Instruction Book of Startup and Operation For Steam

密级：普通商密
Classification: common trade
印尼庞卡兰苏苏 2×200MW 燃煤电站项目
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT PROJECT
PLTU PANGKALAN SUSU UNIT 3&4 (2×200MW)
汽轮机启动运行说明书
Instruction book of startup and operation for steam
turbine
编号
(WDH)D210J-000106ASM
Document No.
版本号
A
Rev. No.
February 17,2017
PLM 版本号： 1.5

DOC. NO. (WDH)D210J-000106ASM
DESIGN 2017-02-23
CHECK 2017-03-03
VERIFICATION 2017-03-03
STD ENGINEER 2017-03-03
REVIEW 2017-03-06
APPROVE 2017-04-05
Instruction book of startup and operation for steam turbine (WDH)D210J-000106ASM
换版记录
Record of Revision
版本号日期换版说明
Rev. No. date Explanation of revision
首次发布
A 2017.2
First issue
1
Instruction book of startup and operation for steam turbine (WDH）D210J-000106ASM
目录
CONTENTS
章-节名称页数
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE
前言
1 Foreword 1
机组启动所必备的条件
2 Necessary Conditions for Unit Start 5
机组启动前的检查
3 Check before Unit Start 7
高中压缸联合启动(HIP)
4 Combined Start of High and Intermediate 11
Pressure Turbines (HIP)
冷态启动(HIP)
5 Cold Start (HIP) 12
温态启动(HIP)
6 Warm Start (HIP) 21
热态、极热态启动(HIP)
7 Hot and Very Hot Start (HIP) 26
中压缸启动(IP)
8 Intermediate Pressure Turbine Start (IP) 32
冷态启动(IP)
9 Cold Start (IP) 33
温态启动(IP)
10 Warm Start (IP) 43
热态、极热态启动(IP)
11 Hot and Very Hot Start (IP) 50
运行
12 Oeration 57
正常运行
13 Normal Operation 58
变负荷运行
14 Variable Load Operation 61
异常运行
15 Abnormal operation 63
停机
16 Unit Shutdown 67
滑参数停机
17 Sliding Parameters Shutdown 68
1
Instruction book of startup and operation for steam turbine (WDH）D210J-000106ASM
章-节名称页数
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE
额定参数停机
18 Rated Parameters Shutdown 72
紧急停机
19 Emergency Shutdown 74
启动、运行限制要求
20 Start and Operation Limiting Requirements 77
机组禁止启动运行限制要求
21 Unit Start Prohibition and Operation Limiting 78
Requirements
机组启动、运行的限制值
22 Unit Start and Operation Limit Value 80
一般注意事项
23 General Precautions 85
定期检查试验
24 Periodic Check and Test 88
机组启停辅助操作
25 Auxiliary Operation for Unit Start and Stop 90
高压缸预暖
26 91
High Pressure Casing Prewarming
高压缸夹层加热系统
27 High Pressure Casing Interlayer Heating 94
System
汽轮机低压缸喷水
28 97
Low Pressure Casing Water Spray
2
Instruction book of startup and operation for steam turbine （WDH）D210J-000106ASM
1前言 1 Foreword
本说明书的启动模式，是根据我厂 210MW The start mode is proposed in
汽轮机本体结构特点，并参照引进高压抗 accordance with the structural feature of
燃油数字电液控制系统(DEH)的技术特点 our 210MW steam turbine proper and
提出来的，适用于我厂新一代全电调型 with reference to the technical feature of
210MW 汽轮机。 the introduced high pressure fire-resistant
oil digital electrohydraulic control system
(DEH) and is applicable to our new
generation DEH type 210MW steam
turbine.
汽轮机启动操作方式有三种，即“自启动方 The steam turbine has three startup
式”、“操作员自动方式”和“手动方式”。运行 operating mode: “self start mode”,
人员可根据现场实际情况选择使用。 “operator auto mode” and “manual
mode”. The operators can select the
mode for use depending on the actual
site conditions.
