡Yi `ªe¨‡K
c„_KxK…Z `ªe¨ ejv nq| †hgbt kvU©, c¨v›U, RyZv, Kjg, mvevb, Uz_‡c÷ BZ¨vw`i evRvi GK‡PwUqv
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi| †Kbbv evRv‡i wewfbœ e¨vÛ Gi kvU© Av‡Q, †KvbUv c- vm c‡q›U, †KvbUv †i·, †KvbUv
cjI‡qj| Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB kvU© Drcv`b K‡i| wKš‘ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki `ªe¨ wKQzUv wfbœ hv Zv‡`i‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K
_vK‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv g~jK evRv‡ii ˆewkó¸‡jv wb‡¤œ †`qv nj:

i) eûmsL¨K we‡µZv
ii) `ªe¨ mg~n mgRvZxq wKš‘ evRvi c„_KxK…Z
iii) `v‡gi Dci we‡µZvi AvswkK cÖfve
iv) evRvi m¤ú‡K© †µZv we‡µZvi avibv Ac~Y©v½|
v) g‡bvcmwb : †h evRv‡i we‡µZv AsmL¨ wKš‘ †µZv gvÎ GKRb Zv‡K g‡bvcmwb evRvi e‡j| ‡hgb- †Kvb
A‡j hw` eûmsL¨K njy` Pvlx _v‡K wKš‘ GKwUgvÎ njy‡`i Kj _v‡K Z‡e njy` PvlxMY H GKgvÎ njy` K‡ji
gvwj‡Ki Kv‡Q njy` weµq Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| Gai‡bi evRvi‡K g‡bvcmwb ejv nq|
vi) Wz‡qvcmwb: †h evRv‡i we†µZv AmsL¨ wKš‘ †µZv gvÎ `yRb Zv‡K Wz‡qvcmwb evRvi e‡j| ‡hgb- †Kvb A‡j
hw` eûmsL¨K njy`Pvlx _v‡K wKš‘ `yBwU njy‡`i Kj _v‡K Z‡e njy` PvlxMY H `yB njy` K‡ji gvwj‡Ki Kv‡Q
njy` weµq Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| Gai‡Yi evRvi‡K Wz‡qvcmwb ejv nq|
vii) evB‡jUv‡ij g‡bvcwj: †h evRv‡i GKgvÎ †µZv I GKgvÎ we‡µZv _v‡K †miƒc evRvi‡K evB‡jUv‡ij
g‡bvcwj e‡j| A_©vr GKwU `ªe¨ hLb GKgvÎ †µZv µq K‡i I GKgvÎ we‡µZv weµq K‡i ZLb Zv‡K wØcvw¶K
GK‡PwUqv evRvi ejv nq|

c~b©cªwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi I GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii cv_©K¨mg~n wb‡¤œ †`qv nj:

c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZv g~jK evRvi
1) AmsL¨ †µZv I we‡µZv we`¨gvb|
2) G evRv‡ii cY¨ mgRvZxq nq |
3) evRv‡ii Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© †µZv we‡µZvi
m¤ú~Y© avibv _v‡K|
4) G evRv‡i Drcv`b AwaK nq, `vg Kg nq |
5) `xN©Kv‡j ¯^vfvweK gybvdv AwR©Z nq |
GK‡PwUqv evRvi
1) ‡µZv AmsL¨ wKš‘ we‡µZv gvÎ GKRb|
2) G evRv‡i GKwU gvÎ cY¨ Drcvw`Z nq hvi †Kvb wbKU
cwieZ©K †bB|
3) evRv‡ii Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© †µZv we‡µZvi m¤ú~Y© avibv
_v‡K bv|
4) G evRv‡i Drcv`b Kg nq `vg AwaK nq |
5) `xN©Kv‡j AwZwi³ gybvdv AwR©Z nq|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-161

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

wkÿv_©xi KvR
evRvi m¤c‡K© avibv w`b| GK‡PwUqv I c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZv evRv‡ii ˆewkó¨ I Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c

 evRvi ej‡Z GK ev GKvwaK cY¨‡K †evSvq hv †µZv-we‡µZvi cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g
wba©vwiZ `v‡g µq-weµq nq| †hgb-†kqvi evRvi, ¯^‡Y©i evRvi BZ¨vw`|
 evRv‡ii †kªYxwefvM t- evRv‡ii cwiwa, mgq I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwI‡Z evRvi‡K K‡qKwU ‡kªYx‡Z fvM
Kiv hvqÑ
 cwiwai wfwˇZ evRvi wZb cÖKvi| h_vt-(K) ¯’vbxq evRvi, (L) RvZxq evRvi Ges (M) AvšÍ©RvwZK
evRvi|
 mg‡qi wfwˇZ evRvi‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt- (K) AwZ ¯^íKvjxb evRvi (L) ¯^íKvjxb
evRvi (M) `xN©Kvjxb evRvi Ges (N) AwZ `xN©Kvjxb evRvi|
 cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwI‡Z evRvi `yB cªKvi| h_vt- (K) c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi Ges (L) Ac~Y©
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi|
 GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv g~jK evRvi: hLb †Kvb evRv‡i eûmsL¨K we‡µZv GKB RvZxq wKš‘ c„_K `ªe¨
weµq K‡i ZLb Zv‡K GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi ejv nq|
 c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK evRvi : †h evRv‡i AmsL¨ †µZv I we‡µZv ¯^vaxbfv‡e c~Y©gvÎvq AskMÖn‡Y wjß
†_‡K mgRvZxq cY¨ wb‡q wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ µq weµq m¤úbœ K‡i Ges †µZv-we‡µZv †KDB wbR
Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g evRv‡ii `vg‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †m evRvi‡K c~b©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi
e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.1

