EE3005 Chap 5

Inductance Impedance: Z L = j ω L=ω L ∠ 90 °

V L=Z L I L
Trig Identities Used
Capacitance Impedance:
1 1
cos 2 ( ωt ) = + cos ( 2 ωt ) 1 1
2 2 ZC = = ∠(−90)°
1 jωC ωC
cos ( ω t ) sin ( ω t )= sin ( 2ω t )
2 V C =Z C I C =V m ∠θ °
1
cos ( x ) sin ( x ) =() 2
sin ( 2 x ) I C =I m ∠ ( θ+ 90 ) ° → I m =ωC V m
cos ( ωt−θ )=cos ( θ ) cos ( ω t )+ sin (θ ) sin ( ω t )
Resistor Impedance: Z R=R
cos 2 ( x ) +sin2 ( x ) =1

Pure Resistance θ=0 ° Pure Inductance θ=90

v ( t )=V m cos ( ωt ) Z=wL∠ 90°
i ( t )=I m cos ( ωt ) v ( t )=V m cos ( ωt )
p ( t ) =v ( t ) i ( t )=V m I m cos2 ( ωt ) i ( t )=I m cos ( ωt−90° )=I m sin ( ω t )
p ( t ) =v ( t ) i ( t )=V m I m cos ( ωt ) sin ( ω t )
Vm Im
p (t)= sin ( 2 ω t )
2

Power Factor: PF¿ cos ( θ ) V́ =Z Í

θ v =voltage phase ,θi =current phase V V m∠0°

I= = =I m ∠ (−θ ° )
Z |Z|∠θ °
Power angle: θ=θv −θ i=tan
−1
( QP )=tan ( XR )
−1
Z=|Z|∠ θ °=R+ jX
X L > X C :load is inductive R = resistance of the load

X L < X C :load is capacitive X = reactance

Polar to rectangular: V =V ❑m ∠ 0 °

|Z|∠ θ °=|Z|cos ( θ )+ j|Z|sin ( θ ) |Z|=√ R2 + X 2

XL Vm is peak voltage & Im is peak current
L=
2 πf
 Pure Capacitive θ=−90 ° General Load θ=−90 ° ↔ 90 °
v ( t )=V m cos ( ωt )
Z= ( ωC1 ) ∠ (−90 ° ) i ( t )=cos ( ωt−θ )
v ( t )=V m cos ( ωt ) p ( t ) =V m I m ¿
i ( t )=I m cos ( ωt +90 ° )=−I m sin ( ωt ) ¿ V m I m cos (θ ) cos 2 ( ωt ) +sin ( θ ) cos ( ω t ) sin ( ω t ) ¿ ¿
p ( t ) =v ( t ) i ( t )=−V m I m cos ( ωt ) sin ( ω t ) VmIm
−V m I m
¿
2
( cos ( θ ) [ 1+ cos ( 2 ω t ) ]+sin ( θ ) sin ( 2 ω t ) )
p (t)= sin ( 2 ω t ) sin(2ωt) and cos(2ωt) both have average values of 0.
2
Average Power: P=V m I m cos ( θ )
Vm
V rms =
√2
Im
I rms =
√2
P=V rms I rms cos ⁡(θ)

Power Reactive Power Apparent Power

Definition The Peak instantaneous power The product of the effective
associated with the energy voltage and the effective
storage elements contained in current.
a general load.
Equations P=V rms I rms cos ⁡(θ) (general) Q=V rms I rms sin ( θ ) Apparent Power=V rms I rms
2 V 2rms 2 V 2Xrms
P=I rms R= Q=I rms X=
R X
2 2
P= ( V rms I rms ) −Q 2
√ Q= ( V rms I rms ) −P2
√
Units Watts VARs (Volt Amperes Reactive) VA (volt-amperes)
2 2 2
Combine P +Q =( V rms I rms )
d

Complex Power
Definition The complex power, denoted as S, delivered to this circuit is defined as one half
the product of the phasor voltage V and the complex conjugate of the phasor
current I*.
Note V =V m ∠θ v ° where Vm is peak voltage, I =I m ∠ θ i ° where Im is peak current
Equations 1 1 V mIm V mIm
S= V I = ( V m ∠ θ v ° ) × ( I m ∠θi ° ) = ∠(θ ¿ ¿ v °−θi ° )= ∠θ° ¿
¿
2 2 2 2
V m Im V m Im
S= cos ( θ )+ j sin ( θ )
2 2
 1
S= V I ¿=P+ jQ
2
Convert to 1
Power (
P=ℜ ( S )=ℜ V I ¿
2 )
Convert to 1
Q=ℑ ( S )=ℑ( V I ¿ )
Reactive Power 2
Convert to
Apparent Power apparent power=|S|= |12 V I |
¿

Note Re(S) denotes the real part of S and Im(S) denotes the imaginary part of S

R
cos ( θ )=
|Z|
X
sin ( θ )=
|Z|

V m I m R I 2m
P= × = R=I 2rms R
ω |Z| 2

Impedances of inductances, capacitances, and resistances are combined in series and parallel in
the same manner as resistances. (Recall that we combine capacitances in series as we do resistances in
parallel. However, the impedances of capacitances are combined in the same manner as resistances.)

Impedance in parallel:

1 1 1
= + +…
Z eq Z1 Z 2

Impedance in series:

Z eq=Z 1+ Z 2 +…