‘SUGGESTED READING Conable, Ben and Martin Cb 201, Howe Bs Ea. Sena Moni, DDeRowen Je, Ka Rand Devi Stk, 200, "The Dynamics of Cl Wi Dare: tion and Outcome owl of ace Renan A(2}208-320. Faron, James D200 "Why Do Some Ci Ws Lan S Much Longe Than ‘Otter journal of ce Rear (3)}275-30, Goldson, ack A 1993 "Reotion” In Ose Copan Pato he Wl “Sto dion, eid bya eee (eto ince} New Yok Oxford Unie Sit Pres Powel Jonas Mand Cayton E Thype 201. “Global Instances f Coupe om 1950 0 2010: A New Dataset urna of Pe Rear 62) 29-258 ‘Socpol Theda, 197 Strand aden A Compare Aa of Fan, “an Chin. Cambie UK Cambie Univer Pres guerce 4 [APPROACHES TO CIVIL WAR ONSET (Chaps ighghed she diticlie associ with arcing sng einion fehl war Beaune feifferenes among seers Indi let, conta ‘ible tine horizon measurement of arabes and each design expla Voos ofthe ose of ei wa elfen hie cape we dee dpe nt he Ques ‘on of cass ooking a th fer eae to el war ears prance bgt tony goernmene rons o bats, ve of democracy, etnorligius fa ‘looalieon polaron, dependence on nel abuts exports lotsa ‘ommodie, pe of govermen, exo opporsaniy of balan and lee of ‘Eselopment Some of tee ft connected to isen complains ea barr or estcons and Low perapta income whe others arlorbie ‘stra rources pone incon for els These tor set eel ead ‘ng modal and nes of inguin cl wae one nding peed vers snc lof semocrcy obalrato,eninnmentl depen and inte, or oppor each of hich we explore in he Gi ato the chapeee, ‘he chaps then outlines paral those fo that can saute ethos gis cil are This ir beaut hr oc canbe Based on vase specic ‘them wiles potency hang rome owelap with emlanasons proved by he greed, prance, and iwurgncy models Edhnoclgious war (hove com Fics beeen ethnic groups whic have diferent ceo) Furcer req & eparce Fos at they have been parla conti man lives ave (Grestened poral stig Such conf include the sl war a gle the former Yogesh Taal lion in Si Lana, and Norther cans Wiolence Many ofthe confi primarily eave aoundehnity with align being sop one of the factors thar ciffeniats che ethic group nls “Thus one cannot asume char beeaseighsng ethnic proups hw differnt ‘ions chy must be inherent elgious Hower income confi lion he Tey fuxor Halerant conflits hee ben enti a the Scan a es pe: son of dhe Baba ini (Poe 200: 143).Coed Versus Grievance “The pheses ged sere grevncy or gr and grience refers 9 oo major pen ld cain tt of com Ge when ne ‘Mehncne They perm ae ional ce at nae before dein if he remads of Aging Josiy the seocned nk. These otaions Ae [nunc in vations wey nluding economic gain via come of goods ad ‘Reources oy eabanced power within sae, renmeinoles conor {Ener of ientiy rather ean over economics. Here, fing motivated by ‘icy liginand socal dae te leant or insane, aaonsof esol Spe confer mighe occur There debate over the importance of reed ‘rvancesin casing cl wary hough in realy bod often influence che nclopmene of cl watt some dep. roc Cote nt oe (2004) argue that ghd opiate init {pes ince for wbel nds to sage elon Howe, belions ae not ‘ped without etfl xeuations othe pos ofan bets of viry (hoc cos and whee sce con come whinan expected dration of Sine (Caer and Howe 1698). This eto ay tat rel ee very exlelaing. {he itlnond of war ging up wih xpectaons of sce sr short Sra(Galle and Hoefer 1998) ‘Clee and Howler (2004) argued chat when rebels experi Bring angible benefit she powbiny of war increase. This the ease with abune (nce of aroun for potenti Toot such as gensones, and mbes, When ‘umay has nasal aoures, cere commonies become args forbes looting them and financing se group. The locing of mineral by the Nasional {Congest forthe Defence of he People (CNDP) and the Democrat ores for thlieraion offend (DLN il roupin he Demet Repu of {Cong testes thi Boch group posited fom sega sale of gold and other ‘ccoures amounting £0 rion of dlls (UN 2009). The profits from the ‘Sic orsuch esutee along with help ftom eehnoeligious diaspoas, may be ‘hed o setup and manta ebel ary. The sally of masural sources {Rereass the worth ofthe county, refered eo by Fearon (2004) a eh pee” tf nor The increased worth prope pent tebe leaders eo capeste the ‘Because she posession of manual eoureswichin a county i inked co 2 rats Ilibost of ar, CliertndHoctle(200, 2002 empha the need rout co dite ehireconoies at Cues Ct Wa #2 In addon to che link Becwen tesouses and grey bl, Colles and Hosts (2000, 2007s, 200%) arsed ae the flowing conchsons “Thee iso relationship between eno eliiou actors nd he Ukelhood of war excep hen the county coniine a dinane prop. Second he more {goely the counary has stn wa, the gente che pstality of fc wee ‘Thi thesia of eno eliou diaspora as pose impacto the lkeivood fc war teense of person of extra support Amore expanded dsc ‘on about the rsorce-war sue wil be coveted Chapee Grane. The gricnnce model af il war onsen reo es et con Alf us have grievances, and some of our complain occur on a diy basin Mont geievance a iter ole or spate aver Last common rice Ancs over an iene may lead to fighting snd een actual wats Grsentscom ete oc wae frm along ist bus maybe eile lows + Complain bout the dton of resource rte economlepe 1 Eni of other more suena groupe {+ Dismtfaon or the injection int on ein (aally a government