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| AvqZ‡bi wfwˇZ evRvi KZ cÖKvi?
(K) 2 (L) 3 (M) 4 (N) 5
2| †h evRv‡i `yRb †µZv _v‡K Zv‡K wK e‡j?
(K) g‡bvcwj (L) Wz‡qvcwj (M) g‡bvcmwb (N) Wz‡qvcmwb
3| †h evRv‡i GK †µZv I GK we‡µZv _v‡K Zv‡K wK e‡j?
(K) Wz‡qvcwj (L) g‡bvcwj (M) evB‡jUv‡ij g‡bvcwj (N) g‡bvcmwb
4| eû msL¨K †µZv we‡µZvi evRvi‡K wK e‡j?
(K) GK‡PwUqv (L) c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi
(M) Ac~b©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi (N) g‡bvcmwb
5| †Kvb evRv‡i `ªe¨ mgRvZxq nq?
(K) GK‡PwUqv (L) c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi
(M) GK‡PwUqv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi (N) Wz‡qvcwj

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-162

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

6| †Kvb evRv‡i Kg msL¨K we‡µZv cy‡iv evRvi‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i?

(K) Awj‡Mvcwj (L) g‡bvcwj (M) g‡bvcmwb (N) Wz‡qvcwj
7| †Kvb evRvi `ª‡e¨i `vg w¯’i _v‡K?
(K) g‡bvcwj (L) Wz‡qvcwj
(M) c~b©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi (M) evB‡jUv‡ij g‡bvcwj
8| †Kvb evRv‡i P = AR =MR nq?
(K) GK‡PwUqv (L) Wz‡qvcwj
(M) c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi (N) evB‡jUv‡ii g‡bvcwj
9| evRv‡ii ˆewkó¨ nj-
i. GK ev GKvwaK `ªe¨
ii. †µZv I we‡µZv
iii. `iKlvKwl I GK ev GKvwaK AÂj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
10| Wz‡qvcwj evRv‡ii ˆewkó¨ nj-
i. `yRb †µZv
ii. `yRb we‡µZv
iii. ‡µZvi msL¨v e„w× cv‡e bv |
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
(K) i (L) ii (M) ii I ii (N) i , ii, iii

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-163

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 11.2 weµqjä Avq

Received Revenue

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Av‡qi avibv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ evRvi e¨e¯’vq †gvU, Mo I cÖvwšÍK Av‡qi m¤cK© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ weµ‡qi gva¨‡g †Kvb dvg© †h A_© jvf K‡i Zv‡K weµqjä Avq e‡j| weµqjä Avq‡K 3 fv‡M
fvM Kiv nq|h_v-
1| †gvU Avq (Total Revenue): †Kvb dvg© †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i meUzKz weµq K‡i †h A_© jvf
K‡i Zv‡K †gvU Avq e‡j| wewµZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY‡K Mo `vg w`‡q ¸Y K‡i †gvU Avq cvIqv hvq| A_©vr
†gvU Avq = weµ‡qi cwigvY  `vg ev, TR = Q  P
†hgbt †Kvb dvg© Zvi Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i cÖwZ GKK hw` 20 UvKv `v‡g (P) 100 GKK (Q) weµq K‡i Z‡e Zvi
†gvU Avq(TR) = 20  100 = 2000 UvKv |

2| Mo Avq (Average Revenue): †gvU Avq‡K hw` †gvU weµ‡qi cwigvY w`‡q fvM Kiv nq Z‡e Mo Avq cvIqv
hvq| A_©vr `ª‡e¨i cÖwZwU GKK †_‡K †Kvb dvg© Mo †h Avq K‡i Zv‡KB Mo Avq e‡j|
A_©vr
‡gvU Avq TR
Mo Avq (AR) = =
†gvU weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY Q

†hgb: †Kvb dvg© hw` Zvi Drcvw`Z 100 GKK weµq K‡i †gvU 2000 UvKv Avq K‡i Z‡e
2000
Zvi Mo Avq = = 20 UvKv|
100
3| cÖvwšÍK Avq (Marginal Revenue): `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ GK GKK weµ‡qi gva¨‡g †h Avq jvf Kiv nq Zv‡K
cÖvwšÍK Avq e‡j| A_©vr †Kvb `ª‡e¨i weµq AwZwi³ GK GKK evov‡j †gvU Av‡qi †h cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK
Avq e‡j| G‡K †gvU Av‡qi cwieZ©b I †gvU weµ‡qi cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi AbycvZ wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq A_©vr
‡gvU Av‡qi cwieZ©b TR
cÖvwšÍK Avq (MR) = =
†gvU weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b Q

†hgb: †Kvb dvg© 20 GKK weµq K‡i 2000 UvKv Avq K‡i I 21 GKK weµq K‡i 2200
UvKv Avq K‡i, G‡¶‡Î
TR = Av‡qi cwieZ©b = (2200-2000) = 200 Ges
Q = weµ‡qi cwieZ©b = (21-20) = 1
200
myZivs dv‡g©i cÖvwšÍK Avq n‡e = =200 UvKv
1
BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-164
 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg , †gvU Avq , Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq (Price, TR, AR and MR under
Perfect competition market)
c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg w¯’i †_‡K cY¨`ªe¨ µq-weµq nq| Giƒc evRv‡i `vg ,‡gvU Avq, Mo Avq I
cÖvwšÍK Av‡qi m¤úK©wU wb‡¤œ mviwYi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nj:

QK 11.2.2: c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg, †gvU Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq
weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i `vg (P) ‡gvU Avq Mo Avq cÖvwšÍK Avq
cwigvY (Q) (TR = P.Q) TR TR
(AR = ) (MR = )
Q Q
1 8 UvKv 8 UvKv 8 UvKv 8 UvKv
2 8 UvKv 16 UvKv 8 UvKv 8 UvKv
3 8 UvKv 24 UvKv 8 UvKv 8 UvKv
4 8 UvKv 32 UvKv 8 UvKv 8 UvKv
5 8 UvKv 40 UvKv 8 UvKv 8 UvKv

QK 11.2.2 G ‡`Lv hvq †h, weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq wbw`©ó ev w¯’i nv‡i e„w× cvq| GQvov Mo Avq
I cªvwšÍK Avq `v‡gi mgvb nq (P = AR = MR), hv c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨|
‡iLvwP‡Î mviwY ‡_‡K cÖvß TR, AR I MR gvbmg~n‡K wb‡¤œ †iLvwP‡Î i~c †`qv nj:
TR
†gvU Avq
40

32

24 (i)

16

0 1 2 3 4 5 weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvb

Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq

(ii)

8 P= AR = MR

0 1 2 3 4 5 weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvb

wPÎ 11.2.1 : c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †gvU Avq †gv&U Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-165

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

wPÎ 12.2.1 G f~wg A‡ÿ weµ‡qi cwigvY, j¤^ A‡ÿ (i wP‡Î) †gvU Avq, (ii wP‡Î) Mo I cÖvwšÍK Avq wb‡`©k Kiv
n†q‡Q | mviwY‡Z cÖvß gvbmg~n‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvc MÖnY K‡i †gvU Avq (TR) ‡iLv I Mo Avq (AR) Ges
cÖvwšÍK Avq (MR) †iLv A¼b Kiv nq|

wPÎ †_‡K jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq wbw`©ó nv‡i e„w× cvq Ges Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK
Avq cÖwZ †ÿ‡ÎB `v‡gi mgvb nq| GRb¨ TR †iLvwU g~jwe›`yMvgx I mij‰iwLK Ges AR I MR ‡iLv cwigvY
A‡ÿi ev f~wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nq|

Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg, †gvU Avq, Mo AvqI cÖvwšÍK Avq (Price, TR, AR and MR under
Imperfect Competition market)

Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i c‡Y¨i †hvMvb we‡µZv KZ©„K wbqwš¿Z nq| `vg wba©viY we‡µZvi Dci wbf©ikxj|
we‡µZv AwaK cY¨ weµ‡qi Rb¨ `vg n«vm K‡i| GgZve¯’vq Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg, †gvU Avq, Mo
Avq I cÖvwšÍK Av‡qi m¤úK© wb‡¤œi mviwY‡Z †`Lv‡bv nj:

QK 11.2.2: Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg, †gvU Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq
weµ‡qi cwigvY `vg (P) ‡gvU Avq Mo Avq cÖvwšÍK Avq
(Q) (TR=P.Q) TR TR
(AR = ) (MR = )
Q Q
1. 10 UvKv 10 UvKv 10 UvKv 10 UvKv
2. 9 UvKv 18 UvKv 9UvKv 8 UvKv
3. 8 UvKv 24 UvKv 8 UvKv 6 UvKv
4. 7 UvKv 28 UvKv 7 UvKv 4 UvKv
5. 6 UvKv 30 UvKv 6 UvKv 2 UvKv
6. 5 UvKv 30 UvKv 5 UvKv 0 UvKv

QK 11.2.2 G ‡`Lv hvq, `vg hZB n«vm cv‡”Q weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY ZZB e„w× cv‡”Q| †gvU Avq µgn«vmgvb
nv‡i e„w×, Mo I cªvwšÍK Avq DfqB n«vm cv‡”Q| Z‡e Mo Avq A‡cÿv cªvwšÍK Avq AwaK n«vm cv‡”Q|

Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i TR, AR I MR A¼b:

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-166

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

†gvU Avq
30-  


25-  TR

20- 

(i)
15-

10-

5-
X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0- weµqK„Z `ª‡e¨i cwigvY

12-
Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq

-

10-
- 

  (ii)
8-

-
 
6-

- 
AR
4-
- 

2-
- X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0- MR weµqKxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY
wPÎ 11.2.2: Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i †gvU Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq †iLv

wPÎ 11.2.2 G f~wg A‡¶ weµ‡qi cwigvY Ges j¤^ A‡¶ (i wP‡Î) †gvU Avq , (ii wP‡Î) Mo I cÖvwšÍK Avq wb‡`©k
Kiv nq|
QK 11.2.2 G D‡jøwLZ gvbmg~‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigv‡ci mvnv‡h¨ wP‡Î iƒc †`qv nj| wPÎ †_‡K j¶ Kiv hvq,
weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq (TR) µgnªvmgvb nv‡i e„w× cvq Ges Mo Avq (AR) I cÖvwšÍK Avq
BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-167
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

