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G : D 0 P / G : D 1 * 0 Q + * 1 0 ? O D

G H1 D R ) )
@ * S 0 * 3% N *5 K H1 D T : D * / U 0 ) 1 0 H 4 F
34 L85 0* = ) ) Q . GHI KH1D /

G:D R))
L 2 / V 0 W - 0 > @% U 0 * I H F % " D K HI
%"D /M20* % KH XV * * 10* YC R)) @* :#) ,
-0* :G0* L8M* 1 * % "8 1 * . "D

, %
4

1#
H 0 0,MD SD . % $) @,D
@D* I, .-* "D W 8 * Z *
G : D / $ @1 L 2 0 * 345 / 1 H [ 0 3= >5 *
\ 2 * V * ( 1 P S D ¼ ½ ( 345 3 & * D *5
'
½
¼½ ¼

B
.D 1 % G2 345 ( @10* %N) ]H
I
% 8,* / > @. 87 + D),D ½ X2 6C .
½
. 6
½¼ . D),D 9 D)* . 6 :7 NF 345 K)
'0 @ 6 . M . ^ X 12 %"* (

+ .
¼ ½ ¾ ¿
3_5
% / $ (

¼ ½ ¾ ¿ R)) @ 2 /. 3_5
G
@ 0* `
/. 3_5 /"*D
@0 `
/. 3_5 /"*D % 8,* NF
D 2 ½¼½ .

I /. 0 $ ¼

½ ½
7 IO> )*
½¼ C a 6 7 @% 87
½¼ .
#
C
¾ @ ¼
^ 87 / . ¼ #
C %H
/I.
, / 07 @%"7 ,b * 3_5 c / $ 10* 0
7 0 $) @ 2 ½¼½

¼ ½ ¾
¼ ½ ½¼½ ¾ ½¼½¾
_
'0 " ) ) I.
¾ ¾

½ ½ ¼ ¼
¾
2 I. ¼ ½ ¾ ½
, EC H % %, I
. ½¼ > I.
" /I. E:D

>D 0* 18F KH1D . * V @
,
¼ ½ ¾
G:D , 7D ?: * KH1D / G:D )
KH . * W . 6$ 8# %"D (d L2 0 <) @ 2 I.
'10* eE L
0 18F L> @% %
//"*D
, $ 3C <&0*5 /

G:D ^8 > 1H / . e2 5 @0* `

/. 3_5
@3 X O*D X O* ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ L8 M,D /
1 > \ K : C 5 P M , D ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ % * , ) L

\ R ) )
0 " * O * V D+ K : C * 1 L 2
" # $ 0 f , @% 34g_
B * VD+
/" 0 PM,D D* ?0 * ; . 0
%*,) L
Ǳ8) 0 @0*D* @0 "

@ i DC /D )*
'% 4g_ 1> %*,) L

1: "* - D * i N* 0 .
8D
'10 . 1H*

% B G2 %*,) L

\ @ /. ¼ -0 ^

'0* `
. //"*D
,

j
'1 4g_ \ 0 @0* `
/. /"*D , 6D _ P C .

0 %d L2 N* k @

/. 0 YC
¼ ½
@% ¼ ½ ½
/ M (
b 0 1 MD l& L,8) / % X.; -0
¼ ¼ > * m&
. /b @% [,D L2 X O*D X O*
6-) 6-* I
. . 4Q . (
¼ ¼ . @
I ¼ ¼ %C )*
'10

¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼
¼ ½¼½ ¼ ½
½¼
½
b B N * 2 I. 4Q . 8 V 0 )
A
'%D )* (
@% ½
¼
½

¼ ½

- D I 6 - )
½
½¼¼ I
. 4Q ¼ ½¼½ ¼ ½¼½ ½¼½

I
. R ) ) ,
' / $ ¾ ,2 1 *
½ ¾
¼ ¼ ½ ¾

B N * n 7 % , V
A G : D B : 2
D * L ,
*
,D =2 * 0C (

o @ ¼½ 1 ¼ ½¼½ ½¼

'% 1H
¼ ½¼½ ½¼

¼ ½¼½ ½¼ ½¼½

/.
¼ ½¼
½
½¼ ½¼½

p
@1 [,D ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ = ) \ 0 `
/"*D
, /
B , *
S D ) # % ) - * * i / P * L 8 % * , ) L
;
L
(
i ,E @D 4Q "D /0* 3_g_5 / U P " *
* 0 <) $) @D * (

e2 1H MD %*,)
1 * D K H1 D / . o+ G : D @% K H1 D / T : D 0 , - * .
) ) B , * K H1 D *
G R ) ) @34 L 8 5 1 * % Z ;
/ * , D . ^ . @ 2 % Z % 0 * 0 S D .
0 R)) @ 1H I 6D

/,-* . @D* = )
R)) ,
' )
1*D* / .
. b /
B N* @0 "D b 0 " ; /

I. . / A /,-* . b

,-* > % ,-* / ;

1*D*
,-* / ¼ @D ;
' )
@ / ; ¼ 3=>
@ ¼ 1

,-* / /; /. 3?
½ ¼ . % C <&0* ; 87 $ (

0 $)
^ ½ ¼ ¼ ½ 1 0
, - * / ; 8 7
@ ½ ¼
$ ; . V)D

,-* . / @3X (
5 %*,) L
3jg_5
@ $ 3C <&0*5 ; 87 / IPD+
q
B N* @D
A b % 8,*
,-* ; 87 % !) X.;
> * b % ; 87 _
,-* /
@%"D b
X V * 0 " * % * , ) L
(
1 * M D 0
@% (d L2 I C! L

. / P 1 !r
/,-* R)) @* - D X (

(
1* MD %"OD
b @10* i ; 87 + / ; 1 * . V)D
/[,D m&

Ǳ6$ ; 7 @1* [,D / M (

. 6 / b / (
o 5 $ 6 / M
¼ / b * m &
Ǳ6 $ 6 @3 O D ; / % H
% I L 8 M ) ¼ m &
Ǳ6 $ / b . 1 *
, - * . ½ F @1 * D *
@ . 8 1 2 @1 0 * I P D ½ / b M . ^ 1 2
½ ,-* .
¾ F @1*D* ½ ½ /b * $* M . ^ 12 6
I P D ¾
0 * M . ^ X 1 2 D * s ¼ ½ [ b 1 *
¼½ ¾ ¿ F @1* * ; L, 1*D* ¾ $* 12 6 @10*
' % JOM* %H k . % %*,) L

\
½

¼ ½

¼
/
% / ; 8 0 @%
, - * / ; 8 7 1 0 *
$ * 1 2 6 X 1 2 # F * e 2 * - D n 7 % , / / " * D .
. D $ / . / 8 7 ; IA @ ? O D

0
87 U0 * 12 #F*

¼
¼ ½ ¾¿ . 87 ¼ ¼¼ ½ ¾
¼ ¼ ¼ ¼
12 D $ . /

0 t /. > / @ .
/ ; D ) , D % 8 7

0 b . ¼ ^ % ¼ . 6 V D+ X
u
@
% d 0 @ * - D (
% * , ) L
X (
1 0 * % d ^ 8 >
0 X2
,-* ,-* . m&
¼ I 10*
' $ / IPD+

,-* /b
¼
½

¼ ½

/ 3j5

'10* = ) . (

,-* /
¼ ¼ ½ ¼ ½ ¾
8 7 / % * , ) L
X (
\ ^ 3 ¼ B N *5 ; , - *
A
`
3j5 / / " * D 1 0 % d @1 * [ , D % ;
8 7 ¼ ½ . v . * M D % / ; 8 0 @ 0 *
0D 2 % %, //"*D F @D2 n7 %, //"*D 0 %"D
$ &&
¼
½

0 $ )5 % 6
0
, . ¼ ½¼½ ½¼ ½¼½

>
½ ½
½¼
% I % C . 8 7 / ; 0 3
. %*,) L
(
R)) @% ; 87 0 ?O D ZAH
@* - D X (
0 0* C! O ) SD . @ %&

6D 0* . % X.; -0
("#$ ** I, [, 0* e2 M 2
@D C!
0 $ 1# M ) /A* 16D 2 0H wG*

0 2 @% L* % KH n7 / KH1D X) 0* C * I )I
x
R)) G 10* , yD * / $ (#, 1* [,D
b

0* %N*
,-* @10* S0* 2 n7 Z /0 *
X (
@1* [,D Ê 1*D* 0+* % \
'%D ::F / B0 )* %*,) L

$ ; Ê . V ) D
, - * . / @ Ê

@ $ ; 87 / IPD+
IA @1 0 * ! I 0 D H , ) 0 * - D 3jg_5 . 3pg_5 8 0
18F = ) /"*D D 6D 6 XV * )*
'%C - D .
6 / IPD+ $ 0 Ê . V)D

,-* . /
@ $ 0
# . P S D
¼
, - * @ , 0 5 P - D 3pg_5 . 3qg_5
@3% I L8M) /.

V 0 ) % ; 8 7
, - * / ; M D
@
½

½¼ . /b /.
$ .
L 2 0 D * B 0
/ I. 0 : : F I

. < : * Ê
, - * . < : * @ D * = )
@D* = )

/,-* R)) , @% Ê V,-*
z
(1)
b

, ! " # $% &
'%
( )'% . +,

b - ! !( ,
.- /!,
/ ,% # , 0 - 1 - !2 & , % 34 ,5 #, ,)

2 6 " 7
% 89 .. :. 6 "7 ; 1 6 .!. -= !(. % !(
( !> !? @1 @1 B A % A. .. b a% @B
C. (D
b .- ( $ . b a
% E ,, -$!> OB OA % -FGD
, B
b . @1 @1 )>,
b . , 1 H+ ; % B I % C OA
)>,
b . % (@1 b+ a OC FGD $!> +) - :. b+ a , C
b . +
1 O C F G . % 3 4 6 .@ 1 b; a L = . , D
b . + ,B M 7 @ 1
OB $!> % % OU $!> ( !> B U% A. FG . N % .
FG ( $ . a OA $!> G !?. A

b . L FG . % . b
$!> @1 !> C + ,L FG . /O 'P,
b . , 1 UA C! B C 1
1 a ab OC
1
b .!L7 . @1 9
b @&. 1, .(-Q
B =, ) @1
% $!> % - OV OU % L !> V U % A. , O )> FG . % % .
!2 ; . b OB $!> ( !> OU FG . % B

b . .
O C R
2 9 ) ' B 0
. L F G ! 1 BV C! U C G
1 O I % % H+ @1 ; L $!+ R% .( =, fS) @1
1
b
1
@&T. . b OB $!> ( !> B
b . , O C )>1 G . % .
C % 1 1 B C ! 2 ; . U G B VD , b>1 8 9
.(-Q
B =, fS) @1
1
b O C , B 0
,! D
b
29 . ! OB W,
b .
. ( X. Y 9 W!+ 6 /- + , b<1
Y -R% C / E1 ( ' /!, , # b a

% % - (-
1, , b a

% $! > -F GD (- @ 1 Z 6 ' I . ; . #1
.&- 6' U [ :FG % (D N \ !9 1-
8 9 . ] 2! , & ! 2
2 6 " 7 -! G $
? 1 ? a+ b .! L7 . @B % b = b0 =b1 b2 b3 : : : a = a0 =a1 a2 a3 : : :

%
a (
!> . G!O /& a +b
b 1? R% !T b a % = F& (
_ ?2 n m n m
0 0
S , & !. b = mn a = mn
0
0 % !2 ".O , !( b %
@1 ;% . !(. b a

% @1 '% 6= . a + b = nmnn+n m
0
0
0
% ,&- @B
; @ 1 @ 1 C @& . ! L! S @ 1 @1 C = ) . & !L `
.. !% %
b . % .!. !T
a0 = a1 a2 a3 : : :
+ b0 = b1 b2 b3 : : :
?
C V D ' Y % C N - ( . a C ! 2
E , N /! , `%
O @ 1 b = b0 =b1 : : :bn a = a0 =a1 : : :an

0
%
0
- ! T = ' n
5 > b a 0
%
0
( $ .&-
1
10n %& 7! G N - b a
% -E ,
+ ,
2
10n /!, n ;9( c I .
29 a+b H!S 2 101n B 62 )
a+b /=. (1 /!, /! . N7! !T` ,) 62 G B
UT 89 ) @&'UG % 3d

2 ! .@1-E , ; Y / ; 7! )'%
( ! % ; `% #1 E , !T -& C "= R% /!, ( 0 6=
% jab ; a b j
0 0
+ ,@ & 'U G % 3 46 2 G ; T , , jb ; b j 101n ja ; a j 101n
0
%
0
2
\ `. L- " /! C ,,
% C1 !"# C .@& . (1 ; j ab ; ab j0
0
.@ -!G I . L /%9 - % @1 ! ;

b - . (
:@1 _ ?2 C 6= C 6 !S _ ?2 C N C /!h
fk k + 1 k + 2 : : :g
_ ?2 C +' N S ( .@1 k %& ( I _ ?2

b - 6 +' +
n !d - a E ,, ; .. (E )

N a : S ;! E ), - , !S N E %
a ) , ! h , % an & ! . a(n) f ! + . - @ & .

Y E a(n)
C h , S C
: ] !+2 E ,,
ak ak+1 ak+2 : : : (1)
f !+ E ,, ; .% `. :. I .