Inspiring of notheretinc poup Barries or limits fo suceesr=polcal, economic, thn, religous, oe calearaltingsae 4 Lack teedoms or lack of democracy ‘Ted Robee Gort (1970) define rsrtion anything cat inerupts one's stro il something Th interpion willbe countered wih ggresion ‘These euseatonaggresion and trestaggrerio elatonshipe ae the basi GGarrsmlasvedepeation theory of eelion. fn etovligiow conflict ‘sive elite arable ro lea she msi inevnlene (Gut 1993), Ot fos ‘finde influences canaza conver vation en collet cence fr ex pls eh ue of ranical leader or «new ginenment poy shar sharply ale Ermine puns one group A few ini hee and these having tame ‘content of personal deptatins or dsctimiatons wl ly have me face ‘on he lialihood of olnce However, many indus having sna see ton oul Table 4 shows economic differences becween the dierent rpons of the voi. lthough the regional breakdown by the UCDP aad World Baa. So notTaste 41 Aagionl Poverty and Civil Wars Pony Ren O10) Roary asco evo obey avon Phy sane 2" a vir Regen BO Toro Gar OSS xi corespon iis evden tcl wes are more commen in elon with ghee poverty er ouch ar Ati nd Ai. "Gor (1993) used the Minos a Rick (MAR) daa 0 cole cae gic ances cause eho-ligo ol wat, He writs tar is manip he masses i highighing group dlwence, pected dactimioaton, and err ‘ven Sch manipulations can create heighten, and consolidate piace a ‘ul lead el wae Saneon (1503), who agree wih Gave’ ineamental mode which ragete ee rgious wars re ceased by exter tors acing upon ineuaesthat “Supe Fighting uggs ha enniplaion by elie lado mobiinsion and i ‘Specialy key in echo-aligiousseaaione, This eared Freer below in ‘hesecion on edinoedgiou wae Rely famous sy cated out inthe 1970s an 1980s by Horo (0981 ase st a inereg covery, Boer people belonging = de ‘chno-lgious group ee Mkt fort vependen homeland sven ees Sion seems like = rsky propassion This suggests et ligius venice: Imig eced economi or Rnancalcalltons gin, Pea eo ‘The Minories at Rs WARD projet une by Toa Robert Gar) cl leis dit onal potcaly ceive stravegous pou win courows nd ros them nto varios x gros by repon Teak an aac ‘nto he erobanuty a county tacts tor ane o oreo Ne eps scoring wlenjsna/r protesting In addon tne MAR prot ayes {he othe ou aces ram goerert or snather party's epee turret eporonmatey 283 groups ‘aetied in tre grojact hare are Moted deceptions of Hen OUT ogg Gero se a soups with dstret ets aeorg sanding Wri witha Powe oh Project whieh stil mated a the Unies Mena eve of Democracy ‘Ashe Col Wa ied research ocasing onthe eff f democracy on at nd pace sok 2 spel pce in poet sleee wench. Fier posure DY Iman Kant hundieds of ers ago, a namber of whale guy began to ‘ortelate democracy and peace Among the pioners were Raiph Ruin ‘race Russe, ohn Oneal and Wiliam Dison. Ther wor ange ar demo: oy acd a8 aching force reducing the lkelood of cnt bermeen at Maoe and Reser (1993) attbuced this tothe mot democrats counts pce and the suerral consis (legate an ail branches, frei elaions et) that presades rich 9 vlence The Ruse snd Oneal (G00!) sendy clecy supported thse promises The demon peace considers she peace bucween counties. The democratic cl peer bal around pence wailnwcounayTipe of Democracy. Regime oe aso been ink wo il war one. Mosk tmocade counties tie flow 1 tamereateal ete igemerbe i Sie (ou) ors poperionl mprsneaton (PR) sate of ona tn che “Sone uten ech clea dais laced on seat nthe leg Thre Inthe PR tm cae vee for pari and cic ae repented By ‘Moen one candle Ser acess th lpi is bee on he he the pucentageo vous ated by he prs be ton Marta Rye Gur ata pores democrat wees wh PR sera mitigate penal re Sher ct wer whe councies prctcing te winnevael em beer ‘ger ni an anime igi radona fr of eligion sar othe os pce yee and rite soci) wa nthe Py, Che oe ‘ewan even iftren rious groups lending ro conzensin vex lcm ‘earn deaone Whar wold aw be posable fr minor eins ‘Soups co win sea in swine eka pe ecaze fperymandering ae ‘Shh boundary tu she Pope proves ets sa ale theumber of eats pogrom tx ino rou option ‘in gnc, democratic counties prstce nos conducive wo dsusins| ened ifeenr choles groupe vitin the couey (ar and Russe 1993) A democny rede he Mood of one fe war because of he ‘abla unl for gtvances ro be heed (Gut 200), But ot lol Feemoctay reduce conc. Acai, che most conirprone coun are those thar te semidemocraicanoeace) (Eline 2000; Henderson ad "F arguren tha Rey: Quer provide armor or in cordance With ac plonner penpetie tat porns sta conc re toad wat. Oot ‘eticom of is start bal considered nine (prevalence) of at ‘Shr on wer eon hes araro isat “Aart rane nyo explain he pth fo a Ise poli fc som such a ck of democracy, expan the ph oc war (endeson and Sage 200) emecray a 2 Cave o Ot War Iieineetngw note hat democrayPro- ‘motes eae some sais (6eAstnen 1997; edie e al 2003; Hegre ‘2a 2 sxpor thatthe denacrattion procs ilfcan be desabising “Kcorngo Hepe ea 201), dome ence i associated with pli hangs wher smicrocratc reps have sigufcayhghe probaly of Cle sone han ise democracies sorcraces Whi the isk of ci wat ‘Spehingy equa bowen a ery democratic ora ery sume eouny {Cassi chance n bot, counties somber athe mide of ee 1 (Ghoveacs or smiemocrace) faethe eats isk, “his doe not