‘Name of the Chapter Page No. 01 | indian Space Programme 101-107 02 | ndia’s Nuclear Programme 108-112 03 | defence Sector 113-123, 04 | information Technotoay 124-128 05 | Bio-Technology 129-136 Environmental Technology 137-146 lexy Leonoy make the fist ° Voskod 2 iB I lands on Mars and from the surface. ST nt an Vl aR 8. 1981 ~ The fist reusable space shuttle the space shuttle is launched for the fist time, 9. 1986 ~ The frst long duration space station, ‘Mic, is launched. ts stayed in oe yeas 10, 1990'— The fist large space Staton designed sa humaa babi. Gyandarshan, channel of India stated in 2000 by IGNOU, Ministry of Human Resources Development snd Prosar Bharati, + Ala Eidavja-Gyandarshan IIT channel promises better than what is curently being offered by other ‘Virtual Globe software. from 1962, when er of Indian +) Indian space Dr. Vikram,‘od others set up INCOSPAR ‘National Committee on Sp! fhumba Equatorial Roe Staion (TERLS) (Os) 10 promote | de pplietion of space technology. INDIAN SPACE CENTERS Name oftheSpace Center | Location Deparient oF Space (005) and Indian Space Research Organization | Pa0eslone OS promotes, development andapplication of space technology. (SRO) Tose Vikram Subhal Space| tynwvanbapuram TB the ead center for Centre (VSSC) TSRO Satelite Cate | pangaore aSAC) Space Applicaton Cente GAC) SHAR Cente Liquid Propulsion System and cryogenic propulsca Centre (LFSC) elites ISRO Telemetry, Tracking Control Network stacy , | I provides “telemetry, tracking and comma’ (TTC) support for launch vehicle ‘ater Control Fas ce) Monifors and conirals all he geosatons satelite of SRO, physical Research Engaged in basic research in experimental and Laboratory (PRL) Awad ‘theoretical physics, astronomy, astrophysics, earth, National Remote Sensing Nay (SRSA) Hyderibad Conception, definition, planing, implementation snd socio-economic evaluation of innovative configuration for space applications INDIAN SATELLITE SYSTEM INSAT Series PNSpadian National Satellite (INSAT) series Resources Management System (NNRMS) Vehicle programme ‘operationlisition of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and. Geosynchronous Satelite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). IRS System ‘IRS series place in polar sun-syncbronous data ina varity of temporal resolutions to ons to be Satelite Launching vebiele (SLY) ‘They are first generation satelite launching vehicles. (2) Augmented Satelite Launching vehicle (sty) + ASLV¢ are second generation satelits. elite Launch Vehicle (PSLY) third generation satelite.operating a sulle stem, Tint experiment emote sensing sillie. Caicd TV Thicoded for mexsunng iofight pevormace of Hast ‘experimen fight of SLV-3, Ge Ost Indian launch eh Did not chive orbit Used for messing t-light performance of sarond Rohini RSDT ‘ian Passenger “Reise [Fist experimental commusicibon sacle, Provided Peplead Experiment (3) [espeence io oiling and operating = payload ‘Stpetuset tye. sablised communication sti. Basal Car] Second experimental remote sensing stelle: simile (© Cosmos | Bhaskar Provided expenence’ in building and Gpertng a remote sensing satelite system on a end-o- SATAN S| Baie 50 Fist epaaional malipuposs communication aad PAMD | mecorclogy siete Procured fom USA. Worked for only i moat | GSEW-DT | Expermenal slice Yor Gr ft Geelopmarl Hehe GSAT TE Aped 2007 { of Geosyacronoas Sallie Lunch Vehicle, GSLV-DL saab | PSLWEE | Fist meisorlopial sulite bul By ISRO. Orga Kapaa WUETSAT) fumed METSAT. Rensned ser Kalpana Chawls who TNS sa ae ae co se oe teal Ss wel PTS est sid aes oa SS ae oe — in sel oie TOA oF SoS eae ees 7 tes let td ina a Epis oiba emreoises ‘Seesmic chicnaay te Ss of aS EOS |W sa ge ils shou 108g Tia Ne —— a ee ISRO wat te Pench Come SSTOSAT spawn te mtd by Spar Say ame eas, te Som aciarcso eum celeron “ip cay ous te ope i Meghe-Trepig Saladiaton dats