UE18EC351 - COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

UNIT 1 - QUESTION BANK- SOLUTION

10
What is encapsulation? Design network containing the end-systems (Source and
destination), router and link layer switch depicting the different set of TCP/IP layers in
each device and show how packets are encapsulated in each layer.

Solution:

Encapsulation is a process by which a lower-layer protocol receives data from a higher-

layer protocol and adds its own header portion, then places the data into the data portion
of its frame. Thus, encapsulation is the process of enclosing one type of packet using
another type of packet.

Following is the diagram of a network containing the end-systems(Source and

destination), router and link layer switch depicting the different set of TCP/IP layers in
each device and also how packets are encapsulated in each layer.

12 List the three classes of DNS servers. Suppose a host requests the URL
www.pes.edu/index.html, Explain the steps taken by the user’s host to send an http request
for the above website using the DNS application.
Solution:
Three classes of DNS servers are
1) Root DNS servers
2) Top Level Domain servers
3) Authoritative DNS servers
Steps taken by the user’s host to send an http request for the given website
When a browser (that is, an HTTP client),running on some user’s host, requests the URL
www.pes.edu/index.html. In order for the user’s host to be able to send an HTTP request
message to the Web server www.pes.edu, the user’s host must first obtain the IP address
of www.pes.edu. This is done as follows.

1. The same user machine runs the client side of the DNS application.
2. The browser extracts the hostname, www.pes.edu, from the URL and passes the
hostname to the client side of the DNS application.
3. The DNS client sends a query containing the hostname to a DNS server.
4. The DNS client eventually receives a reply, which includes the IP address for
the hostname.
5. Once the browser receives the IP address from DNS, it can initiate a TCP connection to
the HTTP server process located at port 80 at that IP address.