), N `. Y (ai)i=k
1
.
i( k C E ,,

, E 2 C !S `. ,
, E S C
a ), ,+, / C , I , E d /! ,- ai f 4 .@1
. % I`
f % I`
.!. 89 N N
(1-6)
: ] +, C !2 a : f1 2 3 : : :g ;! R `. (1-1-6)
an = 1n
. )S, 0
b . !1 @1 C `. N ;
!2 a : f1 2 3 : : :g ;! R `. (2-1-6)
an = n + 1n
3
% ! ( I k , n V. :I9 @1 C L `. ! ] +,
.. )S, 0 -
: ( X. C !2 a : f1 2 3 : : :g ;! C `. (3-1-6)

n
an = in
:C , `. ; $%
b
7
i ;21 ;3i 14 5i ;61 : : :

)S, 0 f % ? # 2 ! ? . " 7 = G 7 ! 2 ;
! 1 % 1
.(2 6)
l : f0 1 2 : : :g ;! L ) , % ( ? # 2 @ 1 A! G
b ! S L (4-1-6)
@ 1 F G + ,@ 1 n E 0 C i ( @ 1 FG ln l(n)
: ] +, C ! 2
. 6 y !? !1 @1 @1 A!G

b `. N ; .(3 6) y = nx
!2 c : f1 2 : : :g ;! F ), % ( R R C -),
b !S F (5-1-6)
2 cn cos nx c(n)
.
n 3%,
b % @1 %, ), N - .(4 6) @1 ), : ] +, C
/O a : S ;! E - ` . + C D - `. F 9

;
R S .O C % & ! . F
T - ` .
Q ? .@ 1 R C f !+
Y E
C - `. /! I . - `. /!, ,!
, C C !S C
: I 9 (3-1-6) % (1-1-6) . -$ B d + .@ 9 ( X . F

T
- L 1 o T = , @ ' ( . .! N I . 2 G

b . ` . d , n V .
' )S,
b . @&. e C 7!
29 `. d ( L.O , e> 0 f B -=
P
; .@1 1 /!1 @` `. L. , I , )S,

b . C ".O /!,. L.O ,. (
: ] +, C 5 ' 6 % . \L- " !"#
6 a
an ! ( . a
b a : S ;! C
b ` . . (2-6)
( limn !1 an = a
, an ;! a
& !. %) ,
4
L.O , nN (- !% N @B _ ?2 , e>0 - , !2
. jan ; a j < e

, N
@1 ' ,! !X e>0 o T=,
b - ,] +, ; 5> !,
o T = , 6 ' [ a
C - an , +
/O C ! % , e & % $! 2Y

.
(3-6)
,! !X e>0 ( C

1
n ;! 0 S . !, 1-1-6 $B (1-3-6)
:L.O , nN (- : ,

1
N <e + ,
1
e C ( I N _ ?2 ;9(
j 1n ; 0j = 1n N1 < e
fS ( , e>0 - C @1L- 0 `. ,3-3-6 $B (2-3-6)
: nN . (

1
e C ( I N
j in ; 0j = jinj = 1n N1 < e
n n
`. . = F& !2 @B N c = c0 =c1 c2 c3 : : : 89 (3-3-6)
:+ , ] +, ;

b !T -F& !2 Cn
C0 = c0 C1 = c0 =c1 C2 = c0 =c1 c2 :::

1
10N <e ( !> N . e>0 89 . Cn ;! c
: nN
jc ; Cnj = 0=0 : : : 0cn+1 cn+2 : : : 101 n 101N < e
C `. fa0 a1 a2 : : :g 89 . +, !2 ; /!, \ !9 $B (4-3-6)
. Y / fa0 a1 a2 : : :g

b ! S % a0 a1 a2
5
62 5> . @&T. . 6 \ !9
b !S Y / ; 7! an - /=.
e>0 - $ . ! % a
Y / ; 7! fa0 a1 a2 : : :g
b ! S @ ,
S .O C , L . ' C ; aN 0 - ( . L . ]a ; e a + e

C ,! ! X
; .n - an a ; e
,@ 1 - an
b ! S Y / N a
; qP G ! -! G , a
C 7! , ! S Y / N a a ;e

%

; -
aN !% N VD . fa0 a1 : : :g Y / a

@1 89
- % @1 `% I. [ (an)

b `. S.O C . a ; e < aN a

` . ( ' ]a ; e a + e

: nN - , /O %& a

Y / C 7! an
a ; e < aN an a

.@1 ' jan ; a j < e

%&. , nN - ;
b & /!
,H! S 1 ? R% + , ( C : T ; C[O `
C I( . 1 ;G1 !T E , @&'UG % 3462
.@ -!G I . L & #1 ! f + % @1 rG C . ; C ,
)'%
% an ;! a
F
T
b ` . % (bn)n=k (an )n=k
1
%
1
8 9 . (4-6)
: !2 ; . bn ;! b
. cn ;! a + b
, ] +, cn = an + bn !2 (cn )n=k 1

b `. ( (]`
.cn ;! a b
, ] +, cn = an bn !2 (cn )n=k 1

b `. ( (3
cn = abnn ! 2 (cn)n=k
1

b ` . % b 6= 0 n

% - bn 6= 0 f 9 d ( (U
8 9
. cn ;! ab
, ] +,
nN ! S & ! > N , e>0 8 9 (] `) .
% jan ; a j < 2e
b , ! >
; N .! ( . j(an + bn) ; (a + b )j < e
- S .
6
: Q
B %&. ,.! ' nN C % - jbn ; b j < 2e

j(an + bn) ; (a + b )j = j(an ; a ) + (bn ; b )j

jan ; a j + jbn ; b j
< 2e + 2e = e
n N1 N1 e an ;! a
2 >0

- S . ! % , , S .O C `%
n N2 N2 e >0 bn ;! b
jan ; a j < 2e

S . !% ,
2 , S.O C I . % ,
.! 62 X. ! S . , N = maxfN1 N2 g ;9( VD . jbn ; b j < 2e

-
- S . nN ! S & ! > N , e>0 I . S (3)
(1 jbn ; b j jan ; a j

%

@ % janbn ; a b j
;G1 F, S . janbn ; a b j < e

an bn ; an b ; a bn + a b

@1 (an ; a )(bn ; b ) f B ,@& . (]`) @&'
3462 P
.! -s
% ; H!S , an bn ; a b
64#, % !% C
b
% /O
: #1 C C
K>0 L.O , cn ;! c

% F
T C L- `. (cn) (- . (5-6)
.(@1 L- `. - ,P2 ) n - jcnj K jc j K %

!%
N ,L- ] +, 5> . ( X. 1 H+ !( N c

$! .5-6
C jcn j < jc j + 1

nN ; . jcn ; c j < 1
nN !%
- +, ; $ . 0 jc j + 1

C

C I. c
$! 1 H+ !( 6G
b . -
: . R 0 ".O ; , %
b
29 ,&- !( /% , N
C 6 ' , `. ! d
2 .@1 X. ! K = maxfR jc j + 1g

!2 ; . -
! 2 an bn ; a b
. ( C I ( C (3) @ & ' t /!
: VD . & !. an bn ; an b + an b ; a b
jan bn ; a b j janbn ; anb j + janb ; a b j

janjjbn ; b j + jb jjan ; a j
, ! % b (bn)

% K2 a (an ) K1
. I . % ,

%
b ` . . ,5-6 ` 5 > $
7
:VD
janbn ; a b j K1 jbn ; b j + K2 jan ; a j

(2)
n N1 N1 e >0 an ;! a
! % ,
2K2 , S .O C
n N2 N2 e >0 bn ;! b
jan ; a j < e
! % ,
2K1 - S . I . % ,
2K2
% . ' % & . % - nN , N = maxfN1 N2 g ; 9 ( . jbn ; b j < 2Ke 1

.jan bn ; a b j < e
! S .
1 ;! b1 an ;! ab
3462 (3) C %
bn - /=. @1 9 ,
bn t (U)
:@1 C . !
' ` W!+ % = ` N I . S . #1 an b1n
L .O , b 6= 0 bn ;! b

%

# 2 . F
T C ` . (bn) ( - . (6-6)
n
. - jbnj k jb j k
%

!% k>0
b 1 jbj H+ 0 jb j
b
.
X. I
2 !( ( . ' C @B
b
29
b .
jbnj > j b
j
jbn ; b j <
j b
j
nN N bn ;! b

2 VD ,
2 , ! % , /! 7 , L
n<N
, + , !( ; UG @1 ; `. !d - +, . n N
:. r
29 ; . 0 C ; @B
b
29 ; 7! ,&- #2 [ - /!7
2 k min fr b2 g

j j
.@1 X. ! $ . -
. e>0 89 .

1
bn ;! b1 @t -!G ,( C (U) t
: & !.
j b1n ; b1 j = bn b
j ;

j

bn b
j jj j
(3)
bn b
j ;

j
k2 (6-6 ` 5>)
VD , jbn ; b j < ek2

- S . nN N !% , ek2 > 0 , bn ;! b
/!7 $
2 . j b1n ; b1 j < e
nN
% a = a0 =a1 a2 a3 : : : % @ & 'U G % 3 46 2 1 ? ,E , , ;
#1 b = b0 =b1 : : :bn a = a0 =a1 : : :an

%
b !T -E , C /!, b = b0 =b1 b2 b3 : : :
8
% # , @ & 'U G % 3 46 2 ! . I . ab + '% n : I 9 %
I C + ' n C VD N - b a % ( H!S ! . !% H!S
! . 7 b a
% C 6& ,@ & . =
2
10n C H! S G ,.! ! T
a = a0 =a1 : : :an ( + ; 2 "= /!,. @&'UG % 3462
%) 3 46 2 q ? . , .! 9 ( X . b a %
b ! T -E , /! b = b0 =b1 : : :bn %
a n a ab
%
b C.
,@& . &% F9 (E ,, ,
b %) C % ; (E ,, ,@&'UG
f B .@ -!G L& I .

: (2) 5> ,(3) 4-6 t P b
janbn ; a b j K1 jbn ; b j + K2 jan ; a j

.@ 1 (bn )
b ` . Y / N K2 (an)
%
b ` . Y / N K1 S
f 1
% , 3T. N7! jbn ; b j
, c I @&. - an 5
' ( E ,, ;
! , C -$ B .! 6 2 X . ! @ ' , , jan ; a j

- bn ! > ; -
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2E 5:6 In < r NV 4 .

1
2n < # h G ? 4 n ' 5
1
2n In
b 4
g In,
b A, 6 ! ; .!! % ]r ; r + ! . In !# N , 4 1/ In
6! F e% ; .! .6 g ( In ]/ ! M + ! ,# 5\
2 . g(r) = 0 f GM P .!# e%
N G g (r) < 0 f F .5: ;1.
g (r) > 0
3
> ? .! # N 2-11 4 '! 1-11 < % - 5 M +
6! F
N ;f ( ; ? ' X ! A>B 5 M + .A<B

! 1-11 B C !
= , f (x) C
4 5 L , !
9 4 5 ; B L
b . A<C<B P .5? '
! 4 ,5 5 \ 5 ! ] / !
V 5 !
( , ; b : ,
.
$ 2-11 M 0 1] a b] 2 , k , l
:
J = 4 B C g : 0 1] ;! R
g (t) = f ((1 ; t)a + tb) ; C
a b] b4 (1 ; t)a + tb 9 @! B , E 0 1] b4 t l % @
. .
t 5: 1 @! 4 / 5 !# J = (t) = (1 ; t)a + tb B C (
5 f 5 , 6( Q / . g (t) = f ((t)) ; C
! ,5
g(0) = A ; C < 0 M .5 g P , m+ G ;C 5 L ( ! G?
= , g (r ) = 0 !! !@ 0 1] ! r A, ,2-11 DE P , g (1) = B ; C > 0
f ((1 ; r)a + rb) ; C = 0
.!
1+ / f (c) = C
! 5 a b] ! r n
b A, c = (1 ; r)a + rb 2 +
!. 2 3 !# V 5C k+ 6( S 1+ 4 !=
1+ ; 4 . ! "& ; .% ! .# N ,

b <% 4 5 (
.5 BU! = F !@ B L ! <% ;

b !
b ! ! 9 .!
6
.5 ; ] ! F !
5 ! ! sin x ; x2 + x + 3 = 0 b M! = 6! F .1
6( 4 . N 4 J = ( 9 f (x) = sin x ; x2 + x + 3 B
@ . f (x) = 0 ! !@ ; ] ! G . x !

5!
6! F
6 .5
4
:
f (; ) = ; 2 ; + 3 < 0
f () = ; 2 + + 3 < 0
,!! F 0 ] !
6 ; 0] f (x) = 0
!
6 ,
b <% . f (0) = 3 > 0 M
.G .
b F ! ;
( 9 f (% ! = ,5 ( 9 f : a b] ;! a b] > ? .2
! x0 A,
6! F . f (x) 2 a b] ,! ! x 6 ! 3 R a b]
4
. f ( b 9 x0
b A , ; / . f (x0 ) = x0 !! ! @ a b]
4 5 G : a b] ;! R
. , X ! (x) = x ; f (x) 1 . ( , ;
; p .6 . (a) 0 P , f (a) a
! , f (a) 2 a b] / . # ( ! $q
! , (b) = 0 (a) = 0

# #! ' . (b) 0 P , f (b) b 6! N f (b) 2 a b]
(a) < 0 > ? P ,5 V 5! 5 L
b A, !@ , f (b) = b Q , f (a) = a
f (c) = c (c) = 0
, 5:6 a b] ! c A,
' N ,
b <% 4 . (b) > 0
/ .! 0 E 4 B C Q-A ; 6 " . . B L
1+
4 y=x K .5 3 a b]

a b] ( ! f !. ,5 a b] ! G f (x) a b] x
, ! 6
( - q ( ]/ (-q f ! . .5 #
U 5
b # ' ( ; ; ] / # '
$1#) (A% y=x f GM !. ; 5 ; M

K b :
1+ . $C ( 5
.(3
f % , <% ! ! r
.
4!
! # _ F
b
; ! .9 9 = f : I ;! R 5 4 9 I > ? . (3-11)
.5 M G f !=C f f B C
5
! 4 1 9
! B C ; ! .5 I !
b A, 9 x0 > ? .
:5 % 4 5=q
.f (x) < f (x0 )

! x < x0 6 f (x ) > f (x 0 )
! x > x0 6 (JM
.f (x) > f (x0 )

! x < x0 6 f (x ) < f (x 0 )
! x > x0 6 (W
f (x1 ) > f (x0 ) 5 9 9 f N V 4 .x1 > x0 > ? B L
.5 % (J M) 5 = q
6! F . f (x1 ) > f (x0 ) > ? 5 :& . f (x1 ) < f (x0 )
9 4 , f (x1 ) > f (x0 ) f (x2 ) > f (x0 )
' 4 f (x2 ) < f (x0 )
# #! x2 < x0 '
,# ' G f (x2 ) f (x1 )

4 9 6 2 + . f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 )
' N f ! 9
;
b 4 ! ! 9 f (x1) , f (x2 ) f (x0 )
4 * ' ! f
b ( , f (x1 ) f \
_
6! F , x2 > x0 > ? 2 + .5 f ! 9 9 Z_ t & x2 x0

f
b ( P , f (x2 ) < f (x0 ) < f (x1 )
! V , f (x2 ) < f (x0 ) ' . f (x2 ) > f (x0 )
Z_ t & x2 x1 ; f (x0 ) , 9
5! f (x1 ) f (x2 )
, 4 *' !
9 ' Q ;.6 .!! % x2 x1
Z E 9 ! x0 4 5 f ! 9 9
% (W) 5= q
2U
, f (x1 ) < f (x0 )
# #! x1 > x0 x1
b A ,
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S # ! 4 1 , x0 5: .
' X ! I x04 ! &M! A, ,B L !
f GM
(W) 5M + ! 5 !=C f
6! F (JM) 5M + ! .5 % U (W) (JM)
x1 A, ! .5 M G f f \ .M G

6! F .5 % (W) 5=q > ? _ f GM
x0
, b A, : 5=q .
f (x1 ) > f (x2 )
5 L . x1 < x2 X ! I ! x2
:
u 4U 2U ! 6 ! 5 4 B C 4 1 I x2 x1
% ) 6 5 : &
1 + . f (x2 ) < f (x0 ) f (x1 ) < f (x0 )

! (W) D E x0 < x1 < x2
x1 !
b A ,
1 + ; ' P ,5 5 ! !
b A , 6 ((W) (JM) !
6
.
' .6 , f (x2 ) < f (x1 ) !# N , f (x0 ) > f (x1 ) / ,

, f (x2 ) < f (x0 ) f (x1 ) > f (x0 )

! ,
: 6 x0 (W) 5 = q ! / x1 < x0 < x2
. f (x2 ) < f (x1 ) P
(W) DE / .