but dd not move onthe ee Oe eee a y = sree, ent ete yeaa tains dE Maha Tops Oba meas cot in fea om Lento Secret Tesmer ina nope Ta Sea VTE] Rae wens be ap TT Ra et sna oie Be in ee ae ATT 2 rs pS it eos wa Ta ema ne) ee106. Science & Technology Wink {Gp iecctecae: Acne 2107: reaps GRISAT-D, whose mages will Tien) (Space ship fan and diustrmanagenest weighs abou is Odi : z Mars Os World space day SRNSAT PaLVCID je weighing 109 ke developed by SRM Teel BAT ames Word Engines day Yaa ARAL ca | 2003 | RSI THIS | PSV RT| Aes “anes PLoS ‘GsLv-Ds shut) PSLV.C2s ‘New Horizons Pluto (NASA) Pstve=as “ase PSLvat VC | Banh oberatony lite ‘oceanographic features of the Northern Indian Ocean.| tee ow, India's NudearProgamme India’s Nuclear Programme ‘Milestone In Indian Atomic Energy Programme ‘major events of Indian nuclear programmes is as follows “Taraput Power Station “The eacior Research Ce Rajasthan Atomie Power Pokiran | Reprocessing Pant at Tarapur ‘Atomic Energy Regulatory Board mie Bnorgy rexulatory Boa 7A Reactor Power Corporation of Tedia Linited (POTD) Reprocessing Plant at Kalpakkam so extends non-electcity applications of energy in agriculture, healthcare and ive agency for implementing the rey program. Pollan I SOOM pro-ipe Tost breeder reacar's se excavation work commenced a Kalpakkam, ower Plant achieves ® Critically” at Taraur. TThermonuetear Experimental Reactor (ITER) "china, European Union, Japan, South Korea 2005 and United cach calendar year onthe recommendation oF Tin the memory of DR Raj rte for advanced Tecnology (CAT) Indore, dedieated in the memory 3, AEC and after approval by the Tamitnada 2005 Cente for Sane renamed 04 Raf Ramanna conte for Advanced Technology a (RRC! ed 1 generation nuclear ur [aoe i Tar Aone os PS rapur, Kalpakam, Narora nn eal Gujarat 2006Science & Technology ‘of HWB is to 10) whichis used as the nuclear power Heavy Water Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu) Thal (Mabarah Koa (Rajasthan) ‘Manuguni(Telgana State) ‘The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NEC) at Hyderabad fabrcates Nuclear fuel for the power reactors. ‘Thice research reactors ia operation at the Bhabha Atomic Reseach Centre cirus Canada and U-238. DHRUVA a zero energy tank type research Indigenous + Teuses Uranium as fel + Te uses natural Uranium and produces Pu.23p isan indigenous tank type 100 MW reactor, ts fuel. Biggest research reactor in ‘main objective is production of Isotopes, fh eactors and develop ks an important land marin i cherished. Endeavor at mastering ‘uranium ~ 233 based nuclear ful, in 1989 eh in + Established at Tarapur in 1960 withthe help of the stage of nuclear capat lear establishment had to co ests of varied strength — two of, Hu 15 & 45 Kiloton (KT), and thee sub Kilton devices which included testing of devices were conducted + Out of three tests conducted on May 13% 1998, First Two tests were Fission device expected to generate an MW. me ‘tonal $300, Jiuiats Nuclear Programme roe, rising questions about atomic energy 8a clean and safe aernative to fos ful" ‘There have been mass prowsts against the Freach-backed 9900 MW. Jnitapur Nuclear Power Projet in Mabarashra and the Russian backed 2000 MW Kodankulam Nuclear Power Pantin Tail Nada, ‘The state government of West Bengal state bas iso refused permission to 2 proposed 6000 MW facility near the town of Harpur that intended to Bost six Russian reactors ‘Atomic Minerals ‘Uranium, Thorium, Niobium, Titanium, Berylium, are nuclear raw material. ‘Uranium: Jadyguda and Bhatin have 73,000 toanes approximately deposits Thorium: India has the depo Institutions Processing Atomic Minerals: 1. Atomic ‘Minerals Directorate (AMD) at Hyderabad is corusted with exploration, 2. Uranium Corporation of India Responsible for mining, milling and processing fofuranium ores, UCIL- Saduguda & Bhatin In JarkhandDefence Sector (Army/Navy/Air force) Command ‘Werler Command Eager Command ‘Nosern Command Souther Command [Southwest Command ‘Training Command ‘) Andaman and Nicobar Command Pre rreracest pee eeeeeeeeee “ARMY TRAINING INSTITUTIONS,| ‘ain FORCE TRAINING INSTITUTIONS Command esiiparies. [Name TLeeation | Western Naval | Mumbai [S-Tair Force Academy — [Hyderabad commaad bTair Coimbatore | Esstem Nina | Visabapatam | ‘Aatinistrativ Command | Soutien Taal Command 1) |Aseparae Command | Por Bair Tain Bay vas established in Ceeleas) ‘Andaman & Nicobar TTambaram ee Bidar ee INDIAN NAVY ORGANISATIONS ‘Yelabanka “Avadi Bead Shillong “Thinwvanandiaparm Staff Officer (Commadiies Officer Indian Navy bas 4 commands. iii Liles (esl alam = faeces aof Stealth Ship Satpura CGS Sagar Fast Attack Crt T-4 ‘© UAV First Indigenous Air Cra carier reach Scorpion Submarines in Mumbai. ‘Commissioned Ranks in Descending order any Vee (NS ia TS Vina INS Gare INS wi TNS Tow TS Gabe ia br eerron e_| TS va he Sut are INS Savitri Lai = = RSS [SMa [Men] | + tekealqures iin Now Dei Re a eT | | 2 iste youngest Amed Fre of he Ue TNS [INS Bis | INS Ken oft RS Sint] BS Detence Products & Uns INS Himagit | Ghosh ‘Sahyadri ns INS Kolkat TRS canal INS Kol [NS ava Rs INS at Kadamba__ Panunt 1. Hindustan Aeronautics ‘Darshan INFAC-T-80, aa ‘Ltd. (HAL) 2. Bharat Electronics Lid. (BEL) “Army —__[Navy__[ Ale Fore Hyderabad, Chen Gener Admind ae hie) Bangalore, Kolar Marsal Mysore, Tieteant [Vie ‘Ait Marshal Tieucaat [Vie Hyderabad Major. Rea-Admial | Ar ‘Mumbai ‘General ViceMarstal 7 ‘Brigadier | Commodore TA © Garden Resah Ship Comore builders and’ Engncee | Kotla Colonel | Copan [Group Lid (GRSE) Goue 7. Goa ‘Shipyards Li | VassodaGama foam fo aos Ee Salt Commander © Misra Dhata Nigar | Hemet Simon Lid QuioHaNp, 1973 | Hoderabod srmander_| Linder 3 Praga Tools Limited Ty Giga —[Lewesant [Fight ——] | [10 MenyVakites po Ava Factory sreritorial Army(TA) in 1989. PTA was et voluntary force which ‘government organizations tke also maintaining Tearitorial Amy, Cantonment Boards FThey were established in 1924, {They are to safeguard the healt, welfare and iy of the. armed forces personel, ‘vith municipal administration for fan population in the cantoument INDIAN MISSILE PROGRAM Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) + DRDO was established in 1958 Ake target surface to air missile. Tm el nen eee es eed Defence Sector 4+ Nag : It is a third geveration ant-tank ‘qulded missile which bis range of 4 km PRITHV! Series Prithiel ‘+ The mucler warhead capable surface 10 + Built by Bharat Dynamics Limited, range 150 km with 1000 kg warhead and 250 km ‘with $00 kg warhead Prithvi seas frst time test fired in 23 March, 2008 complete indigenous missile 2 iecan hit 350 kms, Target. Based on ASLV technology. AGNI Series tris surface to ~ surface, Intermediate range ballistic sissile (RBM) with nuclear capabil Iwas developes v DRDL, Hysesbad. "There are three types this series 3 anit he targets atthe heights of 350s. range is 3000 kms. travels 14,400 kms Agni Jie is an advanced technology missle Seveloped by Advanced Systems Laboratory Agni rang is $000 ks.+ On 26" Febraury, 2008 it was fist test red fom undersea + Ikis only the Indian Crise missile can be fired fom the Sub marine + With this India joins with Russia, USA, France, Brian, China. ously developed Dirwy isa ‘ew generation Advanced Light meet the requirements of 35 its online nl + isan amed gunship wity anspor, 20 Titiaeoe wariicnstres vee Sagara ‘+ Teas developed by DRDO Brahmos (lock On Before Launch) . super sonic anti-ship enise veloped. by India and Lakshya —= + Lakshya, the Pilotess Target Aircraft = face/ship launched high subsonic aerial target system, ly om posed sing to the guns ew fence pis for Wesp00 sles 3 type. Styel (5000 kms), na Cin Saat ns | * peel, melanie ‘based raio-contras arget, Ince gh and 760 in meet