mea hci sould no democrat tn counties tae tae more han on cnoseigiom pup dometny pal mares force ad gous lone me pce in te Wes tha {hid word cours. This eso he miiaing eas of decry Gala Seder 009, Tema rede of changing ae one changes uly foie This canbe eon ins deocnning ste Mansa Seer {20 warn sa apna acum going gh ease said Sesame tossing coca pacer con nul cases eed of searing pens, cing amps of conte car ud fol te clcont shen ee economy hast Hea mpon td county arnt opty ta 1a ornnteon sel underdosope “Thelen sare nana ony ssore-srm phaomenen. One the country has tain fal coca oe date ta he chan afc conir rey edad Bren chngh he nts ef cof sm a sure ‘Sane ens may neti ppersanty salable he bing SBourchange aos at hte noe hn demo tc ‘rect Batre sso ete cae ‘occ an fat pone eae he loge te oun sso ane racy, the more challenges it has to face. a “her aro argu liking democracy co dil war Horo (985) argued vie tno confes se toe ily ta devon He teribued cht the son aang cil ded ars Besse ine cd counts plea paren conest along ny the holt den femora al mapas tin igo ean ‘ear Whe apy composed fee shales group lanes con ‘scons flings obi ded ta he ply prot be Tse at ‘thnovapoue conse Thus dacsony sain chrcerinse af emery ftsigned to fnereooprton, fal chine cnfe ined. Horo 1989) offs he Lance nS Lankan pole on si pecs oppor tegument tn boo uns gowcment shal por prec geen oleh ope denn arngennes Giobatization _After he demise of che Sot Union flowed the flo communis, omer Communist sates oped upto freignimeren As communis Lat ot, ‘hind wo sani Lata Ameen a Aa bapa oles sles ears we ‘ere me open t democitc els These Inde or isance Rao of Tae Deng aoping of China) encouraged frien imetment and trade opemese. Ben incumbent leaders became more capieiie (or empl, MabachitMohamad of Malai Suharto of Indonesia f Meio). Weer nd tre rued i these conse bran flow ew, cheap land ances bor “These phenomena gave eo glbalaion~ che unprecdeed prea fei, ‘Hea and goods lated etnlogy and demo. ‘labaliaon canbe nate ade negleabe growth explication or the denec of toigue cares tnd ado tel ob can io be pedo ‘uty chal job ich managerial aod excutvelevel pooner fc tmployrs fom hc hme countries of tee olinational corporations QIN). ‘Addconaly lange inners intron sarmadon che beponing of an end Timan abe hind word sae tend to hae hgh popladon groweh rz ‘han indie eT factors menioned sve coupled with opulason {reese provides god nx bain (nto 2003). er Gbalnaton aa ase be pouee—or cramp frig ives ‘hoot Global has Ben shown ones the ap foe inbor we Increasing produc Weer indus pacing the cae of expels Create competion between the fee companies, Competition brings prize dwn and cate effieny (arbi and Rewery 2005 Obviously, ees Sindestnd this wel and make efforts 10 enhance economic devopment ‘esate dvloprone ees he Uahod of ween wa ian impede so progress, War ony exacebaes aie of irae eae an lel business, ‘hing investor to ene Therefore, both goverment ane poral rebels ge aly wil conier i rations carly before ebaing on any wlee ‘deo (Bubie! and Reuven 200). lobulzaon tea fo flow a pacer nae ro democcstaation wih counts thar ae nerd goles escnilly prone soc wars Gee Barbier and Resveny 2005; Boxman aod Elkncder 2007), Hwee couric tha flowed he woréglbaliion ed fr soe nce conflict prone Inteingh, Bunan sod Scheer (2007 found that globulin! county is noe pone fo colt, but the movement tod becoming more econoical ber can ent wat The proses through se gn Sipe ani he ely sen -aunn ‘eins nonlene manner aus net Uberace economy? estan Sod Scheie 200250 "Asomation ince workplace cree unemployment hua abot ‘becomes redundant when machines can perform cher ancios. Information ‘eeinolog (7) has made che wed smile Sine the le 20th entry has Cosbled peopl co communicate wi scar anyone says in the Seed ‘Re Tome hes cated efece communication sd ects vera de ‘Goumariation, ie hs alo made rcbllzation of dnguned ers east (tan 2003224) n contrat to eis, Btbet and Reuven (200) age het In che less developed counties, nere hn acted ar mignon ofconee Environmental Degradation ‘Tere alos an nde connection between the rc of emion mental degra oa tent of we Delorean ln eto and he tof walle freshwater ae inked to ebe ane of conflict (tage and lings 1998), When the ato eons deprdaion ec the rt chau ‘al esoucet are plea "ep or conic cen eng or mean, wet ‘county is unable to replace low fret or ese greta lane pob Iams ea develop. Lack of arble land o eshte could fe poplin to tigate to terstores occupied by diftreneschnclgoun group, Forte locals the migecing group may appt be insade and th cou ea o> ofl eas apparent in various eh conflict within northeast Base “For, West Papas and Se Lanka, Hens a aon esol ype cont might ‘be "inited” Lew nctesed enzonmenal deprdaion ang co dcrensed ‘op production or ranching can provide an ince for people whore lncmne Aepends on the once productive land so rebel agains the germane The ‘Bonga cal war in Pap New Guinn na ete to degraation om og copper mine. Hage and Ellingsen 1998) investigated human-induced lind degradation and repored counter efering fom and degradation ae moe suscep ‘Confer shan thove thar suffer fom lack of fesse and deforetaton ‘Adionaly imagine ascent when envionment pons a coped