(MR) DfqB n«vm cvq| Z‡e Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq e„w×
cvq µgn«vmgvb nv‡i| wKš‘ Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq n«vm cvq| G evRv‡i weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Mo
Avq A‡c¶v cÖvwšÍK Avq AwaK n«vm cvq e‡j AR †iLv MR †iLvi Ici Ae¯’vb K‡i| wPÎ †_‡K j¶ Kiv hvq
†h, †gv&U Avq hLb m‡e©v”P ZLb cÖvwšÍK Avq k~b¨, wKš‘ Mo Avq abvZ¥K| weµ‡qi cwigvY AviI e„w× Kiv n‡j
cÖvwšÍK Avq FYvZ¥K n‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR

c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK I Ac~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Av‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 wewµZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY‡K Mo `vg w`‡q ¸Y K‡i †gvU Avq cvIqv hvq| `ª‡e¨i cÖwZwU GKK †_‡K †Kvb
dvg© †h Avq K‡i Zv‡K Mo Avq e‡j| †Kvb `ª‡e¨i weµq AwZwi³ GK GKK evov‡j †gvU Av‡qi †h
cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K cÖvwšÍK Avq e‡j|
 c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg, †gvU Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq-
weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq wbw`©ó nv‡i e„w× cvq Ges Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq cÖwZ
†ÿ‡ÎB `v‡gi mgvb nq| GRb¨ TR †iLvwU g~jwe›`yMvgx I mij‰iwLK Ges AR I MR ‡iLv cwigvY
A‡ÿi ev f~wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nq|
 Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i `vg, †gvU Avq, Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq-
evRv‡i weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Avq e„w× µgn«vmgvb nv‡i| wKš‘ Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq
n«vm cvq| G evRv‡i weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Mo Avq A‡c¶v cÖvwšÍK Avq AwaK n«vm cvq
e‡j AR †iLv MR †iLvi Ici Ae¯’vb K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.2
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Y
`vg, Mo Avq I
cÖvwšÍK Avq

AR

MR
O X
weµ‡qi cwigvb

1| wPÎwU †Kvb evRv‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z?

(K) cyb©cÖwZ‡hvwMZv (L) GK‡PwUqv (M) Awj‡Mvcwj (N) Wz‡qvcwj
2| D³ evRv‡i Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Av‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK© nj-
i. `vg Kg‡jI Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq mgvb _v‡K
ii. `vg Kg‡jI Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq w¯’i _v‡K
iii. `vg Kg‡jI Mo Avq †h nv‡i K‡g cÖvwšÍK Avq Zvi wظY nv‡i K‡g
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii (M) iii (N) i I ii
BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-168
 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

cvV 11.3 dvg© I wkí

Firm and Industry

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 dvg© I wk‡íi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 dv‡g©i fvimvg¨ wba©viY cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i dv‡g©i ¯^íKvjxb fvimvg¨ AR©b cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i dv‡g©i ¯^íKvjxb fvimvg¨ AR©b cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

dvg© I wk‡íi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Difference between Firm and Industry)

A_©bxwZ‡Z mgRvZxq `ªe¨ ev †mev Drcv`bKvix †Kvb GKK cÖwZôvb‡K dvg© e‡j| †hgb-GKwU Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv
nj GKwU d©vg|
wkí: ‡Kvb mgRvZxq `ªe¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ mKj Drcv`b cÖwZôvb ev dv‡g©i mgwó‡K wkí e‡j AwfwnZ
Kiv nq|

dvg© I wk‡íi cv_©K¨ mg~n wb‡¤œ †`qv n‡jv:

dvg© Wkí
1) †Kvb wbw`ó `ªe¨ Drcv`bKvix GKK cÖwZôvb‡K dvg© 1) GKK `ªe¨ Drcv`bKvix mKj cÖwZôvb ev dv‡g©i
e‡j| mgwó‡K wkí e‡j|
2) dv‡g©i AvKvi †QvU nq| 2) wk‡íi AvKvi eo nq|
3) dv‡g©i gvwjKvbv e¨e¯’vcbv g~jZ GKK nq| 3) wKš‘ wkí wfbœ wfbœ e¨e¯’vcbvq cwiPvwjZ nq|
4) dvg© `vg MÖnxZv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| 4) wkí `vg wba©vi‡Y eo f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
5) ‡Kvb dv‡g©i †hvMvb †gvU Drcv`‡bi Zzjbvq A‡bK 5) wk‡íi †hvMvb dv‡g©i Zzjbvq AwaK|
Kg
6) c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZv g~jK evRvi e¨e¯’vq dv‡g©i Pvwn`v 6) wk‡íi Pvwn`v †iLv Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx nq
‡iLv f~wg A‡¶i mgvšÍivj nq|
7) c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq ev GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i dvg© ¯^íKv‡j 7) c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wkí mvaviYZ ¯^vfvweK gybvdv AR©b
¯^vfvweK gybvdv, AwZwi³ gybvdv I ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i K‡i| GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i wkí me©`vB AwZwi³ gybvdv
Drcv`b Pvjy iv‡L| wKš‘ `xN©Kv‡j dvg© c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AR©b K‡i|
¯^vfvweK gybvdv I GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i AwZwi³ gybvdv
AR©b K‡i|

dv‡g©i gybvdv m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi kZ©vewj (Conditions of Profit Maximization)

gybvdv: gybvdv mvaviYZ †gvU Avq I †gvU e¨‡qi cv_©K¨ †_‡K wbY©xZ nq| G †¶‡Î gybvdv Avq I e¨‡qi abvZ¥K
cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k K‡i|
gybvdv () = (TR-TC) ≥ 0; TR = †gvU Avq , TC = †gvU e¨q Ges  = gybvdv