tested suecesefilly against sea targets in 2004. a Bnei | ROS | Vora] Vata Ta Ra . an advanced siverat, designed and | sped to simulate ral sa to mimic the radars and infaes Tes inesTwas the British made and — yay ioned in Indian Navy in 1961, + This tase was de le ship belongs wo Peay | * TE, eloped at Karan, 2 gory (itt one was INS Sivalik). natal posta in Kara oe bi ian Navy in 2004 Parund tis Naval base established a Uhipui near Ramanathapuram in Taina, photos attacks surface to surface targets, joined in Wester Naval Command in RADAR TECHNOLOGY 2002. ‘+ Radar is an acronym for Radio Detection and INFAC-T-82 I was established by Hindustan Shipyard vas inagusted on 28° May, 2009. INS Sindu Ghosh + Indian Navy's Diesel lecric Submarine INS ‘Sitdhu Ghosh was modernized in * Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Bangalore work i fields of developing Rada. ‘Name ofRadar Used in Rajendra is used in Akach missile Ravi & Rashmi are used for na & Apama Indra is able to detect low fying Objects ‘equipped with power packed ‘weapon system, | an AWACS radars developed by Ira. ee. 2001, the USA has cleared the sale of | INS Tabar phaleon AWACS to India, INS + It is proposed to named 3s Viwramatya and making chan ond | rmodemisation as per the requirements o Indian Naty. Mis the thin i ship among. three ‘Vikrant and INS Vira Talwar, 2 INS Laat was aranged to this tank. “Tanks + India imported it "ET. Mel Tank is most ‘was imported from Russia he ling Samyukta + Wis advanced Electronic warfare syst. Gandhi in 205. ak | + The fint sage of Kadanba | 7 Tiger cont and RDS |Science & Technology r Btn am List of submarines Te Ships ‘Aamphibiows wanspon dock (LPD) [TNS Jalsa ‘Landing ship tank (LST) INS Sha SKE Tanding ship ak CST. INS Mazar INS Ghar TNS Cheetah, INS Mahish, eens co INS Goldsr, INS Kumbhir Destroyers and frigates Tepe ‘Ships Godel missle Gesuayee [INS Dei. INS Misore, INS Mum Rajput-class | Guided missile destoyer | Shivalik clas | Malo seal Sigats | INS Shivali INS Sampurs TNS Seiya 1 TNS Talwar, INS Trishul INS Taber INS Te TTalwarclass | Mubi-olestealin frigate | INS Tapas INS Tek ee ‘Brabmapata-class | Goided missle Rigaie [INS Brabmaputra INS Bera INS Beas ‘Godavari-clsss | Guided missile Biene TINS Gomsti INSHORE PATROL VESSELS Name Laid down TEGS Rajehece [27 September 2070 TCGS Rajarang, 7 TOGS Rajkiran | Nave TCGS Rajkamal | Mach TCGS Rajraan | Mar TCGS Radoot Main arte Sasha ser guided bomb TOGS Rajveer Inds i lse-uided bomb, Sudarshan isthe TOGS Raj) ‘est wespn Stem developed indigenously toFASTEST SUPER COMPUTER IN THE WoRLD China can now bosst the world’s fastest sper fast computer, according to the semianntal super fast computer is sunway tihulght ‘developed by China. National sper computing SECOND FASTEST SUPER COMPUTER IN ‘THE WORLD + Tianhe-2, or Milky Way-2, clocked in at number one with a performance of 33. was developed by China's jersty of Defease Technology and will be deployed atthe National Sepercomputer Ceter in Guangzho, China, by the end of the year. INDIA’S SUPER FAST COMPUTERS ‘As of fune 2013, India super fst computers es () iDaaPrex DRGOME (@) PARAM Yuva =I ANURAG + Wie tose coupled, mesg psn ‘parallel proces n supercomputer, . ACE was orginally designed wo exter to the eptoal id dames (CFD) sees Seon dig Information Technology ‘+ Tecan also be used for other fields such as weather forecasting, 2 © cil gineering design and Mé ‘These systems have been based Pentium processor switches and ‘communication hardware. unveiled by Dr. January 2008. The performance of teraflop performance. + This a series of super computers assembled using offthe-shelf U.S. manufactured components by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pans, Inia. ge weather forecasting, sevsing rug design and molecular modeling. EKA. +The supercomputer bu Research Labor COMPUTER & LT. RELATED TERMS 