' x2 !
b A, 6 5:&
1+ N ! x1 < x2 < x0
. B L
1+ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) !# N , f (x2 ) > f (x0 )
2 f ,# %
.!# *' 5 F _ x0 (JM) M + ! 2U
' .5 ( 9
u ,
b <% !
!
:
6! % ,# ( 9 f : S ;! R
T = ff (x) j x 2 S g
S ! x 9 9 y2T 6 4 ,# 9 9 f ' . T

b T
f ;1 f ;1 (y) = x
. !# J = f ;1 : T ;! R = Q ; . f (x) = y !! !@
: % 4
1+ ! . f ( ) k1=
f ;1 (f (x)) = x :S ! x 6
f (f ;1 (y )) = y :S ! y 6

b % (% ! f ;1 !. , e = f 5: y x ", f ;1 / 5 t 4U
.(4 $1#) 5 y =x K 5: f !.
; ! . 9 9 ( 9 f : I ;! R 5 4 9 I > ? . (4-11)
.5 G f ;1 B C
5 L 5 !=C f M + !

1+ .5 M G !=C f b G' DE .
( 3-11

b .N @ 5:& .
*' 5 F M G f 5M +

7
:= , 3
J = f f (x ) j x 2 I g
! . y1 y2 ] V , y1 < y2 # J
b A, ! y2 y 1
' = ; ,5 4 9
! x2 x1 ,:6 J ! y 2 y1
/ .
@ B C ; Q-A ; .!! % J
y A, ' 2 + . x1 < x2 ,5 !=C f / . y2 = f (x2 ) y1 = f (x1 ) ! !@ I
x1 x2 ] ! x ! , b<% DE ,5 x1 x2 ] f / ,# y1 y2 ] !
y2J
. P , f (x) = y !# 5?
6
6! F 5 ? ;F " & 1-10 G' D E , f ;1 B L
> ? 2 .f ;1 (yn) ;! f ;1 (y ) y 2 J yn ;! y

! , , ( f ;1
b !) J S , 4 (yn) M !
!
b A, 9 G x B C ; !
! . y = f (x) 5 J !
b A, 9 y
! . y ; y + ] !! !@ >0 ,5 !

b A, y / , X ; .5 I
, x1 < x < x2 5 ! = C f N V 4 , y + = f (x2 ) y ; = f (x1 )
P .!! % J
B L .5 !
b A, 9 x !! % I ! . x 2 + x1 x2 ] b4 P

b A , ! . f (xn) = yn f ! = ,
U f ;1 (yn ) = xn
6! % .
4! f ;1 (yn) ;! f ;1 (y )
!! !@ .:% N
5 L . X ! I ! x 2+ , > 0 x; x+
,
N yn ;! y
, / . f (x + ) = y f (x ; ) = y
6! % . xn 2]x ; x +
! n>N
xn 2]x ; x +
! n>N ; N . yn 2]y y
! n>N !! !@
Z E 9 4 J 5 C ! ; ,# J

b A, 9 y % . B L
1+
4 ! U 2U ( f ! ! = C 5 - ) 5 : n Z E ! G I , # :
2 .!# 1 5 : V 9 64
B C f : R+ ;! R ( .5 ` , ,+ !
b . N R+ > ? .1
9 9 ( ; .5 rC ! 9 n 1 V !

J = f (x) = xn
,5 R+ G 3
b .N NV 4 .# G V ; ,5 !=C
8
.f ;1 (x) = x n1 4 5 B ( ; .5 R+
b ! (
9 P ,:6 .6
! J = \-\ ( "# (#$
%&# ' ') 2
! E ( ; 4 9 6

b ! ' M . 2.= : 9
; .! 5 C \ - \ ( 4 , # 9 9 ( , ! V !
6!! % , 4 6!! % M !! ! @ 6( 4 9 6

b ! 6W &
:2
;1 1] ! ,
b .6 k 4 ; !
! ; 2 2 ] ! ,k (JM
! V ! , !# J = ;1 1] sin;1 ; . t & 9 9 E
.6! " . (h G \A" ) Arcsin 6 ' sin ;1 .# X ; 2 2 ]
9 9 E 4 ; k : ! # ! 0 ] ! ,k : (W
.! ' , 0 ] ! # J = ;1 1] cos;1 Q ; .! ;1 1]
.6! " . G Arccos cos;1
R . 9 9 E 4 ; 5a .
! ] ; 2 2 4 ,5 a (y
.! ' , ] ; 2 2 ! 5 # J = R Arctan tan;1 .!
.5 R .6 5a b .N 5 L .() *#

3
X ; 2 2 ] ; f0g 0 ] ; f 2 g ,]0 6! Q , csc

sec
, cot
(!
.
9

, .
8 6 "#$

% & % % ' ( ) (

k % + , & - . /) 1 % + 2 3 3 4
b / 5 6
/
7 4
8 ,

b 8 9 &
: ( ; 2 .: < 4 = > 2 $
< #$
? .( @ . A /

% ,24 @
24 @
,&-.
f &" A
: < 4 &" A B "
, ;
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FEA
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b 8
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K8"I '
b 88 9 &
A , L2D \ " ?2A L&
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b +
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b - + N A "
'+ . ( F . ,: & O 2 : & 5 & & O B -
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Q2 &R
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b P% .(
R
b / 56 + S &8 V<
8 , \a W H ( F7- '
b +
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]a ; a + ;fag = fx 2 R j 0 < jx ; aj < g
:: 6
) ? P% G 7 .(
; S + P%
) : 8 ?
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S + P% a A : ? + [%23

S + @ 52 \/ :
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?
S s3 + Q
b P% , &Q
B :_ js2 ; aj + 2G` 3 4 a& ?&5"
I :
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b P% a 4 9 D 9 U
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U
WU 2 4 . sn ;! a ; S
1 % + (sn) ' Q I , (
, 0 < 2 < minf 21 js1 ; ajg & Q

4 ,: a + 1 + 2 G `
b > . <
s1
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a & ? & 5 "
. s2 6= s1 : a +
1
2 + 2 G `
b > . < s2
b P % ' Q I
+ @ 52 a +

1
3 + 2G` >. < s3 ( 6&2 , 0 < 3 < minf 13 js2 ; ajg
&Q
0 < n < minf 1n jsn;1 ; ajg C .
n ,c % 2
4 > M
.: s1 s2

jsn ; aj < 1
n ( 6 & 2 , & 8 & 2 A a W n H ( F7 - '
b +
S sn
+ \/
( 2 A a & ?
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b . @ 5 2 5 " s1 s2 : : : sn . 8 /
n>N

' Q I ,
1
N < & Q
M N 4 , >0 "
+ : Q 5 " a
. jsn ; aj < 1n < 1

N

.: S
b P% a ,8 [& a S
@ 52 1 % + (sn) 4 ,@& dG
1 % 5" 9 ` 'E/
. jsn ; aj < n>N
; N sn ;! a
, 9 ` , >0
.0 < jsn ; aj < ; sn 8 ,(
a A + &e
I + G [ ,@ 52 sn
:2< : P%
)
a& ?
8 4 : S

b P% a a2R, (
R + / 56 + S 4 . (1-13)
2 . sn ;! a (
2( ; S @ 52 1 % + (sn ) 4
2
(2-13)
C . ? .: ,,&-. /

b / 56 8 , Z + / 56 + S &8 V< (1-2-13)
? W
1
2 + 2G` H (
<7- '
b +
4 + :3& Z

b P% R
b P% h&"
.&4 '+

? S
b P% _ , &Q
P%
]a b 1 % , a b] 1 %
b 5 " C . ? .: ]a b '
b +
S & 8 V < (2-2-13)

. ( :< ]a b + P% c 2 a b] W :_ H (
F7- '
b +
" + 823"
4 , 0 < < a;c

' Q I , c<a 4 + : 3 & ]a b
b P% c c 2= a b]
, 4 'E /
a& ?&5"
. (5 :< ]a b + P% h&" c W H ( '
b +
, 0 < < c;b
, c>b
.823" a b]

b 5" ]a b] a b a b]
, 1 %
b / 56
0
b P% S
b P % 8 . & 4 f 1n j n = 1 2 3 : : :g b / 5 6

S (3-2-13)
.(
1
n < " an
b 5 ") : S
b P % :
[ ( 0 W H ( F7 - 4 " .:

.: 3 & S
b P % h & " [ ( P % ? W ( 1n ; n+11 ) H ( F7 - '
b +
, n
1
b P %
H ( '
b +
, n
1
+1 <a< 1
n
, ;a H ( '
b +
, a<0
, = a;1 H ( '+
, a>1
.&8 j ) ' I 9 8 .823" S 1 % < = minf 1n ; a a ; n+11 g
f : S ;! R S ,
b P% a ,: R + / 56 + S &8 V< .
(3-13)
limx!a f (x) = L & 3 , L a x f

& 4 .

' Q I , 0 < jx ; aj < x 2 S ' 4 " >0 (

2( ; , e> 0 "
.
. jf (x) ; Lj < e
a
b P% ,Q2 &R . D ) + Q2 &R ) ) @ 5 :" ( C G
f (
S
b / 56
b P% a : < (
f )
b 8
f
b 5" Q2 &R Q <M + .:3& YP E . a
b P% f % , 0 < jx ; aj 1( [&
3
a : +U lim x!a f (x) ? 2 A Y P
,: 9 Y M [
f
b 8 1 %
'D ) P% h&" ,(

Z 9I f
b 8

E _ .(
8
b P%
Q2 &R :
.: 2 &R 8 1 %
b 5" Z
b 8

" . :
: .EA : ) <

b 6&2 + '@4 9
@& S
b P% S
b P% a : R + / 5 6 + S & 8 V < . (4-13)
f (a)

2 ( ; limx!a f (x) 4 8 4 : 2 & R a f C . ? . (

2 .(
8 [& a x
2 f ,
f : S ;! R (
S P % a 4
. ( 2 &R a f
,&8 ) 9I

f (a) 4 : %
74 '8 A
9I C l ( :
l Q2 &R
D ' f
b @4 8 8&/ @& + '
b @4
.&8
f : S ;! R S ,
b P% a ,(
R + / 56 + S &8 V< . (5-13)
, an ;! a S . 8/ + (an ) "

4 8 4 limx!a f (x) = L C . ? .

2 .f (an ) ;! L &(
2(
2 & R "
: 53 N A ]m[ . ,H 5 6 9 8 S5 " ,'@ 4 ? 5
: ( 6&2 + '
b @4 , [5/
f g : S ;! R S ,
b P% a ,: R
b / 56 + S &8 V< . (6-13)
:C . ? . lim x!a g (x) = L2 limx!a f (x) = L1

.: L1 + L2

; 8 [& a x
2 f +g ()
.: L1 L2

; 8 [& a x
2 f g (]
2
f
g
' QI ,(
fx 2 S j g (x) 6= 0g
b / 56
b P% a L2 6= 0
f < \ 4 (N

4
2 .:
L1
L2

; 8 [& a x
G 8
:
f
g )
b 8 fx 2 S j g (x) 6= 0g / 5 6 & 8 ; (N)
f 8&/ U
'@4 C l .(
/ 56 ? P%
b b a : +U , ( YP limx!a fg((xx))
. ( 74 '8 A
: 2 &R "

D '
b @4 8
(7-13)
: '( W
b
limx!1 xxn;;11 % , ; C . , ; &8 V< (1-7-13)
2 9I ,: 2 & R
f (x ) = x ; 1 9 ` .: : _ , & - . / n 9I
. ' 2 ? :53N A

b &\ + 9 5 dR .: ,0 8 , f (1) %

x!1
, B
b P %
%
M 4h & " 9I % ; 6 I +
x=1 xn;1 S = R ; f1g x 6= 1

9 ` .:<4 B
x;1
,
b 8 8 , 1(
9
, x 6= 1 8 1 % W . YP limx!1 xxn;;11 W "

9 ,: S
b P%
limx!1 xxn;;11 = lim x!1 (xn;1 + + 1) ;1

;1 = x
n;1 + xn;2 + + 1
?
8
.
xn
x

n;1

x ! 1 2 9I ,8 ) 2 &R
x + + x + 1 > 5 ; 8` 9 `
.: n 8
%
9 8 S 5 " . - U

J
9 % " + +
"C /
+ ,
% + 9I @ 5 ) , & " A L 2 D
, 8 [ & 8 + P %

& O 2 2 8 8 [ & .
" N $ C .
.: 2<4 5D`
:&8 o-
+ " % ; ( !) (2-7-13)
lim 1 ; cos lim sin

(9 a3
)
!0 !0
, . % & % /
1;cos sin
b / 5 6 ,

8 ,U

" ) 8 & 8 ;
5
.: ( YP dR ,: 8
b P% 0
b P% ,: R ; f0g
: 1 [G(
;
, jj <
2 6= 0
,
( > 0) sin < < tan

( < 0) tan < < sin
: 6= 0
?
8
1< < 1
sin cos

. !0 2 8 [& 1
1
cos dR ,: + 2 &R
cos 10 #$

1
cos 1 ?&

sin 9 ` ( ' 4
. !0 2 : 1 @& 1 :
l
LM ?
8
. lim!0 sin = 1 ,88 [& ,1 68 , %

? "
. lim!0 sin = 1 ,N ,6-13 '@4
:dR , 1 ; cos = 2 sin2 2 Q <M +
1 ; cos = (sin ) sin 2

2 2
@ & lim!0 sin 2 = lim 2 !0 sin 2 = 0 : 2 & R . r 8 &

9 `
lim !0 sin 2 = lim 2 !0 sin 2 = 1

lim!0 1;cos
.