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-169

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖ‡Z¨K dv‡g©i g~j j¶¨ nj gybvdv m‡e©v”P Kiv| wb†¤œ dv‡g©i gybvdv m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi kZ©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv|
i) ‡gvU Avq I †gvU e¨‡qi mvnv‡h¨ gybvdv m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi kZ© n‡jv:
1) cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© : †gvU Avq †iLv †gvU e¨q †iLvi Dci Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| A_©vr TR > TC.
2) ch©vß kZ ©: †h we›`y‡Z †gvU Avq I †gvU e¨‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ me©vwaK n‡e, †m we›`y‡Z gybvdv
m‡e©v”P n‡e|
c~b© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv g~jK evRv‡i †gvU Avq- e¨q †iLv wfwËK gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY:

Y
†gvU Avq I †gvU e¨q

TC
TR
b (i)

X
0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Drcv`‡bi cwigvY

+

(ii)

0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 X Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
-

wPÎ 11.3.1: †gvU Avq-e¨q †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY

wPÎ 11.3.1 G f~wg A‡¶ Drcv`b ev weµqµxZ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY, j¤^ A‡¶ (i wP‡Î) †gvU Avq I †gvU e¨q Ges (ii
wP‡Î) abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K gybvdv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wPÎ 11.3.1(i) G Q1 Drcv`b ¯Í‡i e¨q (TC) > Avq (TR), ZvB FbvZ¥K gybvdv wb‡`©k K‡i Q2 I Q4 ¯Í‡i TR
= TC e‡j gybvdv k~Y¨| wKš‘ Q3 n‡j Drcv`b ¯Í‡i m‡ev©”P gybvdv wb‡`©k K‡i| KviY GB Drcv`b ¯Í‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-170

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

I ch©vß kZ© A_©vr TR = TC Ges Df‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ me©vwaK| ZvB wPÎ 11.3.1(ii) G Q3 ¯Íi me©vwaK abvZ¥K
gybvdv wb‡`©k K‡i| wP‡Î a I b we›`y‡K mg Avq-e¨q we›`y ejv nq|

ii) cÖvwšÍK Avq I cÖvwšÍK e¨q †iLvi g‡a¨ gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY:

†Kvb dv‡g©i m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©‡bi welqwU cÖvwšÍK Avq I cÖvwšÍK e¨q †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| GwU gybvdv
wba©vi‡Yi AvazwbK c×wZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| cÖvwšÍK Avq I cÖvwšÍK e¨q †iLvi gva¨‡g gybvdv m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi kZ©vejx
nj-
1) cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©: †h we›`y‡Z cÖvwšÍK Avq I e¨q †iLv ci¯úi †Q` K‡i, †mB we›`y‡Z gybvdv m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi
cÖv_wgK kZ© AwR©Z nq| A_©vr m‡e©v”P gybvdv ¯Íi wb‡`©k K‡i |
2) fvimvg¨ we›`y‡Z ev m‡e©v”P gybvdv ¯Í‡i MC †iLv MR †iLv‡K wbP w`K †_‡K †Q` K‡i Dc‡ii w`‡K
DV‡e| fvimvg¨ we›`y‡Z MC †iLvi Xvj MR †iLvi Xvj A‡c¶v †ewk n‡e|

G`ywU kZ© cvwjZ n‡j I Mo e¨q †iLvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv G¶‡Î i‡q‡Q| c~Y© I Ac~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq ¯^íKv‡j
gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY ej‡Z (P = AR > AC) Ges `xN©Kv‡j c~b©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq P = AC| wKš‘ GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i
ev AcyY© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq P > AC †K wb‡`©k K‡i| ZvB gybvdv m‡e©v”PKi‡Y AwZwi³ kZ© n‡jv P > AC|
GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i †gvU Avq- e¨q †iLv wfwËK gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY:

Y
MC
`vg, Avq I e¨q

a AC
P0 AC
P1 b
e AR
MR
X
O
Q0 Drcv`†bi cwigvY
wPÎ 11.3.2: cÖvwšÍK Avq- e¨‡qi mgZv wba©vi‡bi gva¨‡g gybvdv m‡e©v”PKib

wPÎ 11.3.2 G f~wg A‡¶ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY j¤^ A‡¶ `ª‡e¨ `vg I e¨q, AR = Mo Avq †iLv , MR = cÖvwšÍK
Avq †iLv, AC = Mo e¨q †iLv Ges MC = cÖvwšÍK e¨q †iLv wb‡`©k K‡i| wP‡Î e we›`y‡Z MR †iLv‡K MC
†iLv †Q` K‡i| ZvB e we›`y‡Z fvimvg¨ AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq I ch©vß kZ© c~iY nq| GQvov AwZwi³ kZ© P > AC
kZ© cvwjZ nq OQo fvimvg¨ Drcv`b ch©v‡q| myZivs OQo cwigvY Drcv`b Ki‡j e we›`y‡Z fvimvg¨ AR©‡bi
gva¨‡g gybvdv m‡e©v”P n‡e| G‡¶‡Î gybvdvi cwigvY π = TR-TC = OPoaQo - OP1bQo = P1Poab

Drcv`b cÖwZôv‡bi fvimvg¨

A_©bxwZ‡Z fvimvg¨ avibvwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| hLb †Kvb `ª‡e¨i MwZkxj wecixZgyLx kw³mg~n Ggb GKwU Ae¯’vq
G‡m †cŠ‡Q †h Zv‡`i Avi cwieZ©‡bi †Kvb cÖebZv _v‡K bv ZLb †m Ae¯’v‡K fvimvg¨ ejv nq| G Ae¯’vq
wecixZgyLx kw³mg~n w¯’i n‡q hvq Ges GKwU w¯’Zve¯’vi m„wó nq| †hgb †h `v‡g †gvU Pvwn`v I †gvU †hvMvb