在“自启动方式”，DEH控制系统的 In “self start mode”, ATS of the DEH
ATS处于“控制状态”。ATS根据机组的状 control system is in the “control state”.
态，控制汽轮机自动完成冲转、升速、同 ATS controls the steam turbine to
期并网、带初负荷等启动过程。有关“自 automatically complete the starting
启动方式”详细操作和监视要求见DEH配 process including roll-off, speed increase,
套厂家的相关说明书。 synchronization with power grid and
operation with initial load depending on
unit conditions. For the detailed operating
and monitoring requirements of the “self
start mode”, refer to the correlative
instruction book of DEH fittings factory.
In “operator auto mode”, ATS of the DEH
在“操作员自动方式”，DEH 控制系统的 ATS
control system does not participate in
不参与控制而处于“监视状态”，由运行人员 control but is in the “monitoring state”.
根据汽轮机本体状态和本说明书提供的启 The operators manually set the target
动操作程序，在操作盘上手动给定转速或 value and change rate of speed or load
负荷的目标值和变化率，由 DEH 的基本控 on the operating panel and the basic
制系统按照运行人员给出的目标值和变化 control system of DEH automatically
率自动完成冲转、升速、同步和带负荷操 completes roll-off, speed increase,
synchronization and operation with load
作。DEH 系统通过 CRT 显示自动监视启动
operations in response to the target value
参数，越限时发出“报警”或“遮断”信号，指 and change rate given by the operators.
导运行人员进行操作，并可通过打印机打 The DEH system automatically monitors
印出当时的和历史的数据，供运行人员研 startup parameters through CRT display,
究分析。 sends the “alarm” or “trip” signal in case
of out of limit, guide the operators in
operation and prints current and historical
data via printer for study and analysis by
the operators.
page 1 of 98
在“手动方式”，运行人员输入预期的阀位 In “manual mode”, The operators input
值，通过修改阀位值即可完成升速、升负 anticipative valve place values,
荷。这种运行状态为紧急备用状态,必须由 accomplish speed raising and load
increasing by amending valve place
有经验的运行人员，参照本说明书有关限
values. This operating condition is called
制值和操作步骤，并结合电厂有关规程控 Emergent standby state,experienced
制机组。运行人员必须严密监视 CRT 显示 operators must be available to control the
的各种参数变化，监视报警信号，确保机 units with reference to the related limit
组安全运行。 values and operating procedures in this
instruction and in accordance with the
related regulations of the power plant.
The operators must closely monitor the
change of various parameters displayed
on CRT and monitor alarm signals to
ensure safe unit operation.
本说明书制订的机组启动运行和停机步骤 The unit start, operation and stop
仅适用于“操作员自动方式”(即 ATS 监视状 procedure formulated in this instruction is
态)。用户应根据本说明书编制现场运行规 only applicable to the “operator auto
程。用户可以根据已建立起来的运行经验， mode” (i.e. ATS monitoring state”. The
在实际操作中进行修正，但启动运行中的 Customer shall prepare the site operation
各项控制指标均以本说明书的要求为准。 regulations in accordance with this
对新机首次启动应适当减小升速率和升负 instruction. The Customer can correct the
荷率，并在各负荷点适当延长稳定运行时 procedure in actual operation based on
间。 its established operation experience but
all control indices in start and operation
shall be subject to the requirements of
this instruction. When a new unit starts
for the first time, speed raising rate and
load increasing rate should be properly
reduced and stable operation time should
be properly extended at all load points.
对于新机投运之初，各部件的接触面之间 When a new unit is put into initial
的均匀性、滑动面之间的滑动性能均需要 operation, uniformity between contact
一定的运行时间予以改善，因此，新机投 surfaces of all parts and sliding property
运时，必须通过至少六个月的全周进汽方 between sliding surfaces both need some
式的运行。如果六个月内，蒸汽压力、温 operation time for improvement.
度不正常，则全周进汽方式运行的时间需 Therefore, when a new unit is put into
延长，直至机组达到稳定状态为止。 operation, it must undergo at least
6-month full arc admission operation. If
steam pressure and temperature are
abnormal within six months, the full arc
admission operation time needs to be
extended until the unit becomes stable.