=0 ,] ,6-13 LM dR
2 2
lim!0 sin
1
=0 I : ? 68 W ?
b sin 1 = 1
:( 9 I (3-7-13)

& (
2 ( )
b 8 4 , (
? & 8 ` 4 ? : ) 8
b P%
1

P % " 9I 1 %
:
l

' Q I , sin 1 6= 0
8 / 8 :3& 9( ) [
( . N$ M % =%< '( '
.
" A
: % +
= 0 1 21 31 : : :
+ : C / )
b 8 ?
8
S = fx 2 R j x 6= 0 x 6= n1 n = 1 2 3 : : :g
6
:S 1 % @ 52 f
b E_ + : S
b P% 0 &8 ;
an = n 1+ n = 1 2 3 : : :
2
sin = 1
1
4 . lim!0 sin 1 :( 9 + '( j )
?
8
.8 [& 0
R b 5 " 1 :
l
, & 8 ) 1

% , 8 2 3 "
S + N A R 1 %
b 5 "
.I :
,: S
b P % a , ' ( ) f g : S ;! R & 8 V < (4-7-13)

jg (x)j M ; M>0 / 8 ,:
g limx!a f (x) = 0

&8 / C . ? . x2S "
!a((f g )(x)) = 0
lim
x
x2S ' 4 " ; > 0 limx!0 f (x) = 0

, 9 ` .: ' ( ' e>0 & 8 V <
:' QI , 0 < jx ; aj <

jf (x) ; 0j <
e
M
. C l
G jf (x)g (x)j < e , x 1( ?
dR
,: '( ) x 6= 0 " +

sin 1x C / .&8 o-
limx!0 sin 1x (5-7-13)
limx!0 sin 1x 4 .: 9 Y M [

limx!0 sin 1x : 8
b P% x=0 dR
[ A) . % & % / + (an) "

, (
L

(
2 ( ;
n = 1 2 : : :
, & Q
, ,
1
n

an 4 . sin a1n ;! L & (
2 ( , an ;! 0 ( 8
&Q
4 ,Q <M + .: 0

(
2( ; 4 dR , sin 1
1 = sin n = 0 ;! 0
an
; dR .85 [& 0
1 :
l
b sin an = sin(2n + 2 ) = 1 an = 2n1+ 2
,
.
7
n 4 ,: x 6= 0
sin 1x 9 ` , limx!0 sin 1x ; / e & > / (6-7-13)
lim x!0 xn sin 1x = 0

. 4-7-13 LM ,(
:_ ,&-. /
" 5 )&.
TAU
. &4 B + "&5 #$
? '
b 5&

: +R + " 5 8
: : : xlim
!a+
f (x) = +1 xlim
!a f (x) = +1 x!;1
lim f (x) = L x!+1
lim f (x) = L
f
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U= w |v}
|wQ s t t w st}Um =t |=Q=O f `@=D 'OW=@ xDUw}B f Qo = xm s}v=O|t
w |t swt|v}t st}Um =t uDi=} x@ QHvt Q} R s=oxU R}tC}kiwt s=Hv=

%O W
a b] |wQ s t w |v}t w st}Um =t uDi=} |=yt=o (119)

"f (b) f (a) x@ =L (h )
w - U t r=
QiY \ =kv u QO jDWt w OQ=O O Hw w jDWt u QO xm = |vwQO

xR @ \ =kv QO f Ok uD = ( )
Q= t i } ?
Q}PBkDWt \ =kv u QO `@=D xm OwW|t |awt swt|v}t st}Um =t \ =kv xt

- y pt=W \ =kv u}= "CU=
"Ovt=v|t |v=QL@ \ =kv =Q \ =kv u}= " CU=
" Ovt=v|t u}mD \=kv =Q \ =kv u}= " CU}v Q}PBkDWt f u QO xm |]=kv QO f Q= Okt uDi=} ( )
G
=@ O Q}o|t Q@
" v QO =Q s t w |v}t w st}Um =t \ =kv |= @Q umtt = R = xt x]kv `wv xU u}=
| yO t v - y
Q O}B
"O m = a b] QO =Q f `= @ D s t w |v}t w st}Um =t w |t x]kv xDUO xU u}=
u= D QO f Q=Okt xU
- }=kt
1
|a}@] 'OW=@ ]a b = ]a b] a b pm
} ' W x@ 0 R @ = Qo = =} w 'wO y ' Qb = +1 a = ;1 Q ' o=
xv
- t=O QO x OWv pwtWt | =yDv= Qy x@ Q}eDt Q=Okt |Dkw =Q `@=D Q=D O = (h ) = = x x C
iQ } @ ' r= s o | H @ m U=
pL R=e x]k
- v '` vw u}= R= |rta p}=Ut QO CQ Y w Qy x@ "s}v | Q w | l R f h Qa
m UQ @ O W t }O v } D
R= |@} QkD pmW l} u= wD@ xJv=vJ "CU= xv

u - t=O uO m Q XNWt w Q_v OQ t w `@=D j}kO KQ] 'xr=Ut
=@ w Q
OQ N @ w xr=Ut pL QO x =@DW= R= | Q}oW}B |= @ Q |@ wN | =tvy=Q pmW ,qwtat 'O wtv sUQ `@=D u}=
" CU= pwkat=v | =y@=wH
x]k
- v QO Q
|O i 'OQ=O Q= k Q pL=U | QDtwr}m 3 s}kDUt xrY=i QO xm B x-Q} RH x@ uO}UQ |= @Q "1 p=Ft
w |Q D t w w j}=k R= Ov=wD|t w OQ=O xrY=i xQ} RH x@ pL=U x]k

- v u} QDm}ORv R= QDtwr}m 5 xm pL=U QO A
"Ovm xO =iDU= |rL=U xO =
- H QO CmQL |= @ Q p}@twD= l} R}v
%B
s
%
s
x %s %
A
u}aD "CU= 40 km=hr |r =

L U xO
- H QO = p}@twD= CaQU w 20 km=hr w w j}=k CaQU
|Q D t
w O m Q |] p}@twD= =@ CUNv =Q |DL=Ut xJ O}=@ 'umtt u=tR pk=OL QO x } H Q R x@ uO}UQ Q xm O}vm

|= @
"O wtv xO =iDU= j}=k R= TBU
=
u tR wO ` wtHt B x]k - v x@ uO}UQ Q
|= @ sRq u tR = "O W s tw w |v}t O}=@ t = x =U u
' 'u tR ' r t }= QO
j}=k R= xO =iDU= =
u tR C t O t2 w p}@twD= R= xO =iDU= u tR = t 1 u QO x t = t + t C t t
m ' 1 2 ' U= 2 1
s
% } Q=O 'O W w |] p}@twD= =@ |rL=U xO =
- H QO CUNv QD wr} x C =U Q
t m O =| i t o= " W @ t
q
+ ( ; x)
t = x t =
2 2
3 5
1 2
40 20
2
%R= CU= CQ =@a OwW}t =O}B u s t w |v}t O}=@ xm |a@=D u}=Q@=v@
q
+ ( ; x)
t= x +
2
9 5
40 20
Qo = xm =Q} R 0 x 5 =Hv}= QO "O Ww XNWt R}v ' x Ow LO |va} '`@=D u}= xv
- t=O xm CU= sRq
xO
- =iDU= QFm =OL Qo}O w
| U R= w ' x= 0 s} Q=O Ovm CmQL j}=k =@ B | U w x@ A x]k
- v R= , =t}kDUt OQi
TB j}=k R= xO =iDU= w ' x= 5 |va} Q R

'x } H x@ pL=U x]kv u} QDm}ORv | B = =D uOv=Q p}@twD= R= p wkat
%s}vm|t xO ( ) ( ) (h ) =y = u Q =v C
=}B Q} R w x
CQ Y @ =Q G w ? ' r= | t o }= @ @ " U= u R=
p
Ca=U 'x= 5 |= @ wQ 't= = (C = ) s x =
34
20
(h )
0 275 ' a U } Q=O 0 QO r=
t= = + = = = 0 125 0 15 0 25
x]k
- v QO \ki QPH `@=D =Q} R C Q PBkDW ] = p
U= } x ` = wv x t ( ) ( )
t 0 5 xR
- @ N=O QO @ D u= a @ " G w ?
|va} w
'O W = H= Q ( )
? s o = CU= |i=m u}=Q@=v@ "CU= 9 pk=OL u=m}O=Q Q} R =Hv}=w CU}v Q}PBkDWt 0
s
% } Q=O "O Ww XNWt =yv QO f Okt
Q= w |v=QL@ \ =kv xOW xO=O Q= k
dt
Q QiY Q@=Q@ dx
dt =
dx
1
+ q; ( ; x)
2 5
=
; ( ; x)
0
q
40 2
40 9 5
; ( ; x) = ( ; x)
9 5
2
2 5
9; ( ; x) = ( ; x)
5
2
4 5
2
( ; x) = 5
2 9
; x = p5
3
R= CU= CQ =@a ?= H w =yvD 0 x w

5 u J
x= ;p = 5
3
3 658
5
; p35
p+ % x]kv u}= QO w
t =
9
+ 5
40
9
20
5
= + = 0 091 0 164 = = 0 255 (C = ) a U
3
CUOx@ x = 3 658
km x
|=R= @ s t w |v}t xm s}vm|t x_Lqt '|}=yDv= Q=Okt =
wO @ Q= Okt u}= xU
- }=kt QO
O |t
" }
= x =Ut u}=
xO U - r "s}vm =O}B (4 0) x]k
- vx@ =Q y
2
=x 3
|vLvt x]k
- v u} QDm}ORv s}y=wN|t "2 p=Ft
xU
- }=kt |rw O}UQ s}y=wN ?= Hw l} x@ pL x=Q xU Qy QO , =a@] w ' s}vm|t pL hrDNt x
x=Q U R= =Q
" CU= xOvRwt =yWwQ
s x
( )4 0
xv
- t=O =@ wO =@ wO Qy y = ;x = y = x = ` =
3 2
w
3 2
@ D wO | yQ=O = wtv ` =tDH= xOW xO=O |vLvt pw= x=Q
xN=W l} Q
|= @ =Q x =U C | = ( ) x]k x
r t U= i m 4 0 - v @ C@Uv xN=W wO uQ =kD Q@=v@ " CU= +1
0
|wQ y=x = 3 2
\ki u}=Q@=v@ "s}vm Qw_vt R}v =Q Qo}O x- N=W QO x t O CUO x@ x]kv xv
- } Qk w s}vm pL
=@ CU= Q@=Q@ |vLvt u}= (x y) x]kv 1

( ) x]k xr = s Q}o|t Q_v
q
|wQ |= R= 4 0 - v - Y i " } QO =Q 0
u}ty Qw PHt u= D w |t 'CU= Q] C@F C}t l

K t Q w |v} x =H
t (x ; ) + y
m } uO m s t t m v R= " 4
2 2
Q CU=Q QU
" D u =@ x@U=Lt wC
p =t O = x C Q Q_
U= O (x ; ) + y |va =@
v k i m i o v QO =Q 4
2 2
} CQ a
%OQw C x Q ` = w |v} O = T y = x |vLv

UO @ =Q }R @ D s t =k Q =vt t } @ B '
2 3
' t \ v |= @ ,
D(x) = (x ; ) + x x < +1 4
2 3
0
x ;! +1 |D
s} Q}o@ Q_v QO O}=@ R}v =Q kw `@=D Q=DiQ "D( ) = s x = | =yD x]k
0 16 } Q=O 0 } v= - v QO
Q}PBkDWt 0 < x < +1 x ` = wv QO @ D u= a @ x D `= @ D x ;! +1 |D D(x) ;! +1 x

" kw m
4
s}vm =O}B |awt =ytwt|v}t Q QiY Q@=Q@ dD O}=@ TB 'CU=
" =Q | xO=O Q= k =Q
dx
dD = (x ; ) + x 2
dx 2 4 3
u}=Q@=v@ 'CU}v =t `@=D xv

- t=O QO ; 2 xm CU= ; 4
3
2 | y = xW} Q |=Q=O 3 x + x; =
2
2 8 0 xrO=at
?= H ' w D( ) < D( ) xmv 4
3
0 }= x@ xHwD =@ D( ) =
"
4
3
256
27
s} Q=O "OQ=O | Q x =} x =
UQ @ @ R v
4
3
\ki
" ( p ) Ov =@ Ov
4
3 3
8
3
R= DQ a yO |t =Q xrY=i pk=OL xm |vLvt \ =kv w O}|t CUOx@ 4
3
x xr=Ut
|=R= @
' s}vm Z i Q y R= |a@=D =Q x s Q}o@ |vLvt

' } |wQ x R= |a@=D =Q y xmv }= | =H@ s}v=wD|t "swO x=Q
?ULQ@ =Q xrY=i QwPHt 'xOW xO=O V}=tv x ?ULQ@ xm q=@ D `@=D |=H x@ CQwYv}= QO w x = y=
2 3
%s}vm|t |UQ Q y
@
E (y) = (y = ; ) + y ;1 < y < +1

2 3
4
2 2
'y ;! 1 |D kw O = |t
" W @ R s=tD xv
u - t=O w CU= KQ]t `@=D l} \ki =Hv}= QO xm O}vm xHwD
x]kv u}= QO =Q `@=D Q=Okt O}=@ u}=Q@=v@ CU}v Q}PBkDWt y = 0 QO x W xO=O O `@=D "E ;! +1 s } Q=O
uO=O Q= k Q =@ w CU= Q}PBkDWt `@=D \ =kv Q}=U QO " E( ) = 0 16 s} Q=O "O mQ |UQQ@ xv=o =OH Qw]x@
s} Q=O " s}vm|t =O}B =Q |v=QL@ \ =kv dE

dy = 0
dE =
y = (y ; ) + y
= 4 1
2 3
dy 3
1 3
4 2
"O W w |t xH}Dv ("OW |UQQ@ ,q@k y= 0 xm O}vm xHwD) 3
2
y=
1 3
QO uO m ? Q Q
t dE
dy = 0 uO=O Q= k Q =@
3 y= + y= ; =
4 3
2
2 3
8 0
xm y= =; = w
2 3 4
|t xH}Dv xrO=at u}= pL CU= y 2 3
?ULQ@ xHQO xrO=at l} xm
q
2 O W R= " 2
3
,=O OH x= y =
t "
3 2 4
3
xH}Dv QO w y= 3
p =} 'y =
8
3
2 3
= 4
3
TB 'CU}v pw@k p@=k |ivt ?= Hw
"O Ww |t xH}Dv pw= x=Q ?= H u w =ty w E ( 3

p 8
3
) < E( ) 0
5
'CWwv |Qo}O R= xO=U |a@=D CQwYx@ =Q x =} y R= |m} u=wDv f (x y ) = 0 - x]@=Q R= |Dkw "swU x=Q
u= wvax@ t sUH D =@ " s}U} wv@ t O O Q}eD ?U Q y x Q}eD Q s}v V w C umt

| } H t L @ =Q t wO y m W m U= t
|= @ Q "CU= u=tR ?ULQ@ (x y) x]k C Q Q}U O

|= |vLv x Q
v Q w| =
m L t x W xO=O t m O m Z i u= D t u tR
C w w | y = x |vLv % W v u= D t '
2 3
t
x = t y = t ;1 < t < +1
2 3
w |t x=Q=
%O W t R= |a@=D CQ Y @w x ( ) (x y) xr
4 0 R= =
Y i Qw PHt CQ wYv}= QO
F (t) = (t ; ) + t ;1 < t < +1