7 Information Technology has 1,794 computing nodes aod bas a peak performance of 172.2 + Browser: A Client program (software) that is ted to Took at various kinds of Inte ATM (Automated Teller Machi computer contolled device a readable code, co bas of vaned width and spac 4 product or packets of many goods. The bar pars. The parameters for CAT are often erived fom computer ~ aided design and ‘computer ~ aide manufacturing + CCD: Charge Coupled Device. A solid state White spt on the docames CD-ROM: Compact Memory The stog of ‘ete, oa sk which is then read by laser technology, Blog (weB LOG): A blog is basically a | | available on the web. Blogs are Cyber means to ster, guide or corigimtes fom greek term Broadband A communications hie ieee an emt tInformation Technology ‘+The Forum descrtes WiMAX as "a standards: based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as. an altemative to cable and DSL Kubeman: Cyberspace was. first science fiction, Cyber space refers to solletion of network — accessible read many times. A type 3k which can be writen to only Global communications, A” mobile digital ‘ommunicatons standard for voice and dats ‘sing a cellular arehitectre. System for Mobile (GSM andar cet pose sey vent (EEE) S02 | he "Gr in le = ee Joan" of Be ess network technology. Technically generations are defined as follows: WiMax (Compare with extranet + Integrated Cireuit: The integrated circuit or Cis tiny device which is made up of a ‘mumber of leczonic componcats, sich as odes and transistor, with interconnected wiring fabricated on a single chip of semiconductor, usually silicon. ICs increase the operating ‘speed of the computer wile | + wurlaraes acon+ 3G. networks (UMTS FDD and TDD, CDMA2000 Ix EVDO, CDMA2000 3x, rd requires speeds of 2Mbps and mobil 3bAkbps fora "nie" 3G, and public seetor undertakings a Is & Biological eT Bio-Technology + Indian Vaccines Corporntion Limited, caring the research and development in the field of biotechnology. ‘Techniques Involved in Biotechnology Bioreactor design is quite complex engineering tak. © Under optimum conditions. the ‘or eels will reproduce at an vironmental conditions like gas (ie, air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) opine a]‘Science & Techno ‘Cloning Techniques ‘Some ofthe cuet cloning techniques include: 4+ These strand are known as chromosomes. 2 Humans have 46 paired chromosomes (Half | ret), with two Sex gender and 44 + Embryo spiting 2 Nuclear Transplantation ‘stem Calls 2 Stem cell ate cells found in most multi- ning Cloning is the use of technology to make an reaism, The Ves iferent types of drugs. by using means. a ised reproductive chology, primarily to teat infertility, tofivide and create a cell more sifferentisied than tel, Gene use Restriction Technologiex(Gurts) + GURTs are group of tots to regulate gene expression, in diferent ways. + The concept is not new and there have besa somatic hybridization. Biosensor +A. device that uses specific biochemical ivy of new compounds, ‘engineering in biosensors. protein project organism to be determined. Gene Therapy encodes a functional therapeutic gene to replace a mut Other forms: involve dre ene) {0 provide teatme DNA :MCs, GM erops the DNA. of which has been modified using genetic engincring lants include selective breeding; plat eng, and somsclonal variation. fact these organisms ae subject to iatelleetual property lw produced from GM crops is safe and whether GM crops ae nesded to addess the words ood needs Soybeans: Predominanty GM 69%) seal nmi pereentage than for any other the EU Member St + Maize isthe only GM crop that is curentiy being grown ia Euro ‘+ IGM maize production in Europe were to Md most likely make its way Got wheat: ‘+ GM wheat isnot curently growm anywhere is the world. ‘+ The planned introduction of GM whes the US sod Canada has been put off time being. ‘There