有关汽轮机的技术数据、结构特点等可参 For technical data and structural features
阅我厂随机供给用户的技术文件、图样资 of steam turbine, refer to our technical
料及说明书(见《交货清单》)。 documents, drawings and instruction
page
page 1
2 of
of 98
98
manuals (Refer to Delivery List) supplied
with the unit to the Customer.
汽轮机启动状态是以汽轮机启动前的高压 Turbine startup condition is determined
内缸上半内壁（调节级处）金属温度来定 by the inner wall metal temperature of the
的，具体如下: upper half high pressure casing (at
governing stage) before turbine starts,
specifically:
冷态启动: ＜150℃ Cold startup: ＜150℃
温态启动:150℃～300℃ Warm startup: 150℃~300℃
热态启动:300℃～400℃ Hot startup: 300℃~400℃
极热态启动: ＞400℃ Very hot startup: ＞400℃
本机组具有中压缸启动和高、中压缸联合 This unit has the intermediate pressure
启动运行模式，推荐优先考虑中压缸启动。 turbine startup mode and the high and
如果锅炉和旁路系统不能适应时，也可仅 intermediate pressure turbine combined
用高、中压缸联合启动；如要采用中压缸 startup and operation mode and the
启动，用户则需增订满足中压缸启动要求 intermediate pressure turbine startup
的 VV 阀和旁路系统。 mode is recommended. If the boiler and
the bypass system can not adapt to it, it
is allowed to only use the high and
intermediate pressure turbine combined
startup mode; if the intermediate
pressure turbine startup mode is used,
the Customer needs to order additionally
the VV valve and bypass system that
meets the intermediate pressure turbine
startup requirements.
新机做甩负荷试验时，必须通知制造厂， When a new turbine undergoes load
由制造厂与用户共同商讨试验要求。本说 rejection test, the manufacturer must be
明书中的振动值均为在各轴承箱盖上测得 notified and the manufacturer and the
Customer will jointly discuss test
的全振幅值。
requirements. libration values in this
instruction book are all full swinging
values measured on the each bearing
box cover.
本说明书中的蒸汽压力均为绝对压力，油 Steam pressure in this instruction manual
压均为表压。真空均按标准大气压换算得 is absolute pressure and oil pressure is
出，即: gage pressure. Vacuum degree is
converted from standard atmospheric
pressure, i.e.:
真空水银柱(mmHg)=760(mmHg)-排汽绝 Vacuum mercury column
对压力(MPa)×7500(mmHg/MPa) (mmHg)=760(mmHg)-exhaust absolute
pressure (MPa) × 7500 (mmHg/MPa)
用户应参照本地的海拔高度和当时的气候 The Customer can correct the value
条件按下述公式进行修正: using the following equation with
reference to local height above sea level
page 1 of 98
page 3 of 98
and present climatic conditions:
真空水银柱(mmHg)=当地大气压(mmHg)- Vacuum mercury column (mmHg)=local
排汽绝对压力(MPa)×7500(mmHg/MPa) atmospheric pressure (mmHg)-exhaust
absolute pressure
(MPa)×7500(mmHg/MPa)
本说明书提供的汽轮机冷、温、热态、 the curves of cold 、warm、hot、very hot
极热态启动曲线仅供汽轮机首次启动时参 start of steam turbine provided by this
考，以后可根据多次启动经验对该曲线进 instruction book are only supplied for
行修正。启动应以规定的各项控制指标为 reference when turbine starts for the first
依据。 time，anon may carry through correction
to those curves according to the start
experience of many times. Start should
base on the prescriptive diversified
control indexes.
本说明书的所附曲线，仅供 The curve attached in this instruction
N-210-12.75/538/538 型机组使用，其它类 manual is only used for
型机组不能通用。 N-210-12.75/538/538 type units and can
not be used for other unit types.