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-171

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

mgvb nq †m `vgB fvimvg¨ `vg| Ab¨fv‡e ejv qvq, †h Ae¯’v †_‡K cwieZ©‡bi Avi †Kvb cÖebZv _v‡K bv ZvB
n‡”Q fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v|

c~b©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i dv‡g©i ¯^íKvjxb fvimvg¨ (Short Run Equlibrium in the Perfect Competition
Market)
†h evRv‡i AmsL¨ †µZv I AmsL¨ we‡µZv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ c~b©gvÎvq cÖwZ‡hvwMZvh wjß _v‡K Zv‡K
c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi e‡j| Giƒc evRv‡i dvg© mvaviYZ m‡ev©”P gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ ¯^íKv‡j
dv‡g©i c‡¶ A‡bK mgq abvZ¥K gybvdv ¯Í‡i KvR Kiv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
AbywgwZ:
1) AmsL¨ †µZv I we‡µZv
2) evRv‡i mgRvZxq `ªe¨ we`¨gvb
3) ‡µZv I we‡µZv DfqB evRvi m¤^‡Ü c~b© Ávb iv‡L
4) Dcv`vbmg~n m¤ú~Y© MwZkxj
5) evRv‡i c‡Y¨i `vg w¯’i|
fvimv‡g¨i kZ©: c~b©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i ¯^í‡gqv‡` †Kvb dvg©‡K fvimv‡g¨ †cŠQv‡Z n‡j wb‡¤œv³ kZ© `ywU
cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e |
1) cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©: dv‡g©i cÖvwšÍK Avq I cÖvwšÍK e¨q ci¯úi mgvb n‡e A_©vr MR = MC n†e|
2) ch©vß kZ©: fvimvg¨ we›`y‡Z MC †iLv Xvj >MR †iLvi Xvj A_©vr MC †iLv MR †iLv‡K wb‡Pi w`K
†_‡K †Q` K‡i Dc‡i DV‡e|
dv‡g©i ¯^íKvjxb fvimv‡g¨i A_© GB †h, ¯^íKv‡j dv‡g© memgq AwZwi³ gybvdv AR©b Ki‡e bvwK †jvKmv‡bi
m¤§yLxb n‡e ev ¯^vfvweK gybvdv AR©b Ki‡e Zv wbf©i Ki‡e ¯^íKvjxb Mo e¨q †iLvi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci| GRb¨
¯^íKv‡j Dcwi³ kZ©¸‡jv QvovI wfbœ k‡Z©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb:
i) ¯^vfvweK gybvdv hLb P = AC nq|
ii) AwZwi³ gybvdv hLb P > AC nq
iii) ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i Drcv`b hLb AC > P > AVC
dv‡g©i ¯^íKvjxb fvimvg¨ msµvšÍ wZbwU wPÎ wb‡P †`Iqv nj:

MC MC MC
`vg, e¨q
`vg, e¨q

`vg, e¨q

AC
AC
AC
d AVC
P2
a a
Po P = AR = MR Po P = AR = MR Po
c P = AR = MR
P1 c P1
f

O Qo O Q1 O Q2
Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Drcv`‡bi cwigvY

(i) ¯^vfvweK gybvdv (ii) A¯^vfvweK gybvdv (iii) ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i Drcv`b
wPÎ 11.3.3: c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i dv‡g©i ¯^íKvjxb fvimvg¨

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-172

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

wPÎ 11.3.3 G fzwg A‡¶ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY I j¤^ A‡¶ `vg, e¨q †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wPÎ 11.3.3(i) G OQ0
Drcv`b ¯Í‡i a we›`y‡Z fvimv‡g¨i cÖ‡qvRxq kZ© MR = MC , ch©vß kZ© MC †iLvi Xvj  MR †iLvi Xvj Ges
AwZwi³ kZ© P = AC cvwjZ nq| ZvB a we›`y‡Z dv‡g©i ¯^vfvweK gybvdv wba©vwiZ nq|

wPÎ 11.3.3(ii) G OQ1 Drcv`b ¯Í‡i we›`y‡Z fvimv‡g¨i cÖ‡qvRbxq I ch©vß kZ© cvwjZ nq| GQvov OQ0
Drcv`b ¯Í‡i AwZwi³ kZ© P > AC kZ© cvwjZ nq| ZvB G†¶‡Î AwZwi³ gybvdv AwR©Z n‡e| AwZwi³ gybvdvi
cwigvY n‡e OQ1aPo – OQ1cP1 = PoP1ac