is no GM rapeseed curent sown in Europe. In Canada, however, GM Fapeseed has become widespread. Sugar beet: + Commercial planting of » genetically modified Derbiide-olerant sugar beet began in the USA, in 2008 i expected to make weed management per and more effective. is sugar bet is approved for import into the is not yet authorisedopti cultivated in Europe soon. breeding the starch and chemi yve been growing 1 var with : aly modified potato cul Spun starch cootst wl mos kely BE odie ice wil be fund cr counts sound the we only important as a souree of ros ae converted tous ‘Azotobacter, Costdium, Anabaena, Nowe, Rhizobium, Frankia, Anabaena azollte P Solubilizing Bioterlizers 1 | Bacteria 2 [Fang P Mobilizing Bioferlizers 1 | Arbuseularmycomhiza | Baomycortica [3 Toned myeonizaSnone, they contribute t air quality istributed vi existing infrastactres. Biodiesel + Bio-iesel is the most common biofvel in + Biogas is methane produced by the process ‘of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes ‘© Teeanbe produced cither from biodegradable waste materials oF by the use of energy rep fed into anaerobic digesters to supplement biomass complciely to carbon dioxide and +The word “ecology” is often used colloquially in such tenms 38 social ecology and. deep cology snd in common parlance 338 + Ecol is usally considered asa branch of the general science that studies living ‘on the higher levels ofthe fon esth and on the iter environment, ecology branches of science, e eography, meteor Environmental Technology Ecosysetm ‘environment (the biotope) in an area is termed an ecosystem, + Studies of ecosystems usually focus on the ‘movement of energy and mater trough the system. Almost all ecosystems run on €0etgy captured ffom the sun by primary producers via photosyntbess + This energy then flows through the food chains to primary consumers (herbivores Who ‘stand digest he plans), and oa to secondary to do work, o is lost as + 70% of Bic-Diversity is valuable with developing counties, +605 of tt is availble in ‘Trpieal forest. + Every genetic resource was certtn specific features which can be uized to provide food, drugs, energy and other essential commodities fochuman life Biosphere + The outer Iyer of the planet Earth can be divided into several components such as the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, and the Bio-Diversity atmospherethre spheres. + Relative to the volume of biosphere is only the very thins that extends fom 1,000 meters below 62 evel 15000 mses above coins great Biosphere Reserves of India 4+ Biosphere reserves are ares of testa and ‘So ora an eet min a conditions before being admitte f stainable development in the service gp mankind. 7 ‘These reserves are rich in Miura diversity and encomy feature of exceptionally Biosphere Reserves set fir Intemational Coordinating CounciliCC) oy Man_ and Biosphere(MAB) up in the co vations of Natio ‘Mangroves and Coal Wetlands ‘+ Wetlands in india can be broadly categorize Indo-Gangetie wetlands Ramsar Convention *+ Ramsar conetion defines wtands a Environmental Techno nal importance, India has been a contracted party to Ra Convention since 1 February recognize and promote wise use of Mangroves ‘+ The sypial coastal ecosystem covers an area ia contributes 10 5% of the world’s grove cover. Coral Reefs + Coral Reefs are the specialized ecosystems of jean which are amoag the most productive of all ecosystems anywhere. Coral reefs are shallow-water topical marine ed by high biomass production and rich floral and faunal diversity. + In the Indian sub-continent the reefs are ‘The Indian reef area i estimated to the 2.375, sak, Fringing reefs are found in the Gulf of ‘Mannar and Palk Bay at well a Andaman sod [Nicobar Islands, Platform reef are seen along ‘he Gulf oF Kutchh and + Atoll reefs are found in the Lakshadweep Gulf of Mannar coral ref area