wich population proven Thi i kes doublejeparty skuation teense tet nt [Edt of income generating ln a wl a more people to compet fx tis aw ‘ace rejource. Ets ae ow fc be parti ache wentent of ee ‘Nar eites wl aor their inl or groupe fore oem This esto try du othe unequal entmen fees by eit thay tebelion by hose ups that hae Ben lefout Homer Dison 1998). "een naar xed the connection bere ir cnn ne war Nis Pere Gledtocs (2012) aseand cach on bow cimte changer ced the tio of war. Eneape for ome evidence crating late Stange eo intrcommansleonfice, thee tn to be a cles connection beeen climate change an ci wa Irsurgoncy/Opportanity “Theinnurgeny mel ofc waren the grend mode ofl wa Grea (0951, 1995, 1955 ad ee ety round for the economic explanation of aTe nrg node is based on sol choi as poset reel the Fee eto eng the presence of eran to Hein and he wale Feel ard population sd mena of ne, smingie inl ere the probably of sy, prospec be wll anes pvernene ‘2e2Gtecaethisalnsthe fgue orifan upg woud be crushed. The cere pena oe ens oppor that reins he el spe Eeaging sae SERIE Latin (20030) iene «numberof firs thas can Snes 3 satdelocity eo speney. The se tor sche sala of rough TREATING ie mountain oe ove Rough resin provides «mean of hiding Hee ra src Beemse poset bls clale thei canes of t= i pena of vitor ncaa wth the alli of mountain, Tis cere ees the lkclhend of ci war The second fator at ncetes = aa acai insungeney esate pore tate power is teavid by bot ‘afi and conse poe Tey report ha beer elpped and sone Pent a are prepared afresh emergence of nage groups the Perea polecac weak, porncal ee wl ognize chi nd the expecte Fae) ibe incase testy, cherie w higher chance of bein. A coun Soper ajo gies pote eas che impression dat i ural a iaion, a por ow capac couney fees higher rk of cil ae sree scoured low pr capta incomes ad lower lees economic Free Su hind fico hac dee eelion’sthe presence of supportive see nadon to rough erin a aid suppore om che eral popu ‘et E Loca poup net sebel mostion to igh Vlge and farms oe on Tout or abel hideous Rural poplaions provi food, supp, SENS Lay Sita suppore One of th main resons Che Goear's emp at il i Bolted was cat the rural ase les is che aea of pert to) was noc pps ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CIVIL WAR xhno igs wars low ily iisen aul pach. Chil war studies nee pe ae the ase of Shoop ad Til (aoe ncading works by Gur ener cerntchomrgious mut, Conle evobingaourd ens uae, lin SES elle called ethno religous cone) ae ound the wrk ae ough pec in sia and sub-Saharan Afi. rom the Basque andthe ISG RHEL rope eo the HarTut cone in Ain tothe Mindanas ‘ate nfs the Pippin ethno was ike ny cer op of i NOSES byw varie fctons i ce aain scholars etgreson which are he sin cgi casing eno i chooses wat We cannot expec enous ‘i ot ne mn asi pe of wr oc we 2a i hg in wim a sat Rk rjc [MAR] 2005) Imagine waae te ber would be if ‘etn inde al ioe gp a arcs Ue expe thar romeo ny of se groupe may nx be ble se wih another, hence, conflicts Anetinoveligius war happens bees ‘om calor ing reglos, or pure ethnic eons Skin colo one Ingres prac re phen er etcncs maybe lan ing Avent groupe. The ae onl ol joi group may have an ie witha propor to da surly esp enticing Th ionomers ul ‘be puna ato why the addon ef noche language government oes books suche ig Th peso. = Ethnoveliour conflicts may be scat with bth plc and economic tare re nn ty plo oni ne ops rh herve Poth ele ea Swen Soper ol pons png wate ae ‘re Thc pore almed es grape ies fo example one group consoled the sconony whe nator cnt Poles. When te colonial mane le he conto erent sects yer {nx group seemed ake a ice blane of powers Homer ir 1m yea the Balance was disrupted and civil war erupted Because che group that had lost poctsporionet theta epatediieloas ‘The incre in eno-igous conflict inthe post old War ers was not sudden orurence bus continua of nd rm befere (eto ad Lin 2003 Gar 1990). The end war a continuance from the 1960s Gurr eect ‘nines in ehnorcigious wars Etna fctonated counties rvs ‘weak goverment esd, wold be the man get a orcad the Se {Sind gn Sp os Sau Ate 1994:364), a Defining Etiniciy and Ethno-Reigious War hc ier ny el were Ecce come inh fom of. tami owt tipi it sae le gy Sif ne pop tobe dependent osteoma se 8 ttn group ow abe comm tor eg ‘Suber ofthe ic ane Por hes son ese Seadis ofc ar onset epeare some element of eh ince within ny‘iy maybe elaine bse on one's sar ity bel ae on angnge, homeland (ingen 9000239), ha iio ‘hig in tons of sme combination ofthe flloving shared saconaliy, tn agg ono any tr ean (AR 205). Sup ce prosps comining af nmbers who se gency ore close) itd! wach ether than she meer of Od groupe ei tay Inga, cast nae! poy oro gos comma manner ow 985) san ethno-‘elgious wars thefts oe hari eupht asd upon one or more ofthe laments deeb abe Perionery Versus Core in Eth Religious Confit (One explanation forthe case of eno eligios cof is eae unde eran ‘Gruden, minority groupe in psp ogions bein wo make poi and/or ‘Sonomie mands, Aguny these demande bepin a2 rest of eilferences in {Reames dunt eel coed clave potions of those in che out (perp epons fm the sje group Uving in the canter. The inf of {Bajo mens fogs the center 9 ee our gions canals