2
4
2 6
u t |a = wv x Ft ;! 1 |D F (t) ;! +1 s
jDWt 'CU= Q}PBkDWt =Hxty R= @ D u= a @ kw } Q=O
t( t + t ; ) = = t + t ; t = w | xH}D x s} | Q Qi Q Q t x C@U
3
2
2 8 0 } '6
5
4
3
16 0O W t v m yO t Q= k Y @= @ =Q @ v
F( ) = s O | ( w@ p = Q} ) t = ; t = t = =y w x 2 2 4
q
w 0 16 } Q=O " yO t =Q p k @ k e 2 w ' 0 | @= H m
3
OvDU ( p ) =k =t x =U w F( ) = " y
4
3 3
8
3
\ v u y r t ?= H w
4
3
256
37
l x C y = x |vLv
} m U= ( ) x]k C}a p x u xU =k p = xDm
2 3
t |wQ 0 0 - v w L x=Q U }= QO } t @ k v
| =yD l w x x]k u
v= p
} CQ Y @ O = | ( ) x]k xr =
v Q |a w st}U =
}= 'pw= L x=Q R= " W @ t 4 0 v R= Y i |= @ t m t
QO w ' CU}v Q}PBkDWt `@=D u QO xm u}mD x]kv l} u= wva x@ swO pL x=Q QO 'O W w |t Qy=_ `@=D xR
- @ =
xr=Ut xmv}= x@ xDU@ u}=Q@=v@ " CU= QiY w OQ=O O Hw w jDWt u QO xm x]kv l} u= wvax@ swU pL x=Q
w O
"O W x }O u o v o | w =w =yDQwY x@ CU= umtt x]kv l} C}y=t w
'O W | O@vDQwY xvwoJ
u= Dw |t xm Ovm|t O}rwD |}q=m | O}rwD CmQW l} O}vm Z i Q O=YDk= p}=Ut QO OQ@ Q=m (219)
xv |rw Q wr}m =} u)D ?ULQ@ QmW O}rwD ,qFt

's o Q
"O m Z i Q xDUw}B |D}tm ,qta =Q q m u= O}rwD u= R}t
O}rwD xv} Ry "O Ww |t xO}HvU K}LY OOa =@ O}rwD u=R}t Q}N= w

OQ= t QO xm |}=} QOQ} R =} =t}B=wy O}rwD
C (q) x =
@ =Q q m R= Q= Okt q O} w r D xv} Ry Qo = "CU= 3 pmW Ovv=t |vLvt l} ,=awv O}rwD Q=Okt ?ULQ@
3 pmW Q=O wtv pmW (

' p }Q = ?ULQ@ ,qFt) s}yO V}=tv
6
R C
R(q)
c(q) R(q) C (q)
q q
q q 1 2
5 pmW 4 pmW 3 pmW
Q@=v@ 'CU= sRq x}rw= P x= Q

|Q= o } t U |Q= Okt 'O}rwD O
|R= v=x=Q |= @ Q "O Ww |t x}HwD Q} R CQ Y @ w x
"O W w |t Qy=_ C( ) > 0 0 CQ Y w x@ xm CU= xOW xv} Ry |er@t p=L Qy x@ (q= 0 |va}) R=e QO
|va} 'O@=}|t Vy=m O}rwD |@Uv xv

- } Ry CU}v sRq | } H OO x}rw= P x= Q
|Q= o } t U u J ' w O}rwD V}=Ri= =@
w sr}i x}y
- D h Y Q xm |= xv} Ry '? m =D l} =
A J QO , qFt "O @w Oy=wN CU=Q \N l} R= QDu}}=B C (q)
C (q) |va} '|@Uv xv} Ry OW=@ QDW}@ O}rwD xJQy w |tv Q=QmD CUq=@ C@Uv x@ w |t lv} R
q - w O W w O W
O
x W xO=O V}=tv q R= |= x_Lqt p@=k Q=Okt =D C (q ) Q=O wtv QakD CQwYx@ C}ak=w u}= O = |t Vy=m
" @ }
=
Q m |w Q}v w Cq u}W=t V}=Ri= x@ R=}v CU= umtt Ovm Rw =HD |v}at OL R= O}rwD |Dkw |rw " CU=
V}=tv pmW QO xm u=vJty 'O Ww |t C (q) Qak : D CyH Q}}eD ?ULQ@ V}=Ri= u}= CQwYv}= QO xm OW=@
Q}O |r}N =D OQ}ov CQwY CyH Q}}eD u}= CU= umtt CqwYLt |
a@ O}rwD |=Q@ " CU= xOW xO=O
V}=tv 'R(q) 'q m Q= = Okt q Vw i R= Q pY=L Ot QO 4 pmW QO 'O}rwD xv

- } Ry p@=kt QO "O v O w}B@ `wkwx@
R Q
Vw i R e QO= O w
"OQ= v O Hw | tQO Vw i R= O Q p@k |va} 'R( ) = 0 0 =Hv}= QO " CU= xOW xO=O
Vw i Q Ct}k QO q ? Q
rY=L Q@=Q@ xm O
| t QO ' L=w O q Vw i Q ?U=vD x@ |va} 'CU= |]N O
,=Ow L
'Q=R @ ` = =@W= =}
w R v u W xOQw @ O Q ?@U x@ ,=awv O}rwD V}=Ri= =@ |rw w |t pY=L CU= OL=w l}
"O W
OtQO ?U=vDt V}=Ri= ?Hwt O}rwD V}=Ri= ,=H} QOD 'Ct}k Ci)= w ?}kQ = O
| y L=w Q wy_ ?@U x@ =}
O O
" v=x W xO=O Q= k Q sy |wQ |vLvt wO 5 pmW QO w |t Qakt u}}=Bx@
"O W wQ R(q) Q=O wtv w |tv
w O W
QO O}rwD Q=Okt O}=@ 'OW=@ xO O U w O}rwD xmv}= |=Q@ w CU= QDq=@ xv} Ry R= OtQO u= R}t ]q q =
1 2 xR
- @ |wQ
=Q p(q) = R(q) ; C (q) |va w

} 'O N O U w xm CU= p}=t xOvvm O}rwD `k=w QO " v O =t ]q q
@ 1 2 xR
- @ =
7
P (q) u |= @ Q xm Ovm ? =NDv= ]q q
1 2 xR =
- @ QO =Q ' q 'O}rwD R= |v=R}t O}=@ |va} 'Ov=UQ@ umtt QFm =OLx@
C (q)
' | =ya@=D s}vm|t ZQi 's}vm xO=iDU= p}Uv=Qi}O ?=UL Q=R@= R= s}v=wD@ xmv}= |=Q@ "O W w st}Um =t
q | R} v= t QO , =tDL OwU st}Um =t CQ wYv}= QO " OvW=@ R}v Q}PBkDWt 'uO @ w xDUwB@ Q@ xw qa ,qta R(q)
=YDk= |DW=OQ@ O}=@ ?r]t u}= =YDk= Q dp = xm OwW|t = O}rwD
R= |O |O lQO |= @ "
dq 0 u QO EO L R=
"s}vm x=Q= jDWt swyit
s
% } Q=O ' O}rwD R= q 0 u= R}t Q h} QaD j@]
|= @ ' O
# vQ=O |}=vat xJ dR
dq w
dC
dq
dC (q ) = lim C (q) ; C (q ) 0
dq q;!q 0
q;q 0 0
s
% } Q=O q 0 l}ORv q |= @ Q `k=w QO TB
dC (q ) C (q) ; C (q ) 0
dq q;q0
0
u)D l} 'Q}eDt Q}}eD R= |Q=O |vat pk=OL 'QmW O}rwD |=Q@ ,qFt 'CU}v xDUw}B ,=ak=w O}rwD u=R}t pta QO
V}=Ri= pk=OL u= wvax@ |Q=O|vat OL=w u} QDmJwm l} 'R}v Qo}O |q=m Qy O}rwD OQwt QO } ' = CU= QmW
s
% } Q=O w O m Z i Q Q OL=w u=wD|t =Q q ;q 0 C@Ft Q=Okt u} QDmJwm u}=Q@=v@ " CU= KQ]t O}rwD Vy=m =}
) C(q + );C(q ) = C (q + ) ; C (q ) ( )
dC (q
dq 0
0 1
1
0
0 1 0 1
q x O} w |D C = | = O l O} w xv R dC
0 @ r D kw Uq m R=
dq (q ) =YD Q}@a Qo =} x
i = L=w } r D } y 0 |O k= D ' }O u @ @
| =y Ce =iD p} ) Ov = | | =y xv R dC (q ) =YD q] O = O}
=Q } v r R= xO U=
dq rO t v t } v } y =Q 0 'O k= K Y= QO " W @ x UQ
x Ci w | OD u}t =v} = (O s} w % m o u= D t pq U= y , a @ " }O y= N
dR (q ) R(q + ) ; R(q ) ()
dq 0 0 1 0 2
O = O} q x O} w |D C = |= O l Q p = O dR (q ) |va
" W @ x UQ 0 @ r D kw
dq
Uq m R= i = L=w } Vw i R= Y L tQO 0 }
Ov = | | =y O dR (q )
dq " t v t } v t QO =Q 0
st}U = ]q q
m t q Ok x Q s Q | = w Q st}U = x =U x =
1 2 QO 0 Q= t |=R= @ o= " }O o t R @ O U uO m m t -r t @ p L
( ) ( ) Q =v T dR dq (q ) ; dq (q ) = s
dC% 2 w w p = w
1 @ @ B ' 0 } Q=O 'O W Y L O U
0 0
R(q + ) ; R(q ) C (q + ) ; C (q )
0 1 0 0 1 0 ()
3
8
xv
- } Ry Q@=Q@ q=m R= |i== OL=w l} Vw i R= Q |W=v OtQO xm OwW|t pY=L st}Um =t |}=HQO |va}
xmv}= |= @ Q "O m Q x}HwD R}v |O wyW Qw]x@ u= Dw |t =Q ?r]t u}= " CUq=m R= |i== OL=w l} O}rwD
OW=@ |O waY P =R;C `= q @ D ' 0 R= QDmJwm w q 0 l}ORv q |= @ Q O}=@ OW=@ st}Um =t x]k
- v l} q 0
O}rwD xv
- } Ry R= V}@ OL=w Qy Vw i Q Ot QO Qo}O CQ =@a x@ =} 'Ovm O=H}= QDW}@ OwU 'QDW}@ O}rwD |va}
|va} 'OW=@ |rwRv O}=@ P = R;Q `= q @ D ' 0 R= QDoQR@ w q0 l}ORv q Q Tmar=@

|= @ O = OL=w u=ty
" W @
OL=w u=ty O}rwD xv

- } Ry R= QDtm QDW}@ OL=w Qy Vw i Q OtQO ,qO=at =} 'Ovm O=H}= QDtm OwU 'QDW}@ O}rwD
R= |W=v OtQO =@ |i== OL=w l} O}rwD xv

- } Ry O}=@ ' P Rx
pw v @ O waY P x]kv
R= Q o - QO u}=Q@=v@ O =
" W @
st}Um =t u QO xm q0 Q= Okt Q |B |}=yv Cer

"O @ R= xO =iDU= p}rOx@ u=wD|t p=L w Q@=Q@
"O W u Vw i Q
Oy=wN Vy=m O}rwD OwU u R= TB xm =Q} R CU= ?wr]t O}rwD |}=yv u=R}t `k=w QO 'O Ww |t pY=L OwU
" Ci=}
QO xm =Q |}=yv xv
- } Ry x@U=Lt Q |t}UQD |WwQ
|= @ 'p =Ft u= wvax@ 's}y=it u}= QO |v} QtD u= wvax@
"s}vm|t x=Q= CU= pwtat O=YDk=
V}=tv a(q) x @ OW=@ q q m = O}rwD Q=Okt xm |Dkw =Q q m R= = OL=w l} O}rwD xv

- } Ry O}vm Z i Q p=Ft
s
% } Q=O CQ wYv}= QO " s}yO
C (q) = q:a(q) ()3
- } Ry '(|rwkat OL =D) OW=@ QDW}@ xJQy O}rwD |va} 'CU=

xv 6 pmW Ovv=t =
C kw= |Q =}U@ a(q) Q=O wtv
x]k
- v QO "O m Q pta Q} R w x
CQ Y @ u= D w |t dC
dq (q0) uDi=} |= @ Q w |t QDv=RQ= OL=w Qy O}rwD
"O W
\N S R= " Ovm `]k S x]k - v QO =Q s=k QwLt =D s}vm|t sUQ =Q a(q) Q=O wtv T =tt (q a(q ))
0 0
QO =Q q=q 0 s=k \N =D s}vm|t sUQ w

j i T =tt \N x} w=R ?} Q Q@=Q@ x
wO - } w=R ?} Q =} |DU=Q
CU=Q QU x@
- U=Lt l} ?r]t u}= x}HwD " CU= dC
dq (q0) Q@=Q@ T s=k xYDNt "Ovm `]k T |= x]kv
s
" } Q=O ( ) x]
3 - @=Q R= | Q}okDWt =@ "CU=
dC (q ) = a(q ) + q da (q ) ()
dq 0
dq 0 0 0 4
9
%CUy (q a(q )) x]k
0 0 - v QO a(q) Q=O wtv Q@ T =tt \N x- rO=at Qo}O |iQ] R=
y ; a(q ) = da
dq (q ):(q ; q )
0 0 0
\N xrO=at "S = ( a(q ) ; da