in Tamil Nadu has been included in world list of biosphere reserves of UNESCO, ‘Some Recent Development in Wetlands ‘Mangroves and Coral Reefs National policy 2006 mandsted + Bsablishment of National Coral Reef Research Cente at Port Blair + Inclusion of corals in. Schedule 1 of the Wilde Protection Act, 1972. ‘+ Four new wetlands have been added 10 the Surinar, pangong Tsar from Jammu and Kabsmir and East Kolkata from west Bengal new sites from India declared as Ramsar of Intemational Importance in addition sting six sites. ‘+ Ramsar conservation award was bagged by India for ecological intervention in Cilka Lake through opening of Magarmakh mouth in ‘consultation with communities Which yielded ffuitfl results in term of higher income, fish yield control of weeds and re- arance of some prawn species which bad ‘atlir disappeared + This award was given to Chilka Development Authority) and was received by Chief Executive of Chitka Development Authority in Valencia on 18° November 2002. ‘© The scheme on Conservation and Management of Mangroves and Coral Reefs as. been merged with wetlands onthe ecommendations ofthe Planning distributed along the East and west Coast of restricted places Commission,Environmental Technol lp beds, and fish 2 ae mangrove areas in | readin infrared radiation, Which casey Dhitackanika and Chilka. mange ‘Feenhouse effet. have collapsed due to nee ing to loss of sea lions, of International Imporance in West Bengal has been included id List of Biosphere Reserves by | populations. (OZONE LAYER DEPLETION about Ozone Like other Depletion is one Desertification ‘+ Desertification is ¢ ype of land degradation in which a relatively dy land region becomes he energy flows ih achie + Good Ozone Have you ever felt the sun's iateasiy ripping | Good ozone (als called Sratospheric Ozone) through your skin on ahot afternoon? Probably so. upper Stratosphere. The ‘But the sun is no where near the earth. The sun is ace 6 10 30 miles ‘ecological and environmental problem. a and Warming Global Warming isthe increase of Eas average of freshwater low-lying cies, et ae ‘The rays from the sun contain Ultra Violet Rays snot all bad, becaus to come through to the earth. There have been serious consequences, and Chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). Bad ozone contaminates (dies) the fir and contributes to what ally fexperence as "smog of haze, [Note that this Kind the deadly London people. Smog fi ipelly endangered by the shorten feeding seas i i to of thee ga ‘nearly as large as tof oxygen and nitrogen. It 8 an Summer Smo fed Oy into two: Good Ozone a to ave been severely. damaged BF | example, have these “interna OL an | fa theeitatonl aes i | The enormous (900samosphore feedback renting Gom the mosphere buildup ofthese gas. ‘What s Ozone Hole? cose it mice ig in as cong hn ike nb can ingen a Tako ya layer in the stratosphere felatvely high concentration of + Top atmospheric researchers confi that (Ozone levels vay by Seazon and atid. + 10 197, itwas observed the tere considerble ‘Ozone depletion inthe upper lnitudes, Arctic and Antarctic. Tis massive stretch of o2one Sepletion (bole) is estimated to be about the yer. The plenomenon is what We sully cal the Ozone hole, and it was most ‘over the Antarctic every year during Zhphurie aed mixtures. Chemical reactions on the surfaces of ce crystals in the clouds the ‘Antarctic In spring temper evaporates and the ozone layer stars (0Seer and flesh ng ini ‘+ This process ranges from simple addition of issolved or suspended solids to discharge of the most insidious and. persistent toxic pollzacs (such as pesticides, heavy metals, 20d nondegradable, bieaccumlative, chemical | * compet). PESTICIDE POLLUTION To remain in sally must be 0.00005 mm. Nivopen dioxide monly comes fom power ple and cas. Nir rie i fooed in ways—ie ‘lupe io the fs bued, or when Goud cap