wPÎ 11.3.3(iii) G OQ2 Drcv`b ¯Í‡i C we›`y‡Z fvimv‡g¨i cÖ‡qvRbxq I ch©vß kZ© cÖwZcvwjZ nq| GQvov c
we›`y‡Z AwZwi³ kZ© AC > P > AVC kZ©I c~iY nq| G‡¶‡Î ¯^íKv‡j d©vg hw` Drcv`b bv K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K df
cwigvY w¯’i e¨q enb Ki‡Z n‡e A_©vr Drcv`b bv Ki‡j ¶wZ df cwigvY | wKš‘ Drcv`b Kiv n‡j hw` `vg
OPo = cQ2 cvIqv hvq, ZLb ¶wZi cwigvY n«vm cvq (df>dc) cf cwigvY A_©vr G Ae¯’vq Drcv`b Pvjy ivL‡j
¶wZ wba©vwiZ nq dc cwigvY | A_©vr ¯^íKv‡j d©vg wU‡K _vKvi ¯^‡cœ ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i A‡bK mgq Drcv`b Pvjy
iv‡L|
¯^íKv‡j c~b©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i dv‡g©i fvimvg¨ wba©viY cÖm‡½ ejv hvq, MR I MC Gi †cÖw¶‡Z
fvimv‡g¨i kZ© cvwjZ n‡q Drcv`b wba©vwiZ nq wVKB Z‡e †mB fvimv‡g¨i †¶‡Î KLbI ev ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i
Drcv`b wba©vwiZ nq| Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, ¯^íKv‡j c~b©cÖwZ‡hvMx dvg© fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vq †cŠQv‡jB abvZ¥K
gybvdv AwR©Z n‡e,Ggb †Kvb wbðqZv †bB| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h `xN©Kv‡j G evRv‡i ïaygvÎ ¯^vfvweK gybvdvB AwR©Z
nq |
GK‡PwUqv evRv‡ii dv‡g©i ¯^íKvjxb fvimvg¨(Short Run Equlibrium in the MonopolyMarket)

‡Kvb `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b hLb GKRb we‡µZvi Kv‡Q _v‡K †miƒc evRvi‡K GK‡PwUqv evRvi e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvh
GK†PwUqv evRvi n‡”Q Giƒc GK dvg© ev wkí hvi cb¨ Acivci Drcv`‡Ki cY¨ †_‡K my¯úófv‡e c„_K Kiv hvq|
GK‡PwUqv Kvievwi `ª‡e¨i `vg wba©vi‡Yi Ici we‡kl fv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
AbywgwZ:
1) evRv‡i we‡µZv GKRb wKš‘ †µZv AmsL¨|
2) wbKU cwieZ©K `ªe¨ †bB|
3)Mo Avq I cÖvwšÍK Avq †iLv evg †_‡K Wv‡b wb¤œMvgx nq Ges cÖvwšÍK Avq †iLv, Mo Avq †iLvi wb‡P
Ae¯’vb K‡i|
fvimv‡g¨i kZ©: GK‡PwUqv Kvievwi fvimvg¨ AR©‡bi j‡¶ `ywU kZ© c~iY K‡i h_v-
i) cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©: fvimvg¨ we›`y‡Z MR = MC n‡e
ii) ch©vß kZ©: MC †iLvi Xvj > MR †iLvi Xvj n‡e|
iii) AwZwi³ kZ©: GK‡PwUhv Kvievwi DcwiD³ 2wU kZ© c~iY Ki‡jB gybvdv m‡e©v”P AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv, Gi Rb¨ AwZwi³ k‡Z©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| ¯^íKv‡j GK‡PwUqv Kvievwi wZbwU Drcv`b Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb
n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
K) ¯^vfvweK gybvdv P = AC
L) AwZwi³ gybvdv P AC
M) ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i Drcv`b AC > P > AVC
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ ¯^íKvjxb fvimvg¨:
BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-173
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

AC

`vg, e¨q
MC MC MC

`vg, e¨q
`vg, e¨q

AC AVC
AC f
b P3
Po P2 g
Po a d h
P1 P4
eo eo
AR AR
eo
AR
MR MR MR

O Qo O Q1 O Q2
Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
(i) ¯^vfvweK gybvdv (ii) A¯^vfvweK gybvdv (iii) ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i Drcv`b

wPÎ 11.3.4: GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i dv‡g©i ¯^íKvjxb fvimvg¨

wPÎ 11.3.4 G f~wg A‡¶ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY Ges j¤^ A‡¶ `vg, cÖvwšÍK Avq, Mo e¨q, Mo cwieZ©bkxj e¨q wb‡`©k
K‡i| GK‡PwUqv Kvievwi me©`v A¯^vfvweK ev AwZwi³ gybvdv AR©b K‡i Zv mwVK bq| `xN©Kv‡j GK‡PwUqv
Kvievix c‡Y¨i †hvMvb‡K m¤ú~b©iƒ‡c wbqš¿b K‡i A¯^vfvweK gybvdv AR©b m¤¢e n‡jI ¯^íKv‡j wZbwU Ae¯’vi
m¤§yLxb nq| G‡¶‡Î eo we›`y‡Z fvimv‡g¨i cÖ‡qvRbxq I ch©vß kZ© c~iY n‡jI
(i) wP‡Î Avq =OPoaQo Ges e¨q = OPoaQo †h‡nZz Avq I e¨q ci¯úi mgvb, †m‡nZz ¯^vfvweK gybvdv AwR©Z
nq|
(ii) wP‡Î Avq = OPobQ1 Ges e¨q = OP1dQ1, GLv‡b AwZwi³ gybvdv n‡”Q PoP1bd cwigvY|
wP‡Î Mo e¨q, fQ2 = `vg OP3 Ges Mo Avq gQ2 = `vg oP2, Ges cwieZ©bkxj e¨q AVC = OP4 = hQ2| G
(iii)
†_‡K †evSv hvq , ¯^íKv‡j GK‡PwUqv Kvievwi Drcv`b bv Ki‡j ¶wZ fh = AFC Avi Drcv`b Ki‡j ¶wZ fg
myZivs ¶wZ Kgv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯^íKv‡j ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡iI Drcv`b Pvjy ivL‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ `xN©Kv‡j GK‡PwUqv
Kvievwi AwZwi³ gybvdvB AR©b K‡i| GUvB GK‡PwUqv Kviev‡ii we‡klZ¡ |
wkÿv_©xi KvR