esti periph {al gisrancs (onthe confi) because of a feling of beng imping ‘Seoul of ho pe of marae an lan Indonesia In Ese Toe, 2 former Porsogurse colony subsequeny invaded by Indonesia mary Meslin Jnsncse mgd t he predominany Cathie Timor, and he iter hae ‘hovel eds ang cil wor Sit, acy Indonesians from ouside of he [rons (owe aneration hat lo Been contd) hae mite to am et yan aural dnince Wee Papen tino: Religious Fracionaization and Etme-Religious War Counerie with some degre of ethno-eligiowsfractionaliaion~esenilly fhe division of socey by ethnicity and feigion with the often resultant Emergence of conilcsig fteents face «higher ss of war Beebe situs ‘Snaaise whore minis el dasrinared agate imambah 19345- S47). thio fnstonaleatin can be determined by various measures Pearon nd itn (2008) refr to the Ethno-Linguite Fraconalization (ELE) en: which gies che probably thaerwo randomly draw individuals in 2 ‘ountey ae om diferene cho ingles groups andthe authors measure {Be population belonging co the largest ete group, using dat from ours such atthe Cental Invligence Agency's “Factbook” Iie Wold [Rusbot) They also dens the number of tac languages spoken by Ups exeeding 1 perce ofthe counay’s populate, To mess Sxun fom the Factbook and acer sources (earn and Latin 2003478-79) Examples of gremnces lang to ifrences in insmes ection lol of cove cl sence positions menoned sow se gran y the mined Mash are mostly Musi) in ory Das Than che minority “aro ae mostly Mids) smarty Bah Sei Lanka the min) ‘Moros (oho are monty Malis) int majority Cask Plipines, a the ‘Bougeinvieans in Papua New Guinea Exurper of couse in which tere it link beween high Faction and mine dation ae Maly (Chinese and Tndan ee inoiien, Pabisan(Mhaj tte moto, "acs in Such fin, he haya maveren yee wun ee a See Arabi and api, Sanka Bete oe ren inet cous ae ce Bey disiner ethnoeligoun groupe and ces eons ear ae om he fens condions are favorable er the sero 9pe ofa Eagle of hit ‘sunt Tam in Lanka ep nn Br ace spans and Carols i Indonesia: again Morin she Palippines Mae ‘haind: Uighurs in Chi, Bales Paka Karin Tay and eg “Tbeans in Ching Kesh Masi, Naga, and Sie in Ind nd ll diferent piper! groups Myanmar Hlingin (000) fund char he sate ‘be lage and secon aga eno eligi group's population say deer ‘mint ofc war. Father, she dacoeed that coun ch the fur ‘inoveligious groups have higher Ukboot o war tan count wth ne {Fo group or cous eo mere rouge Ethno Religious Polarization -Recen research a gravitng road ethnic polation at an explanation of i ‘ar onse Polaiation measure te dance benween one ecg elie, ot ‘lara group fom another for example, ow diferee one group font ‘nother on the basis of whi elgon, or culture Because move pec ‘igus poarition provides «bee explanation of ecole chan Goes egoustacnonaaton In acon, algo itrects em to be = are ens of conflie chan linguini dierence (Reyna Quel 2002), The polczcon measure is important empecilyin reins lik ub Saharan Aes xcs ofthe existence of numerous groups tgs ben and lipous ‘ale Willams (1984) noted tne the esate ies fur css of eh. ‘ligiuseonfce strong chic Mees anor boundaries greens oppor ‘unis and milena tese my aay become cde oe sfthefiwmaiicton‘he Prince) Mog This model i ated on dhe peemize char war cand Aincy by echnoligious fctors Th prnodat ode pos that confer ‘Sas fom ol ending difvence ha ave bean going an ewe iene ‘igus ans ingle or pion groupe Foinrance ce Maim-Chistian Confit tan be sce back othe crusade was ens ofthe lth entry AD The ‘hotel cherefrs suppres the pee tat the igous sence and Raed ancien, bed chinge bar ar len premnt in eo trough he ete ‘chs knshp Somme deepcoted ference ae ancien tha body ome ‘esa when cay seared For instance rect esther employing asamp of eS Mase and Jews ound ha the nee pinance ene ne bere [Bona viene paehlogeal noc economie canes ef ak. 2010) "anhanen (1999) explained how primordia rates toeno-eligous var Vananen called Kinship or afin within one own group eth epo- ‘St Yanna each ensle scholar to anos the usrdon, When people Sc ighsing over resources which are sete, would thy ensure tha hee ov ‘ind willie eu ther Kinds tin eee carer of resource sar wl ‘hyenas tha nly heir ou King il uve? Now abe group sure, the [nail within that group in cutis expec survive Hearpurd tactic epoca i ale ad well "Members ofthe sme group support thelr OU ‘ees or nonin cnet ae move lated tes rope ‘er han co che remainder of the population" (Vanbanen 199-57) ‘Primos fres or grivznes one cant expan war Deru group oF i peopl tbe in tne wen Conon sch asthe porn fo (ie op fz and coins fava wo eel mute be preseas before rebelion (Gla place fearon and Lain 2005) La colder ascnarioinwhich zene {ha cunsry ar acer frst Decne of governmene recon on thee ‘Sigious practions Howey, hat yvermenci very amc ay ace ‘Sze fo singe a ebelon wl be eal cashed In ce, governments hat ae ‘ste aes ally wry aortas (Nord 2008) “The prion ol explains eehnolourconflcs wl because i i tse on etuting conflicts beween the same pais of val hough Bixory. Funngro's cach of ination theory (cused In eater deal in ater Seton) is basielly based on prmorialem. Gur (199) found that there Some indice ink between Huntington's chiliasional dvitone and eho "A gerne stemming