0 0
dq (q ):q ) T
0 0 B ' Ovm|t `]k q= 0 QO =Q ' y s=
' k Q wLt \N u}=
CUy da (q ) ?} =@ S P CU=Q
% 2
dq 0 W R= =Q o
y ; a(q ) + da
0
dq ( q ) :q = da (q ):q
dq0 0 2 0
% CUy u y Q= Okt u}=Q@=v@ xm OwW|t pY=L q=q 0 uO=O Q= k Q =@ q=q 0 =@ CU=Q \N u}= l =QDW=
y = a(q ) ; da
dq (q ):q +
0 0 0 2
da (q
dq 0 ):q 0
dq (q ):q
= a(q ) + da0 0 0
% yOO |t xH}Dv ( )=
4 @ xU}=kt QO xm
y = dC
dq (q ) 0
w O
"O @ x W =aO= xm Qw]v=ty
10
q=@ x
- @DQt |=y?} QkD w Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ
x]k
- v QOf |] ? Qk O = Q PBkDW w xv a x]k f ` = Q x s}v |
N } D ' W @ =} t O N - t=O R= - v QO @ D o= m m t |QwO }
u Q=Ok x A(x) = f (a) + f (a):(x ; a) Ok = ` = `

t m ' C l x |a = a 0
Q= t @ @ D k=w QO ' U= } - HQO R= @ D
A(x) Ov x f (x) w | a x |D C x]k

R= | )
m @ f ` = Ok Q Q x = a x
'O W t QwO R= kw w U= v u QO @ D Q= t @= @ |=R= @
x C u
m | = a l R = x Q |r
U= }= R= ` = x |] ?} Q |m R u
W v Q} | xr =
}O v | y |= @ Y= @ D @ N D D }O v }= "O o t Y i
xmr A(a) = f (a) =yv x |va C f ` = Q

@ ' =t l x ` = Ok ` D v |] ? Qk } U= @ D @ T t } HQO @ D Q= t k=w QO N } D
| =y@ Qk x =@ l x VN u
} D r =
vO O A (a) = f (a) O Q Q x = a R} f A jDW
}
=Q= @ }= QO t h y "
0 0
' v @= @ QO v w t
'? Qk O QDk} p =k
} D u W C ` = xv a x]k w ` = l QDk} Ov R w x
kO @ t QO " U= @ D - t=O R= |= v p L @ D } R= kO x }= i Q ] @
Q =@Da= w VRQ= R= ?} QkD VwQ l} xmv}= |= @ Q |rm Qw]x@ "O Ww |t QDQ=wWO ,=H} QOD `@=wD u}= x@U=Lt
%CU= |Qw Q Q} R \}=QW 'OW=@ Q=OQ N @ w Q
O = |rY= `@=D x@
" W @ - U=Lt R= QDxO=U O}=@ ?} QkD ORt=v x@
- U=Lt ()
1
O =
" W @ l}ORv x-OW xO=O `@=Dx@ ,=ak=w O}=@ ?} QkD ORt=v ()
2
| =ya@=D R= TB CU=
" =
xO U u x@U=Lt xm CU= |a@=D = x wtv |]N ?} QkD
RQ @ - v ()
' 1 w
OQ t QO
u}= QO O w |t
" v W ? wULt `@=wD u} QDxO=U CU= CU=Q \N l} =yv Q=O wtv xm |]N | =ya@=D 'C@=F
|rm Qw]x@ "OvDUy uwo =vwo C=HQO R= |=y}=xrtH OvJ s}vm|t KQ]t ?} QkD u=wvax@ xm |}=ya@=D VN@
O w |t ?wULt xO=U C@Uvx@ `@=wD Ov}|t CUOx@ |k}kL O=Oa= ?Q w `tH R= xm R}v =y}=xrtHOvJ
" v W
xHQO | =y}=xrtH OvJ "CU= QDxO=U |= xrtH OvJ x@

- U=Lt 'OW=@ QDmJwm |= xrtHOvJ x- HQO xJ Qy
"x Q}e O
w ' vwQ |t Q=m x@ |]N ?} QkD u= wvax@ l} xHQO | =y}=xrtH OvJ 'OvDUy C@=F `@=wD 'QiY
uO @ w OvtOwU |= @Q `k=w QO #O m Q |@=} RQ= O}=@ xvwoJ =Q `@=D x@ ?} QkD uOw@ l}ORv '(2) w
OQ t QO
p@=k OL QO ?} QkD u}= R= xO =iDU= | =]N xm s}vm pY=L Q]=N u=v}t]= s}v=wD@ O}=@ '?} QkD VwQ l}
=@ =Q x= Qty =]N u}tND VwQ l} O}=@ Qw_vt u}= x@ " CU= Q_v w
OQ t O @ Q m QO | Q = Q}oQ=mx@ |= @ p Q w@k
QO "O m Q x
=Q= =]N jr]t QOk |= @ Q |}q=@ u= mQ l} u ltm x@ u=wD@ xm OW=@ CUO QO ?} QkD VwQ
1
Ovm|tv Rw =HD 12 M:(x ; a)2 =] R= O = Q}PBOkDWt Q=@ wO
N ' W @ f `= @ D Qo = xm s}O}O |]N ?} QkD OQ t w
x@
- U=Lt =@ u Q =v
}= @ C x a u}
@ " U= w @ xR
- @ QO= `@=D swO jDWt |= @ Q |}q=@ u= m Q l} M =Hv x }= QO m
"CU}v =} CUy |rw@k p@=k OL QO |r=tDL= | =]N QFm =OL xm OQm x_Lqt u= D w |t 1 M (x ; a)2
2
R}v =]N u}tND VwQ l} 'O mQ s}y=wN xQa xUrH u}= QO xm | D Q |rm | =yWwQ Q ?}DQD u}tyx@
|= @ '
"Ovm|t x
=Q= umtt | =]N QFm =OL |= @ Q |v=Qm xm OQw s}y=wN x=Qty x@
jDWt Qo = w OW=@ f h Qa } xv
D - t=O QO |= x]kv aQ o= s Q |t R=@ `@=D l} swO jDWt h} QaD x@
" }O o
CU= f h Qa 0
} D xR
- @ = |vwQO x]k
- v l} a x =ov 'OW=@ xOW h} QaD a w
p L R @ xR
- @ = = l} QU=QU QO f
=} f (a) x
00
w
@ =Q u O Hw CQ Y QO a x]k f Q jDW w w |
w xm 'CN=U KQ]t =Q - v QO
0
|= @ t O Hw u= D t w
O = xD
' W @ w a w = = l =k xt
W=O O Hw f (x) Q w]v}t s} | V =t f 2 (a)
p L R @ xR
- @ } \ v - y QO
00
o= Q y " yO t } v
( )
f 3 (a) = f (a) x
( )
} w 000
w x C = Q] a x]k f Q PBkDW w |
@ =Q u O Hw CQ Y QO m ' N U K t =Q - v QO
00
| } t u= D t
Q Q f ` = n jDW Q |r w x s} = | a x]k f w jDW s} | V =t

U= U QO @ D s= t o= ' m Q ] @ " t v t - v QO s U t w yO t } v
Q | Q w a x]k
OQ=O Q= k f n Q PBkDW w | O = O h Qa a w = = l
UQ @ OQ t - v QO =Q
( )
| } t u= D t ' W @ x W } D p L R @ -
xR @ }
a x]k f (n + ) (x@ Q ) jDW s} | V =t f n 1 (a) x

- v QO s= 1 w
- D t w x t w yO t } v
( + )
@ =Q u O Hw CQ Y QO m
R= jDW xv =k xt
t |=Q=O f Q s} = |t=O \ k f : S ;! R ` = s} = |
v - y QO o= t v t Q}PBkDWt Q=@ =Q @ D " t v t
x@ Q Q
D t jDW y R= w xv T x wtH Q = a x]k l f Q O = k x@ Q
t |=Q=O O N - t=O R= -a t } R QO } v } QO o= " W @ s= - D t
s} = | T x wtH = a x]k " f O =

t v t -a t QO } - v QO Q}PBkDWt Q=@ C}=yv}@ =Q ' W @
% }O Q}o@ Q_v QO |= xrtH OvJ `@=D l} "p=Ft
p(x) = c0 + c1x + . . . + cnxn
Q}PBkDWt xQ y |= @ Q R}v p jDW (Q u} = t ' D } B |m} x- HQO R=) CU= |=xrtH OvJ l} R}v p jDW t xm =Hv R=
O}vm xHwD xw qax@ "CU= Q}PBkDWt Q=@ C}=yv}@ RQ Q

U= U QO px m s}v}@|t | Q}okDWt x- t=O= =@ w CU=
"p k (x) =
( )
0 s} Q=O k>n Q
|= @ '| Q}okDWt QO xHQO p}rkD ?@Ux@ xm
2
u}=Q@=v@ 'sin = ; sin sin = cos s
00
w
0
} Q=O " } O Q}o@ Q_v QO =Q sin : R ;! R ` = @ D "2 p=Ft
'O W w |t Qy=_ ,=OOHt T wv}U `@=D | Q}okDWt Q=@ Q=yJ R= TB w O=O xt=O= xQ=wty =Q | Q}okDWt u=wD|t
h} QaD xv
- t=O QO R}v Qo}O |D=FrFt `@=D Q=yJ "OQ=O |y@=Wt C}aw T wv}Um `@=D "sin 4 = sin ( )
O Q PBkDWt Q=@ C}=yv}@ OwN

" v }
%s}vm|t h} QaD Q} R w x
CQ Y @ =Q f : R ;! R ` = @ D "3 p=Ft
8
>
< xn x 0
f (x) = > n
: ;x x < 0
x]k
- v Qy f (x) = jxj s n = Q C O
QO xm C@F K}L
} Q=O ' O l n =Hv 1 |= @ " U= x W xO=O t Y O a } }= QO
Qo = s Q} | Q_
" } o n > = CU} Q PBkDW x =
t v QO =Q | C Q PBkDW x 6=
1 p L " v } t 0 QO rw U= } t 0
'CU= xrt Ov l x
|= H ;xn = xn Ok =t f ` = a w = = l a 6=
J } m OQ=O =Q } Q= t u y @ D ' p L R @ xR
- @ } QO ' 0
s n > Q k > n Q f k (a) = C Q PBkDW = C =yv}

} Q=O 1 |= @ " |= @ 0 w ' U= } t Q @ } @
8
>
< nxn 1 x > ;
0
f (x) = > 0
: ;nxn 1 x < ;
0
% s}vm|t xO =iDU= h} QaD R= a= 0 QO
f ( + h) ; f ( ) = hn ; = hn 1
0 0 0
;
h h
=} x 0 x@ u= Dw| ( ) w Q f ( ) = T C Qi = =@ O n > x x w =
t =Q 1 p t i w
0
0 0 B ' U= Y q @ CQ a L ' 1 @ H D @
s Q C = k < n Q x O}v
% }=xO m @ F Q QkD x |r w x s}ta x
|= @ m m Z i = U= @ m Q ] @ "O=O D 0
8
>
< n(n ; ) . . . (n ; (k ; ))xn k x
1 1
;
0
f (x) = >
k( )
: ;n(n ; ) . . . (n ; (k ; ))xn k x < 1 1

;
0
% s}yO|t p}mWD =Q Q} R QUm a (k + ) x@ Q

QO 1 - D t jDWt |= @ x Q =ov
f k ( + h) ; f k ( ) = n(n ; ) . . . (n ; (k ; ))hn
( )
0
( )
0
k 1
; ;
h 1 1
3
k =n; 1 =} 'k+ =n 1 Q |rw CU= QiY u=vJty q=@
|= @ CQ =@a OL 'k+ <nx 1 m |v=tR =D
s} Q=O
f (
h) ; f
n;1) ( (n;1) (0)
= n!
h
xmv}= xYqN O
"OQ= v O Hw w f n ( ) u Q =v h <
( )
0 }= @ @ ' 0 h>=} 0 xm OQ=O u}= x@ |oDU@ C q t a xm
=
Q @ (n ; ) \k
1 i 0 QO |rw CU= Q}PBkDWt Q=@ C =yv} x =
} @ 0 | =vFDU= x@ R \ =kv xt
- y QO f `= @ D
O = |t QiY
" W @ |=ykDWt =@ Q}PBkDWt
k - HQO Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ

x (120)
x]k
- v l} a ' CU= xR @= l} I s}v m Z i Q " s}vm |iQat =Q `@=D l} kx - HQO ?} QkD xm s}=xO=t uwvm =
a x]k - v QO Q}PBkDWt Q=@ k IQ Q

w U= U QO Q}PBkDWt Q=@ (k ; ) |a = f : I ;! R
1 @ D 'xR @ = |vwQO
xm OQ=O O Hw w kx - HQO R= p(x) |= xrtH Ov (l =yv ) l s} |

J } D w } yO t u =Wv 'CU=
p(a) = f (a) p (a) = f (a) . . . p k (a) = f k (a)

0 0 ( ) ( )
() 1
a x]k k x@ Q = Q =vD =kDW f ` = = k x@ Q =

- v QO - D t D u _ =kDW
t C xrt Ov u |va
t w @ D @ - D t D u C t w |= H J }= }
p(x) = c0 + c1x + . . . + ck xk pm x p(x) Q_ w k x xrt Ov O j =] W @ v OQ t - HQO |= H J " vQ=O @ D
s}v ? Q Q
% m w x p(x) s} w |
D t O=
} R CQ Y @ =Q w x x = (x ; a) + a uD w = Cv= D t 'u v UQ u= D @ w W v @ " U=
p(x) = a0 + a1(x ; a) + . . . + ak (x ; a)k () 2
%Ov}|t QO Q} R w x
CQ Y @ s= k x@ Q = p(x)
- D t D C =kDWt
4
()
3
8
>
> p (x) = a1 + a2(x ; a) + . . . + kak (x ; a)k 1
>
0 ;
2
>
> ...
>
>
 p (x) = i!ai + . . . + k(k ; ) . . . (k ; (i ; )ak (x ; a)k
( )
1 1
; i
>
> ...
>
>
>
>
: p k (x) = k!ak
( )
s
% } Q=O () 1 \ W Q =@ ( ) ( ) xU =k
3 w 2 - } t QO u}=Q@=v@
a0 = f (a) a1 = f (a) a2 = ! f (a) . . . ak = k! f k (a)

0
2
1
00
1
( )
s
% } Q=O w OvwW|t u}aD OQix@ QYLvt Qw]x@ ()
1 Q
\ W R= () 2 |= xrtH OvJ ?}=Q TB
p(x) = f (a) + f (!a) (x ; a) + . . . + fk! (x ; a)k :