1) XvKv Iqvmv 2) evsjv‡`k Zvi I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM †evW© 3) mqvweb †Zj 4) wWUvi‡R›U cvEWvi-G¸‡jv †Kvb
ai‡bi evRv‡ii AvIZvaxb|
Avcbvi g‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi evRv‡ii msL¨v c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk Ges †Kb, Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c

 †Kvb wbw`ó `ªe¨ Drcv`bKvix GKK cÖwZôvb†K dvg© e‡j|

 GKK `ªe¨ Drcv`bKvix mKj cÖwZôvb ev dv‡g©i mgwó‡K wkí e‡j|
 †Kvb wbw`ó mg‡q †Kvb dv‡g©i gybvdv Ges †gvU Avq I †gvU e¨‡qi G cv_©K¨ †h we›`y‡Z me©vwaK n‡e, †m
we›`y‡Z gybvdv m‡e©v”P n‡e|
 ¯^íKv‡j c~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i dvg© wZbwU Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb nq| G‡ÿ‡Î, dvg© ¯^vfvweK gybvdv,
AwZwi³ gybvdv Ges ÿwZ ¯^xKvi K‡i Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i dvg© fvimvg¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© MR = MC, ch©vß kZ© MC †iLv MR

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-174

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

†iLv‡K wb‡Pi w`K †_‡K †Q` K‡i Dc‡i I‡V| ¯^íKv‡j dvg© ¯^vfvweK gybvdv, A¯^vfvweK gybvdv Ges
ÿwZ ¯^xKvi K‡i Drcv`b Pvjy ivL‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ `xN©Kv‡j Giƒc evRv‡i dvg© ïay A¯^vfvweK gybvdvB AR©b
K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.3
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i cÖvwšÍK Avq †iLvi AvK…wZ wKiƒc?
(K) wb¤œMvgx (L) DaŸ©Mvgx (M) f‚wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj (N) j¤^ j‡ÿi mgvšÍivj
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges 2 I 3 bs cª‡kœi DËi w`b|

2| DÏxc‡K Drcv`‡Ki gybvdvi cwigvY KZ n‡e?

(K) 240 (L) 60 (M) 32 (N) 27
3| DÏxc‡Ki AC †iLv E we›`y‡K ¯úk© Ki‡j-
(K) gybvdv AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e (L) ÿwZ n‡e
(M) ¯^vfvweK gybvdv n‡e (N) A¯^vfvweK gybvdv n‡e
4| GK‡PwUqv evRv‡i †Kv‡bv dv‡g©i fvimvg¨ we›`y‡Z
i. MR I MC †iLv wgwjZ nq
ii. MC †iLv DaŸ©Mvgx nq
iii. MR = MC = AR nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1) Rbve Bgivb K I L bv‡g `ywU evRvi n‡Z `ªe¨ mvgMxÖ wKb‡jb| wZwb †`L‡jb †h, K evRv‡i AmsL¨ †µZv I
we‡µZv mgRvZxq `ªe¨ µq weµq Ki‡Q| wKš‘ L evRv‡i †`L‡jb †h, GKRb we‡µZv evRv‡i c‡Y¨i †hvMvb
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
(K) evRvi ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
(L) g‡bvcwj, g‡bvcmwb, ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
(M) DÏxc‡K †Kvb †Kvb evRv†ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡`i ˆewkó¨ wjLyb?
(N) Dc‡ii `ywU evRv‡i †KvbwU‡Z †µZv jvfevb nj Avi †KvbwU‡Z we‡µZv †ewk jvfevb nj ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb?
2| wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi w`b|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-175

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

Y AC
MC
P,C
AVC
P2
PO
P1 P=AR=MR

O q Q X
wP†Î Bgivb †UªWv‡m©i e¨emvi cwiPvjbv cÖwµqv †`Iqv nj|
(K) Bgivb †UªWvm© eZ©gv‡b Kx k‡Z© Drcv`b Ki‡Q?
(L) Awj‡Mvcwj I Wz‡qvcwji g‡a¨ cv_K¨ wK?
(M) Bgivb †UªWvm© hw` eZ©gv‡b m‡šÍvlRbK Ae¯’vq bv _v‡K, Z‡e wKfv‡e m‡šÍvlRbK Ae¯’vq _vK‡e Zv
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb?
(N) hw` Bgivb †UªWv‡m©i Avq I e¨q `ywUB mgvb nq, Z‡e Zv‡`i fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
e¨vL¨v Kiæb?
3| wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi w`b|

P,C MC
AC
P

AR
MR
O q Q
wP‡Î Kwig GÛ eªv`v‡m©i e¨emvi cwiPvjbvi cÖwµqv Zz‡j aiv nj|
(K) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †Kvb ai‡bi evRvi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Ges †Kb?
(L) GLv‡b Kwig GÛ eªv`vm© hw` AwZwi³ gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvn‡j Zvi fvimvg¨ `vg, cwigvY, †gvU
Avq, †gvU e¨q, m~ÎvKv‡i cwigvY †`Lvb|
(M) DÏxc‡K †h evRv‡ii avibv cvIqv hvq, Zvi ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki evRvi KvVv‡gv Abyhvqx `xN©Kv‡j G ai‡bi gybvdv wb‡q fvimvg¨ AR©b m½wZc~Y© wKbvÑ Avcbvi
gZvgZ w`b|

DËigvjv
cvV 11.1: 1| L 2| N 3| M 4| K 5| L 6| K 7| M 8| M 9| N 10| L
cvV 11.2: 1| L 2| M
cvV 11.3: 1| K 2| L 3| M 4| K

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv-176