fom economic, pole, or scel Ruseation can uly cafe seo a hl war fol, enduring differences snd hated ee ent pose in ehe communi Hall @O0337) argued tha tn speccaly ‘igus valence, eligi may not jst be symbolic But «tol Fr expresing plan wt adsl expo A pining ganas eae ise ee pour ar tase ype ga esas S00) he nstumenal Model The instrumental mals ated upon the pee sat «hnoiglus wars are ne uted dc by erhne aig fctors. oe ‘sais a esl of exeral ces har hipight eguleseeeen poole io ‘ing hem gh. sternal forces may be a group ofan indi acting upon slicers (carment and Rowlands 198, Horowie 198) or foes tying te potas ‘susan etiment (Wills 195) In ocher words iar hat If ehe government can prove equ epportnits and snp the practice o ie triminaion, chen people wil ae be subjected to the ndocsination by outs Fores ha spl the popalaion Hanenclee an Ritberg: 2000) Self ites reel ener at ply deen ty economies (One ideaconnetng radial amt hie model posits that in many predom fnanly Masi counts the am (ender f mesos) ae able to iflasnce Musi flowers int errs ates New gran fom ra sree ga {ng to ees have very limited sources of consactsin the lb are New ‘migans need elp of various sors upon artving in the iy because of nace ‘med liftsple, These migrane pally depend on fiends and elses who inuoduce them (othe imam or hs representatives, Beng new ad in ned of hd these migeans ae easly inflsnce by antestern ome af these rte fe migrate to che ity with exng anc Wecern Hens) or ucla ens. The jams and their epesntacves pore cheats a champions of the utd sigan in che iy (Mousses 2011-35-47) When Indias el they Tack fomeching or have Seen deprive of what shold be te they sth external oppor and will seep insacions from yo fhe extol cay, be i at ‘ts, peson or group, advocaeswolnce, te indvulslllom This ‘speci ce in reigios war (Cane er al. 2010, Te may sound strange, but ie rue that at int, elie cause vilence ‘mcween groups by creating mew groups or ehnovligios ident (Horowts 1985) A longa ees saceanfly munis ccsen nt Delo tone he Seas ace in fii (Chat i prior) iedoes no maces he new ‘dency Is genuine or nor ar alley ie someting thar separates one {group ox community from dhe other bared om str something cious en) lke skin color or unseen lke eligion. Ifmembes of & group strong believe thar they powsos eit chat sharply ifleens fom she ether grou, that ould act aa separating line Ets can us sucha difecence co spate valence ‘br personal gain.Colle snd Hote (1998, 2002) red mode by postulating elites induce ment of bel sole nc loosing of marl roc and excortion of oe ends tf wel tothe nsumental model even though the red mode does not parca emphasize thnreigions war Samu Huntingtons Cash of Chinon, Hansingson (1996 acon ideolo {el and economic case 0 oni arguing intend that post Cold Wat con fies have ben bated on etn eigio or culural be, whidh Huntington {ied incon The theory encores bo interstate was nl ae He dence seen cations that divide the wold and bermeen which cont ‘czars Westen Lain American ne Sti Hind, Orthodox, and Japanese Fie forme a Sinisa lance nd «Wereverr Sinisa con, the enfcebewec the West and Iam being more severe Hundagron spud ‘Bie these ccntonal confit can oar Bereen counties or within cou ‘ics For example Malin country wil phe a Weern county or « Hinds {roupwilfighe an Orthodaeproupwihin a country (Huntington 1932204, Frantingron 1956). “Other shal ave noted has oni eon cone within a counery ‘nay not ecesnaciy be due co the existence of 4 long fixion and rey ‘owen Lame aod the We or becute of a Isamicehrene They could be ‘remse both ions te lon co thr al problems ameng other means, ited of enduring and dona ated a play aia 1996). ‘ne Madezaton Model The madesiion model is bas onthe premise hat iol war emerges when counts bgin to modernize, and spel ess a (ehnic or ligiou lone Movernzatn pedace einer and Bus ‘ue and ace sports for emplyiens, bur these opporeeice neti mgener competition for postons and ownenhipe ane ean ine calle ‘ScSon, Cone over ceasngy scarce roars, sometimes inns, es ‘Sflce Theron he model ste hat whens county moderna eke ‘ad of il war sla incense Ax moderietion thoes Reymond Taras and ‘aja Ganguly pute nd sae, partly ae nhs msn Sconomic deiopment, moderation, lade fo eapid socal mabe tion. These sate ar particu walgrable fo ona compeson and com ‘le (rar and Ganguly 2008 19-20) "They sae shar modernisation detropt radiinal lcs and lie elture, and when modernization erode adona wae an nur fas among peo. io The rl ethnic natonalism among the new ran mide nd owe ‘riddle clases. opener with nh oer mor en moe moder soe tition allows ingroup member to mobile mor cal he appt ths that such made coniions can so allow member of iene poupe to tome together (ast and Gengly 2008), Te coming tga of ferent ‘Boups can poly ene far stspciom hated cn, pedi orareon "Una (200) reach onthe ober hand found Cnneon Between 2 ‘unt nana anton vad loons we Aces B09) oes ‘then apporing pou al hr ntrcone wee he wil pr co ‘ome pn there wl beer orig. Ti ru ene pe rns [depute preconceed nosis abou ech eter, ‘Normally in ndutiaising sates foegn invert flows no the country sepenly fom the se snd Japan, Warr fe sl wry once ‘Srand division ofiahor Tass and Ganguly (20081 ater thain such