0 k
( )
1
() 4
C =kDWt f = k x@ Q =
w =kDW
@ w - D t D u C t w O N xm CU= kx HQO |= xrtH OvJ xv=o} |= xrtH OvJ u}=
?} QkD = a
} f k
x]kv QO
- `@=D xHQO Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ lv}= =Q p(x) O Q Q a x]k k x@ Q
v @= @ - v QO - D t =D u
pY=L a x]k f |] ? Qk k =
- v QO N } D ' 1 |= @ Q xm O}vm xHwD Ov = | a
" t v f k t x]kv QO
- `@=D xHQO
-
OW Oy= w ? w k x@ Q = a x]k
N H t ' p - D t D ' - v QO C=kDWt =@ f =kDW Q Q x C
C t | @= @ m U= u}= xDmv w |t
"O W
"Ov = l R s =}U a x]k |m

W @ }O v y Q @ - v R
}O v QO p(x) f (x) O O w Q
w t y= N } R QO xm |}=vat x@ xm
s
% } Q=O OW=@ a x]k- v QO f `= k x @ D - HQO Q wr}D |= xrtH OvJ p(x) Q o= x}k (220)
lim f (x) ; p(x) = ()

x a (x ; a)k
0 5
;!
QDoQR@ kx J y Q " CU= |]N ?} QkD =} T=tt \N h} QaD u=ty u}= ' k= 1 |= @ Q xm O}vm xHwD
|r}N `@=Dx@ O}=@ kx - HQO ?} QkD u}=Q@=v@ ' x ;! a |D kw O W w |t lJwm QDa} QU (x ; a)k O =
W @
f (x);p(x) C@Uv xm OW=@ l}ORv

" Ovm p}t QiYx@ (x;a)k
5
'k= Q O
1 |= @ ' W xQ W= = xm Qw]v=ty " s}vm|t C@=F k |wQ <= QkDU= =@ =Q smL (220) u=yQ@
x W O C@=F (k ; ) x@ Q
1 - D t =D smL O}vm Z i Q "O Ww |t pY=L T =tt \N =} | } Q PBkDWt h} QaD
Q wr}D |= xrt Ov q (x)

H J w OW=@ Q}PBkDWt Q=@ (k ; ) a x]k1 ' - v QO g |a = Q @ D o= xm swyit u}O@ 'CU=
s} Q=O O = a x]k
W @ - v QO u (k ; ) x 1 HQO
lim g(x) ; q(x) =

x a (x ; a)k 1
0
;! ;
x
% m OQ=O O Hw w > O = O
0 ' W @ x W xO=O e> =Q
0 x o y ' Qo}O u=}@ x@
jx ; aj < =) jg(x) ; q(x)j < e:jx ; ajk ; 1

()
6
'(x) = f (x) ; p(x) s} V =t '(x) x ( ) QU w Q

s} Q=O ' ' yO } v @ =Q 5 m CQ Y o=
'(x) = f (x) ; f (a) + f (!a) (a)(x ; a) + . . . + f k(!a) (x ; a)k] ( )

k 0
7
1
s C Q PBkDW R} ' O Q PBkDW p(x) xrt Ov

% } Q=O w U= }f w t v ' v } t |= H J w u J
' (x) = f (x) ; f (a) + . . . + (fk ;(a)!) (x ; a)k 1]

k ( )
0 0 0
() 1
;
8
xw q xa @w | Q PBkDW = (k ; ) a x]k
"O W t } t Q @f C Q PBkDW = k a x]k f w
1 ' - v QO
0
' U= } t Q @ ' - v QO u J
'<= QkD Q j@ T C a
U= Z i ] f ` = (k ; ) x wr} xrt Ov x Q p
B ' U= QO
0
@ D =@ 1 - HQO Q D |= H J Ww m N=O CQ a
( ) j@ x w > e> Q % 6 ] m OQ=O O Hw 0 ' 0 |= @
< jx;aj < =) j' (x)j = jf (x);f (a)+. . .+ (fk ;(a)!) (x;a)k 1]j < ejx;ajk
k ( )
0 0 0 ; ; 1
0
1
s ' Q PBkDW ` = Q u}o =} Ok x}

j@ Qo Q
% } Q=O } t @ D |= @ v t Q= t - k ] }O h ] R=
'(x) ; '(a) = ' (c):(x ; a) 0
''(a) = ( ) j@ 0 ' 7 ] |rw
0 < jx ; aj < =) j'(x)j < ejc ; ajk 1 jx ; aj ;
6
%xH}Dv QO w jc ; aj < jx ; aj 'CU= x a u} c
w @ w
u J w
0 < jx ; aj < =) j'(x)j < ejx ; ajk
2 " UQO |t C F==@ x@ smL w O m

j'(x)j
Q lJwm x=wNrOx@ jx;ajk u= Dw |t jx ; aj uD Q i o lJwm =@ u}=Q@=v@
| y= x |= @Q f `= @ D |= @ Q |@} QkD u= wvax@ kx HQO Q wr}D |= xrtH OvJ uO @ pw wkat 2"20 - x}

k
" s}vm|t xHwD p=Ft OvJ x@ EL@ x- t=O= R= p@k " Ovm|t x}HwD =Q al R
}O v
Q
|= @ "s}U} wv|t a= 0 QO =Q |Uwv}Um w |Uwv}U `@=wD kx - HQO Q wr}D | =y}=xrtH OvJ 1 p=Ft
s
% } Q=O T wv}U
sin( ) = sin ( ) = cos( ) = sin ( ) = sin ( ) = ; cos( ) = ;

0 0
0
0 0 1
00
0 w
000
0 0 1
; sin( ) = 0 0
O w |t Q=QmD
' v W ; 1 w 0 '1 '0 | =ykDWt TB u}= R= w |t Twv}U u=ty Twv}U sQ=yJ jDWt uwJ w
'O W
k X
s
% } Q=O ' W @ O = a= 0 QO Twv}U k
x- HQO Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ j
j Qo = u}=Q@=v@ ax
j =0
8
>
< 0 GwR j
aj = >
: 1 Q
O i j
xHQO Qwr}D |= xrtH OvJ ' p(x) = x R= OvDQ=@a T wv}U 2 xHQO w 1 xHQO Qwr}D |= xrtH OvJ ,qFt
Q@=Q@ T wv}U x
6 - HQO w 5 xHQO Qwr}D |= xrtH OvJ w ' p(x) = x ; 31 x3 Q Q !
@= @ T wv}U 4 xHQO w 3
CUOx@ a= 0 QO Q} R Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ T wv}Um |=Q@ ?}DQD u}tyx@ O w |t

" v W x ; 13 x3 + 51 x5 !
% Ov}|t
1 xHQO Qwr}D |= xrtHOvJ 1
3 w 2 xHQO Qwr}D |= xrtH OvJ 1 ; 21 x2 !
5 w 4 xHQO Qwr}D |= xrtH OvJ 1 ; 21 x2 + 41 x4

! !
"x Q}e w
7
|= xrtH OvJ u}= " O}U} wv@ a= 1 QO =Q f (x) = x1 ` = k x @ D HQO Q wr}D |=xrtH OvJ "2 p=Ft
X (j)(1)
k f
TB f (x) = x 1 s ;
=ykDWt x@U=Lt Q w Oy=wN ( x ; ) j pm x
j 0 j!
' } Q=O |= @ "O @ 1 W @
f j (x) = (; )j j !x
'
( )
1
; ;j 1 xm s}v}@|t |}=QkDU= Qw]x@ w ' f (x) = x 3 f (x) = ;x 2
00
2
;
'
0 ;
w |t a= `@=D kx wr}D xrt Ov

f 1 = (; )j T (j )
( )
"O W 1 QO HQO Q |= H
j J w '
!
1 B
1 ; (x ; ) + (x ; )2 . . . + (; )k (x ; )k
1 1 1 1
CU= Q@Dat a= 1 |r=wL x1 x@ q=@ |= xrtH OvJ |m}ORv xm OwW xO=O Qm PD O}=@ xDmv u}= =Hv}= QO
l}ORv (k + ) x
1 =
@ q @ |= xrtH OvJ xm |r=L QO O W w |t u= m Q |@ 1x 'Ovm p}t 0 x@ x |D kw , qFt |rw
k xmv }= x@ xDU@ q=@ |= xrtH OvJ |rw Ovm|t p}t 12 x@ x1 'Ovm p}t 2 x@ x |D kw Q w]v}ty "O W w |t
(C
" $ U=
1
2 =yv u}ov=}t xm Ovm|t p}t ) 1 =} 0 x@ OW=@ GwR =} OQi
" O}U} wv@ a=; 1 QO =Q hrDNt =

C HQO R= f (x) = ; x + x4 ` =
1 @ D wr}D |= xrtH OvJ 3 p=Ft
Q= kQ x = x Qo =
| H @ "s}vm xO=iDU= | Q}okDWt R= CU}v sRq OW=@ |=xrtH OvJ l} xOW xO=O `@=D |Dkw
OvJ 's}vm ?DQt xHQO ?}DQD x@ xO=O \U@ xOW xO=O | =yv=wDx@ =Q C qtH w x = (x ; a) + a s} yO
Q wr}D |= xrtH OvJ ?}=Q uDi=} VwQ xm O}vm xHwD O w |t Qy=_ hrDNt
" v W =
C HQO Q wr}D =y}=xrtH
s}Di=} QO |r=wDt |Q}okDWt =@ w s}OQm ?DQt ( x ; a) | =yv=wD ?ULQ@ =Q Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ xm Ow@ u}=
%p =Ft u}= QO u}=Q@=v@ "CU=

f (j) (a)
j! u =ty (x ; a)j xrt H ?} Q xm
f (x) = ; ((x + ) ; ) + ((x + ) ; )4

1 1 1 1 1
f (x) = ; (x + ) + (x + )2 ; (x + )3 + (x + )4
3 5 1 6 1 4 1 1 ()
9
'3 ; (x + ) ?} Q x Ov =@ a = ; ` =
5 1 x wr} =y xrt Ov
D D @ R= DQ Q =v
a 1 QO @ D 3 w 2 '1 HQO Q D | }= H J |= @ @
| =y xrt Ov
}= ; (x + ) + (x + )3 ; (x + )3 ; (x + ) + (x + )2
H J "3 5 1 6 1 4 1 w '3 5 1 6 1
O w |t `@=D OwN Q@=Q@ ,=k}kO xm OvDUy

" v W ()
9 CQ a =@ CU=Q Q
h ] u =ty '`@=D |q @ = x@ 4 xHQO Qwr}D
8
s Q pta |]N ?} QkD
' }O m X N = Cr=L QO xm Qw]v=ty ' kx- HQO ?} QkD R= xO =iDU= Q Q
|= @ x Nq @ =
" CU= |]N ?} QkD C}a w s}taD Q} R x}
- k "s}vm x
=Q= =]N u}tND Q
|= @ |Q wDUO O}=@
Qo = " a2I w CU= Q}PBkDWt Q=@ ( k+ ) I 1 ' =

R @ xR
- @ = QU=QU QOf ` = O}v @ D m Z i Q x}k (320)
s
% } Q=O I xQ
QO Q O =
y |= @ ' W @ a x]k- v QO f `= k x @ D - HQO Q wr}D |= xrtH OvJ p(x)
f (x) ; p(x) = (k + )! f k 1 :(x ; a)k 1
1
( + ) +1
( ) 10
" CU= x a u}
w @ |= x]kv c =Hv }= QO xm
Q
h ] CQ =@a O |t CUOx@ |]N ?} QkD
" } | =]N u}tND ,=k}kO ' k= 1 |=R= @ x xm O}vm xHwD
"Ovt=v|t Qwr}D Q
| U Sv=Qo q -
xOv=t}k=@ |y=o =Q ( )C
10 U=Q
s}vm|t u=}@ =Q pQ
) - x}
k R= Q} R s}taD CUNv " CU= k= 1 Cr=L Ovv=t ,=k}kO 320 C F= =@
%O Ww |t Q=Po =w xOvv=wN x@ u C =@F= xm
xDW=O OvW=@
w ' I x]k
- v wO a<b O = Q}PBkDWt Q=@
' W @ (k + ) I 1 ' xQ =
- @ QO f `= @ D O}vm Z i Q ( 420 )
s}W=@
%
f (a) = f (a) = . . . = f k (a) = f (h) =

0 ( )
0
2 f k 1 (c) =
"
( + )
0 xm a<c<b
' 'OQ=O O Hw w c |=x]kv CQ wYv}= QO
Q_v QO (k + ) x 1 HQO |= xrtH OvJ l} 's}OQm pt k = C =

a 1 r L QO xm Qw]v=ty p L =
" } s Q}o|t
Q(x) = c0 + c1(x ; a) + . . . + ck (x ; a)k + ck 1 (x ; a)k +

+1
Q f xU =k Q(b) = f (b) Q k (a) = f k (a) . . . Q (a) = f (a) Q(a) = (a) x

=@ w } t " w
( ) ( ) 0 0
' m
ck 1 = fb b a p b ck = k1 f k (a) . . . c1 = f (a) c0 = f (a) x O | xH}D Q}okDW

" + (
( ); ( )
; )
k +1 w ' !
( )
' '
0
' m yO t v | t
q = =} R
, t m C w | xH}D ( ) sm f (x) ; Q(x) ` = w

H %O W t v ( ) uD Q = x = =
10 L ' @ D OQ t QO 420 i o Q m @ @ p L
w | P Ov w x C k = C = =@ x =W
"O W t Q= o =w x v= N @ w U= 1 r L QO C F= @ t
9
's}vm xO =iDU= sin x x ; 31 x3 ? Qk (
!
} D R= =
u }O=Q @
1
x 10 xD@r=) sin 101 ?} QkD |= @Q Qo = 4 p=Ft
O
" } Qw CUOx@ =]N |= @ Q |}q=@ |v=Qm
" CU= a= 0 QO sin ` = @ D 4 xHQO ?} QkD sy w 3 xHQO ?} QkD sy x ; 31 x3 x !

m O}vm xHwD
QO xm =Q} R Ot Oy=wN CUOx@ |QDk}kO u}tND s}vm|t ? wULt x

4 - HQO ?} QkD =Q |= xrtHOvJ u}= Qo =
s
% } Q=O ( ) j@
10 ] "O Ww |t xOv=UQ Q =
| Dq @ u= D @ wx x ; a = 101 l J m w C}tm ( )C
' 10 U=Q h ] Q
=]N = ! f 5 (c):( )5
5
1
( ) 1
10
TB 'CU= QDmJwm 1 R= ] 101