abo react ia the ‘fmunpbere 1 fom ozone, acd in, Sopris. ‘wide and cam be as soall & ‘ios ne reacts orth pam | one | Eivay high tempers. NTOgeD High levels of nizogen dioxide fxponure can give people coughs ‘Sev ean make em fel shor of| ‘breath. Pople who ae expotedBAe 2146: Science & Technology Sulfur dioxide. A corosive gas | that cannot be seen or smelled at low levels but can have a “rotten gg” smell at high levels, Lead. A blue-gray metal that is very toxic and is found in a ‘number of forms and locations. Sulfur dioxide mostly comes from the buming of coal or oil in power plants. It also comes from factories that make chemicals, paper, or fuel. Like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain and particles, Outside, Tead comes from cars in areas where unleaded gasoline is not used. Lead can also come from power plants and other industrial sources. Inside, lead paint is an important source of lead, especially in houses where paint is peeling. Lead in old pipes can also bea source of lead in drinking water. Sulfur dioxide exposure can affect people who have asthma or emphysema by making it more difficult for them to breathe. It can also irritate people's eyes, noses, and throats. Sulfur dioxide can harm trees and crops, damage buildings, and make it harder for people to see long distances. High amounts of lead can be dangerous for small children and can lead to lower 1Qs and kidney problems. For adults, exposure to lead can increase the chance of having heart attacks or strokes. | Toxic air pollutants, A large | mumber of chemicals that are | known or suspected to cause | cancer. Some important pollutants in this category include arsenic, asbestos, benzene, and dioxin. Each toxic air pollutant comes from a slightly different source, but many are created in chemical plants or are emitted when fossil fuels are bumed. Some toxic air pollutants, like asbestos and formaldehyde, can be found in building materials and can lead to indoor air problems. Many toxic air pollutants can also enter the food and ‘water supplies. Toxic air pollutants can cause cancer. Some toxic air pollutants ccan also cause birth defects, Other effects depend on the pollutant, but can include skin and eye irritation and breathing problems. Stratospheric ozone depleters. Chemicals that can destroy the ‘ozone in the stratosphere. These chemicals include chlorofluorocarbons. (CFCs), | halons, and other compounds that include chlorine or bromine. CFCs are used in air conditioners and refrigerators, since they work well as coolants. They can also be found in aerosol cans and fire extinguishers. Other stratospheric ozone depleters are used as solvents in industry, If the ozone in the stratosphere is destroyed, people are exposed to more radiation from the sun (ultraviolet radiation). This can lead to skin cancer and eye problems. ‘Higher ultraviolet radiation can also harm plants and animals, Greenhouse gases. Gases that stay in the air for a long time and warm up the planet by trapping sunlight. This is called the “greenhouse effect” because the gases act like the glass in a greenhouse. Some of the important greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas. It comes from the bbuming of fossil fuels in cars, power plants, houses, and industry. Methane is released during the processing of fossil fuels, and also comes from natural sources like cows and rice paddies. Nitrous oxide comes from industrial sources and decaying plants. The greenhouse effect can lead to changes in the climate of the planet. Some of these changes might include more temperature extremes, higher sca levels, changes in forest composition, and damage to land near the coast. Human health might be affected by diseases that are related to temperature or by damage to land and water, ESLER) rata D cpl Pane Bhabanerar|Lacow Pana Beara | Coal Voorn Ving pal | Rasy]