oe ‘Manon alu, the management ahd erase job te bape among he ‘jr ae wih nies gn ony na a, hence cnfce ‘eae any and Ot a The quetion of onncion beeen ln and elmer erben scien tne Howey Sr jer une sea Sgniience sine ee Seeaber , 201 sack se Now Yo. Wold Trade ‘inter bling. Whe cringe cnfod cl wty lane ilmce more ween cst wl rea enor asl het tout viene inthe Mle Ea or abo the Rei adn ans ore Nip Mage Christan ode. know how cite ema e Joos the ny op anced wes me ute beng gi ag Afghanis fia (nb, the Papin (Minar), Inoneabanoy “hand (eas in ome Sane eer Mone Taf (207) seed hat bt bs 200 ating groups fection ring pops She sn te nse ‘li oon tht kaon manips eign ad pple rl nd leas Ma dry (90) lel en edits Eirny whi soloing tad econ te ‘Hi eto bund thay gocncs Sa ows taeda be bidng eco ends obo scat sedly 1998099). Inching ts aan an Paro an Lain 2033) concudel thay tn Mile Earns Nov Alcon repos net sto ofa The i fhe Mon pops ns coy, mee id ot nts wr Be youn to ede omneing ce mune of oung als ina couney and waeA reen quan sty showed cha the ible casing amie waa rent rom wha enue eer Opes of nena ase > do withthe propor of Maslie ins se, gvcomene econ and bate Bet opl and ol (Narayanan 2000. vould amie vlence be de the ce hat ost lame counties ae utr sch a Sal Arabi am, and Sys? Or could hee be oe st ene tors te wok? Why do some Mis and ther eins eas (hy ous acacs and murder? "he sons ave namerou, ranging om the ftouiemene of ligows lenders dy and fusraon, and could even be eo Toc ll scholars ble char enous factors hae bearing on he en orindenc ef ma Conary to findings of mas othe, eon an Latin {Ed noc tint ny clara ngse, eno elgius linkage war Ge lo Headerson and Sings 2000) CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS “Tis chaper presente an owe ofthe rar on he cause ofl ae. The (gend vers paorances dibuc peald around he tam of the 215 cony ‘Scholars such as Pl Collet challenged she preva wisdom on chil wa ons ty aging tat eel were fen arn ef ee roi, ‘So de qunton becomes how can what cstndy known about greed and rien Inform ci war penton Syd (200) hs expec a bey om Flow uate can ai resource ested confi In parla be eft "pale ‘al economy af ection framevort” 0 demonsaate Bow in ome counties Teo enue an lend fo lect whee in there they donot If gre tment arpa gt in on roe om loeb, ty can use his wealth fo [Bid state capo. Such a capaci edaces the opportunity frees to xp thas inthe fie of weak sat nsacone. The ple emplation of Se’ Framenrk i that pace grosmene should contain provisions tha eof hat ‘venue wealth go twat buldng song tac with god eee delivery, lw Shoden and eee ae ofl "What oat scholars know abou democracies wis us char shesecounteet should no have sl wae svt instonal mane fr sein picencs Hower hes have ben long post WW (rent) ee warn Great Bee, Spun ad Inia One problem tha democracies do noe ser age fo ate thi wars nda. Pethape this ocase of percepion chat having en out ‘deen noted a thelr ats wold be indica of flue sine democracy {signed eo ess lvence peaeflly. Medion ofl wats Norbert Ilan and falar ecepsons. New thinking is watanted for mean fo take root in democracies This iran en prestng ue seman counter eco CONCLUSION “The grave nau ofc wari coy show by she ati Benen he guy fc warsandintratona wasn trond oe Cold War Daring disc enjoy of mars that ok pene wold wc was In 200 ne a the 30 arthur rok pasate mori ee “The chapter presented ch corns cil war nse We fund ht here 10 ingle thoy thar ial xl he nu owas defy Coa war ita el os mule o fcr msg under comps enon od Enviroment epuined by us chlay teots In pra tee teat iy be cai under the pre base ra the tener ba Sela hve sed marr ha tt hve epi armen Some st shee varias re GDP per apr, goemene estan of bus, pop ‘on se, eho elo fctonalztono peasncon, wheter cosey ‘oe deenden on atl esource esos che eet grenmans ee oc lon and whether he ean sate omer oe “he groans move! pt he ane surly on dsaion thai, szeshae complains whch ede collec nton whch tar ead ts ‘he grenne mode hrf sate te roe round marian srs forcie avin hh forme nd lis pote sages eed mode che lame roc lees One pn pe ord this motel thar wooly mossatedpeedy be ales ese aon 1 busier Laer te on reel mae buss dss wich ube pares and prolong the war Economy mote il wean fmm roan abundanes ef mca esa In cues nor ch wars oe Sie connected 0 counts tht ae gute dependent nar tones forts o mainte econo. Aid model ca ll unde ther oe Categories hoe isthe atonal ctor arene) mode of cul wre Acoding tthe model, pocenl ret arent dun indents sho age ebelion ‘eats of emodon ody ancl med vse uence, Feel ‘ils dy the ost of wt and he probably cence The main cos Consider by rebel ladersare he coun bey to crush eblion and pigs ical nes forbes o hide Prosper rebl confer an pporanty she Suni weak ei eis inepate of reponding ean i gre fore Spportoy increases the probaly of ello, The blk of te rteforme argumenes based upon one of the sio~greed or geevance, Hower Fearon sed Laicts inrungency model has enn rapidly guining teepanee ‘ce ic was published in 2003. Research nemming fom the thre models agen ie ees ou ow ‘_emitenmental rors, globltion, toutes, econamie development, pie ‘Spe and chang, ehno-elglous dione, ce bauer, and population ie Shape he one of reins “The