0 =
xR @ QO xm CU= T wv}Um Q@=Q@ T wv}U sHvB jDWt
=]N = !: 5
1
10
; 5
= = 1 2
1
10
; 7
=D ?} QkD |Q =Wa= \U@ ' 51! 10;5 < 21 10

; 6 xmv}= x@ xHwD =@ 's}vm xO =iDU= uO m Q OvwQ Q
O=O Q= k R= Qo =
"OQ=O j@=]D |ak=w Q=Okt =@ Q=Wa= R= TB skQ 6
1
x Q
|= @ 2 p =Ft QO x t O CUOx@ kx HQO Q wr}D |= xrtH OvJ R= s}y=wN|t O}vm Z i Q "5 p=Ft
1
CQ Y w x@ =Q
1=01 " s}vm xO =iDU=
1 ; 10
1
2
+ 10
4
1
+ . . . + (; )k 1
10
1
2k
" O}vR@ u}tND =Q ?} QkD u}= | =]N "s}vR|t ?} QkD
s
% } Q=O ( ) j@
10 SQ
] ' v= o q x
- v O =t}k=@ VwQ R= "O m Q s}y=wN |UQQ@ j} Q] wO R= =Q p t =F u}=
=]N = k
1
( +1)!
f k 1 (c):( 100
( + )
)
1 k 1 +
= k
1
( +1)!
(k + )!(; )k 1 c 1 : 10 1
1 1
+
k +2 ( )2k +2
TB 's} Q}o|t 1 Q@=Q@ CU= GQNt QO xm =Q c '|}q=@ Q Ci=}

u= m |= @Q " CU= =
1 01 w 1 u}@ cx m
=]N < 10
; 2k;2
10
xm O}vm xHwD Q x@U=Lt j}kO Qw]x@ CU= |UOvy
"O m | U Q l} xm =Q =]N w |t
u= D X N p = =Ft u}= QO
X
(; )j
1
1
= = 1
= 1
+
1
1 j
1 01 1
100 j =0 100
w |t (=]N") xOv=t}k=@
%O W w OvDUy j=k= D | U Q u}= C qtH xOW x
=Q= ?} QkD u}=Q@=v@
X X
(; )j ( = (; )k 1 ( (; )j (
1 1
1 100 ) ;j 1
+
100 ); ; k 1 1 100 ); j
j =k+1 j =0
= (; )k 1 ( ) 1
+
100
; ; k 1 1
1
1+ 100
;
= (; )k 1 100
1011
+ ( ) k
; ;
"CU= Sv=Qo q x-Ov=t}k=@ R= x t O CUOx@ |}q=@ Q
u= m R= QDk}kO |tm xm =]N j j= (10) 2k 2
1=01 =}
|v=QL@ \=kv |UQQ@ QO OQ@ Q=m (520)

QiY=v |v=QL@ x]k
- v QO `@=D swO jDWt xm O=O|t xH}Dv |Dkw |v=QL@ \=kv |UQQ@ |= @ swOQ jDWt uwtR
QO xm |Dq=L |Q=}U@ xm s}yO|t s}taD |Qw] =Q swO jDWt uwtR 220 R= xO =iDU= =@ =Hv}= QO O =
" W @
|vwtR |O wyW | =v@t |i== \ W Q |mOv= =@ CUNv "O Q}o|t Q@ QO O W w |t QiY R}v swO jDWt u
(k + ) I = f : I ;! R ` = O}v Q s}v | x Q s} w x x
Q}PBkDWt Q=@ 1 ' xR
- @ QO @ D m Z i " m t
=Q= O m y= N
=Q= m =Q
QOf k (a) 6= OvDU Qi xt (k ; ) x@ Q = I = a | x]k f =kDW C

( )
0 w y Y y 1 - D t D xR
- @ R= vwQO - v QO C t ' U=
O = | f (a) + k (x ; a)k pm x a x]k f ` = k x wr} xrt Ov wYv

f a (k ) ( )
" W @ t W @ - v QO @ D - HQO Q D |= H J CQ }=
!
( ) j@ s} | V =t x f k a O
(k ) ( )
s % } Q=O 10 ] yO t } v @ =Q
!
O a
f (x) = f (a) + (x ; a)k + f(k + ()!c) (x ; a)k

k
( +1)
+1
1
u}vJ 'OW=@ xDUw}B f k 1 (x) Q ) C M | Q

( + )
a x]k |m R jf k 1 (c)j O}v Q
o= U= v= m |=Q=O - v }O v QO
( + )
m Z i
Q=_Dv= " C l w jx ; aj
U= J m Q x a l R x Q =k
u |= @ Q wYv (C w w | Q
m }O v }O t |= @ CQ }= QO " U= O H t v= m
u}=Q@=v@ O = (x ; a)k jr] O QDm w

" W @ x_ q p = w x jr] O
t Q k R= (x ; a)k 1 s
J m |= L t @ k Q ] @ t Q k QO
+
} Q=O
pmW QO O = f (a) + (x ; a)k x =W x = a |m R

" W @ f wt |@ Qk pm s =_D
@ t }O v QO Q=O v } D W } Q=O Q v=
11
' < 0 =} > 0 xm u}= x@ xDU@ 'umtt Cr=L Q=yJ QO =Q f (a) + (x ; a)k Q=O wtv C}aw 1
st}Um =t a x]k- v QO `@=D'OW=@ GwR kQ o= xm O}vm xHwD s

" }=xO=O V}=tv OQi =} GwR k
Q
O i k <' 0 Q
O i k >' 0 GwR k < ' 0 GwR k > ' 0
()
O ( ) G ( ) ? (h ) r=
xv a x]k
- O =
v ' W @ O i Qk |D > = < kw " 0 } 0 xmv}= x@ xDU@ OQ=O |awt swt|v}t =}
" yOO |t Ctqa Q}}e x = a

D (x ; a)k x Q QO m = }R |awt swt|v}t xv w CU= |awt st}Um =t
xH}Dv 2 ; 20 R= , =t}kDU (k + ) jDW w

t s= 1 t O Hw |i== Q
\ W uw @ u= D O w |t =Q ?r]t u}= `k=w QO
CiQo
%
s=k jDWt uwtR (620)

'(k ) C 2 U= s= k x@ Q = jDW
- D t D t |=Q=O O N w h} QaD xv
- t=O R= a| vwQO - x]kv QO f `= @ D O}vm Z i Q
f k (a) 6=
%
( )
0 w OvDUy QiY xty (k ; ) x@ Q
1 - D t D= a x]k
- v QO u C =kDWt
f (a) = . . . = f k 1 (a) = f k (a) 6=

0 ( ; )
0
( )
0
%CQ wYv}= QO
f k (a) >
( )
0 xmv}=x@ xDU@ CU= |awt st}Um =t =} swt|v}t l} -x]kv OW=@ GwR Qo = (hr=) a k
f k (a) <
"
( )
0 =}
" |awt swt|v}t xv w CU= |awt st}Um =t xv a x]k - O =

v ' W @ O i Q kQ ( )o= ?
12
f (a) + f a
(x ; a)k CU a x]k f `= k x
(k ) ( )
j@] "
k! y - v QO @ D - HQO OQ wr}D |= xrtH OvJ "u=yQ@
%210
f (x) ; f (a) ; f k a (x ; a)k (k )

( )
lim
x a ;! (x ; a)k = !
0
TB
" #
lim f (x) ; f (a) ; f k (a) = 1
( )
x a
;! (x ; a)k k! 0
a l R | = O x x Q u Q =v C C = O C |iv = C@F k1 f k (a) xrt

' }O v i m xR= v= @ |= @ }= @ @ " U= @ F |O a w U= t } t
!
( )
- H
f (x) ; f (a) T (x ; a)k > O = k Q O = f k (a) C qat O = f xx af a

B ' 0 ' W @ GwR o= " W @
( )
t y } @
( ); ( )
( ; )k
w f (x) > f (a) s f k (a) > Q xH}D

} Q=O ' ( a l R x Q ) C f k (a) C qat
( )
0 o= v QO " }O v |= @ U=
( )
t y
l a f (x) < f (a) x w | xH}D f k (a) < Q

} w m O W C |a w w |v} x]k l a
t v '
( )
0 o= w ' U= t s t t - v }
T O | C q Q}}e x = a
B ' yO t t (x ; a)k O = Q k Q C |a w st}U = x]k
a D QO ' W @ O i o= " U= t m t - v
f k (a) C q Ov =t f xx af a C q x O C q Q}}e x = a O = R} f (x) ; f (a)

( )
t a v y
( ); ( )
( ; )k
t a m yO t a D QO } @ v
O w |t a f (x) > f (a) Qo

v= D v w Q f (x) < f (a) a Q l u Q =v O =t | =
' }O h ] QO w ' ' h ] } QO }= @ @ " v @ k @
2 O = |a w w |v} = st}U = " W @ t s t t } m t
h} QaD f (x) = x6 cos x ; x5 sin x CQ Y @ w x xm f `= @ D |= @ Q x= 0 - x]kv C}aw "6 p=Ft
"O}vm |UQQ@ CU= xOW
cos x = R} v w ' CU= x w 0 u}@ |= x]kv 1 xm c sin x = x ; x3 + x5 cos c1 s}U w | 3

!
5
!
} v t
C x u} x]k c2 x j ; x2 + x4 cos c2
2 4
s
% } Q=O " U= 0 @ |= v m '
! !
f (x) = x6( ; x2 + x4 cos c2) ; x5(x ; x3 + x5 sin c1)

1
2
!
4
!
3
!
5
!
= (; 13 )x8 + x10( 41 cos c2 ; 51 sin c1) ! !
?r=e (; 31 )x8 xrt - H ' lJwm jxj Q

|= @ w CU}v QDW}@ 41! + 51 !
R= jr]t QOk QO RDv=QB pN=O CQ =@a
w OvDUy QiY xty x= 0 QO 7 - D t x@ Q =D f C =kDWt xm s}v}@|t q @ |w = =UD R= `k=w QO " CU=
"OQ=O |awt st}Um =t l} QiY x]k

- v QO f u Q =v f 8 ( ) = (; 13 )( !) <
}= @ @ "
( )
0 8 0
13
" O}vm |UQQ@ f (x) = (x2 ; x)100 ` = | QL =k
=Q 2 @ D v= @ \ v "7 p=Ft
CUOx@ x= 0 1 2 |v=QL@ x]k

- vxU T f (x) =
B '
0
(x2 ; x)99 ( x ; ) s
100 2 2 2 } Q=O
x= 0 2 xm CU= K=w CQ=@a u}= R= w f (x) = x100(x ; )100 C w w | ` 2 W v u= D t k=w QO "Ov}|t
" C@Ft \ =kv Q}=U QO w CU= QiY \ =kv u}= QO `@=D Q=Okt xm =Q} R OvDUy `@=D |= @ Q |awt swt|v}t
st}Um =t x]k
- v u}= QO w OW=@ xDW=O st}Um =t ]
0 2 QO O}=@ 'CU= xDUw}B xm '`@=D u}= 'Qo}O |iQ] R=
QO `k=w st}Um =t x]k

- v x= = R TB
1 ,tw r "O Ww QiY O}=@ f jDW t ' CU= |vwQO x]k
- v l} ,
=twRr xm
|rw " CN=U uWwQ |}=OD@= C =_Lqt w |t

R= u= D =Q x]kv xU Qy C}aw ?}DQD u}= x@ " CU= ]
0 2
w x
CQ Y @ =Q `@=D x= 0 - x]kv QO s
" } Qw |t CUOx@ 620 u tR w x@ xHwD =@ uwvm = =Q G}=Dv u}ty
" s}yO|t \U@ x | =yv=wD

0 100 ! 1
X
f (x) = x100(x ; )100 = x100 @ j xj (; )100 j A
2
100
2
;
X
100
! j 0 =
= (; )j ( )100 j j x100 j1 2
;
100
+
j 0 =
CQ =@a u}= R= " CU= QiY x]k

- v QO f `= @ D 200 x HQO Q wr}D |=xrtH OvJ ,=twRr CU=Q Q
h ] CQ =@a
TB ' f 100 ( ) = (
( )
0 1001 2 ) 100 > 0 w OvDUy QiY xty 0 QO 99 - D t D x@ Q = f C =kDWt xm s}v}@|t
%2 - x]kv QO Q w]v}ty "CU= |awt swt|v}t l} x= 0
f (x) = ((x ; ) + )100(x ; )100 2 2 2
100
X !
= j (x ; )j 100 j (x ; )100
100
2 2
;
2
j 0
X
100 ! =
= 100 j j (x ; )100 j 2
;
100
2
+
j 0 =
w f 100 ( ) = (
( )
2 100 !)2
100 w OvwW|t QiY x= 2 QO 99 - D t x@ Q =D f C=kDWt =Hv}= QO ,
=O OHt
14
%x= Q Q
1 |= @ x Nq @ = "CU= |awt swt|v}t l} x= 2
f (x) = ((x ; ) + )100((x ; ) ; )100 = ((x ; )2 ; )100

1 1 1 1 1 1
X
100
!
= 100
j (; )j (x ; )2j
1 1
j 0
=
= ; (x ; )2 + . . .
1 100 1
O |t CUOx@ |awt st}Um =t l}

" } w CU= |ivt x= 1 QO `@=D swO jDWt =Hv}= QO
15
(1)

b
a
b f . !
" 20 %
f n
b & , a
b f n
b !
" ,!( n
b ) *+,
:( . / , a
b
pn(x) = f (a) + f 1(a! ) (x ; a) + + fn! (x ; a)n

0 n
( )
(1)
k 3 f (k)(a) 4 56 ,7 a

b ) 3 *+, f !
89 :;
: <=, , x !> 3 4 & ?! .79 @
f (a) + f 1(a! ) (x ; a) + f 2(!a) (x ; a)2 +

0 00
(2)
.! ?3A B
)C : .
b
a f

D 9
?7F3 3 x G x 3 (2) H (I
?( f (x) !; H ,F3 x (2) !( f

b
x (J
KL9 ! C . (J) 7)M J :

!

?
.( a =L n
b & ,(1) n KL9
, &
b
.!
< ,(2)
,(1) ! ; , n K L 9 ! @ N < O P
. !3 4 !; ?= 37Q R

3:M
1
(1-33)
, n 3 f (n)(0) = 1 BH . @ a=0 f (x) = ex (1-1-33)
:7 <=( a=0
X xn
1+ x + x + =
2 1
1! 2! n=0 n!
(3)
? x T =

+U 3 x D 9 F3 3
( 3 ,F % ,B

?7 ex RB H ,!( F3
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