poling ec of deeocrcy on civil wa ral depend on how demo: cout the country x Many stew food therein change as ong fostie wlotonship to war ona. Slr, Bassman snd Schneier (2007) Enind hac ploblaeé county ie oe prone 2 cone but the mavement ‘ward becoming mre economical bral ean cause conflict. Some seis, tower, ported democracy a8 + cnflitindacing vruble (ee Horowiet 1985) sn orem in nwo confrs( Saideman eral 2002, This tte ls for cout ith high population. Counties with high populations {endo be war pone, Among al fr cables anand in quanta ste the consent far that reduces the klthod ware conami development Inessned by GDP pr caps of the coun, Lack of economis development at ec impact on conflicausing gretaneer The reuee forehe elect of tthno-lpius dinsons and ecinolgiousprobles are mix Some sts ‘howe online rationhipBeween eno velour and wa thes ‘howe conneeon beeen chem The chapter ces, among oor, Homer ‘aos esac onthe ink between savonmental and dmogeepie tors on tree Tha factors d play par in ining belo The cae of he Zapato ‘NuioalLberaon Army (E2LN) rebellon io Mexico was show eo ua fowl efecto globalasion can bring abour wae Technology zat MNCs inert ‘on nly lal ats, forinetanc, he Ieee can hve averse eet Envisenmcnal degradation, « common esl of ploblaion, i ee another (ordre ova enpsning the higher feeunncy fc wei third wold cou {tes han in developed sets Cimase changes in counay, homers hav no ‘ren shown so haves bearing on confer, an eis may be Sue ro te fe he "Fae chopee consinact with detailed dicusion shout what cause thne- sigue conf ar 2 completely separate dacunion. The onset of enol (Bows coo can uniquely bs bef on variable specie to rw wt {he scope of planation provide by the peed, gmanc, nd neergengy mod tls ive clifcatons of thnoeligius conflict ae presente, The poral ‘model cpus tht conflicts have ch wo do wth dferences brown pople of fifeent groupe Hat iconidred be ance and ering Therefore, se sub oe liga traces {ongrstanding rivalry Kinship plays an imporcant roe in deterening which st, ‘nua oi en cfc eso te ‘Streator oes bape nissan aes fecieman nen ect Se {he sig fone grup wth anh Ant sang fs ra sec Wakeman eae ena me nn ch fc sd eee tin id uate pedantic ee ee et th cfr igs teen ed onl sien. The medenation model frees poe eae wee ig se sh sel he dene eae sing ou of modem communion snd euopore co neh eae ‘Addicionally, modernization creates acute competition for scare tesounes a season to fight. The section ends with a brief discussion of wh vie = fh uu Then er ones cae te outat in cra cl ones oo a Ser tos ces Hana he ae cee oem can't Suro cael gt Sie ie eo png a as a intone rl wore a oe es Sy ‘Simemacoaing eats oe = oe Se ‘SUGGESTED READING Baseman, Maggi and Gerald Sthoeide 2007. “When Globuliation Dsconen ‘Turns Vile: Foreign Economic Lerlzation and Intl Wine ole ane Hoefer 2, “Ge and Geen Ci a Economic Papers S6(4):563-595. Senet poet Fearn, mes Dd Dvd Lan, 200, i cant atin ta eRe) tc Ni eer 2012 "Wate ee Wane Clima Change and Con E lice Jounal of Peace Research 49(1)3-9, “e ewan Hart 1198 lps and Reet Cf Banoie “apes Siero Insurgency, a CtGhar Tl 1970. hy Mer el incon Neto Unies Ps GESTS lon tow a Ge Ver of pote Coys Wa Dc United Snes neo ace Pe curt ed A 194 "Pops apune Swe Edel Coe and che “Changing Wont Sy neta Se Gerry 07-97 Gere 8200 refer er Mina i ne Cy Wing ton DC Ute seen of ce Pee oge burs Seat Gute, Mle Peer Gleiach,and Tan Biagae 200 stn s Demerath ess? Deon, Poe Chenge aC Wt 11101992" sneran Pld Stic oe 980).33-8 ‘oe Manes D200 "sing Rago Te Psi Geof Ma and i ie” wal ey SIL : cure 5S Natural Resources and Civil War he nfuenee of acl eoures the one fc wae hasbeen bad (Gran nin cee ere te ssc econ lid pou ops cart snstial moving Researcher hwo opal a whether ‘nd under what ondtons here rank een sores al wa, deer ing which nacrlracures ache biggest culprits and uncovering che plied, favor, and socal mechs thar Unk eeures ad war For sane fading show thar ol onlotble comma che ree age amounts oF spt to explo, is more roby inked so ch war one than damon vgs, timber, oF gold. The inenational community has abo taker some imporent mienng pe For esol che Und Noi nate he Ka tere Process dese 9 peat cower commat fom tng de ‘monde to fuel wel Een the poe aes opm ey te ure of diamonds a shipments cvs national borders "This chap coves the dbus has in he eae concerning he le aural sours plain cl war Specialy we vl condertaural ces {nd the iherene rear ere cl wa onset nol ae et les arr renee ed caps gn) ahh fo amen il drgs an tbe The cup degre hey to pose compee’ hensive lok atthe mechanism chrugh which mous mige pool mpc cil wonton eon “The cl war one models mentioned Ae tif insesng the maul source ame. The peed mode olds thar rhlion is een» bes eepris In his endenor lotabiereaoures an be very proiable The sa {spacey motel contend tat ablion based on ppoveunien which at {enter wher the ae acks ep to prone pings Awa tac ak te Cspacy to pen states fom loin natural racure. The evnee mode Sggot eeburces can cause confit ee the rebels ae not exling the tcc arin the ct othe Pangons Copper Mia: oR Papas New ‘Gunes Laey, the pecan has evung toward more suppor fo toe ee ‘apa nel ener coneming pli xr tan secre plana of ‘heel cual eaours play w