本说明书中包含了东方汽轮机有限公 This instruction manual contains the
司的专利资料，东方汽轮机有限公司保留 patented documents of Dongfang Steam
它们的所有权。接受者收到资料后应妥为 Turbine Ltd. Company and Dongfang
Steam Turbine Ltd. Company reserves
保管，控制使用，并同意：
their ownership. The receiver shall
properly store them and control their use
after receipt, and agree that:
1 本说明书不允许全部或部分被复印 1 This instruction manual should not
或晒制，也不能泄露给除我们已发放者之 be used in full or in part, copied,
外的任何其它第三方。 photocopied, or disclosed to any third
party except that we have already
provided to them;
2 本说明书中包含的任何信息资料未 2 No information data contained in
经许可均不得编入其它文件中。 this instruction manual is allowed to be
compiled into other documents without
our consent;
本说明书文件内容允许修改而不事先 This instruction manual is subject to
通知。 change without notice.
版权所有，违者必究。东方汽轮机有 Copyright ©2017. All rights
限公司 2017 年。 reserved,transgressor must be
investigated.Dongfang Steam Turbine
Company Ltd.
page 1 of 98
2 机组启动所必备的条件 2 Necessary Conditions for Unit
Start
a. 机组各部套齐全，各部套、各系统均按 a. All unit parts are complete and all parts

制造厂提供的图样、技术文件和安装要求 and systems have been installed, flushed
进行安装、冲洗、调试完毕，各部套、各 and commissioned according to the
系统联接牢固、无松动和泄漏、各运动件 technical documents and drawings
动作灵活、无卡涩。各部套、各系统清洁 provided by the manufacturers. All parts
度必须达到 ISO 8501 《汽轮机清洁度标 and systems shall be connected firmly
准》有关规定要求。 without looseness and leakage. All
moving parts shall operate flexibly
without seizure. Cleanliness of all parts
and systems must meet the related
regulations in ISO 8501 “Standard of
cleanliness for steam turbines”.
b. 新机组安装完毕或运行机组检修结束， b. After a new unit is installed or an
在投运前油系统必须进行油冲洗，冲洗验 operated unit is maintained, the oil
收须符合《油系统冲洗说明书》有关规定。 system must be flushed before the unit is
抗燃油系统验收须符合《调节、保安系统 put into operation and oil flushing
说明书》有关规定。 acceptance shall meet the related
regulations in the “Oil System Flushing
Instruction”. Acceptance of the
fire-resistant oil system must meet the
related regulations of the “Instruction of
Regulation and Protection System”.
c. 需作单独试验的部套、系统必须试验合 c. The parts and systems that need
格，满足制造厂的安装试验要求。 separate tests must be tested and
accepted and conform to the
manufacturer’s installation and test
requirements.
d. 机组配备的所有仪器、仪表、测点必须 d. All instruments, gages and measuring
齐全，安装、接线正确、牢固。所有仪器、 points used for the unit shall be complete
仪表和电缆检验合格。 and installation and wiring shall be
correct and firm. All instruments, gages
and cables shall be inspected and
accepted.
e. 机组必须保温良好，本体部分应按制造 e. The unit must be well insulated and the
厂提供的《汽轮机保温设计说明书》进行 proper part shall be insulated in
保温，管道及辅助设备等应按电力行业有 accordance with the “Turbine Insulation
关规定进行保温，保温层不得有开裂、脱 Design Instruction” provided by the
落、水浸、油浸等现象存在，保温层与基 manufacturer. Pipes and auxiliary
础等固定件间应留有足够的膨胀间隙。 equipment shall be insulated according to
the related regulations for the electric
page 5 of 98
power industry. The insulation layer shall
be free from wetness, crack, shelling,
water immersion and oil immersion.
Sufficient expansion clearance shall be
reserved between insulation layers and
fixtures like foundation.
f. 现场不得有任何防碍操作运行的临时设 f. No temporary facilities interfering with
施（按电业安全法规执行）。 operation should be left on site (execute
the “Safety Regulation for Electric Power
Industry”).
g. 机组运行人员和维护人员必须经过专门 g. Unit operators and maintenance
培训，熟悉各分管设备的位置、结构、原 personnel must be specially trained and
理、性能、操作方法及紧急状态下的应急 know the position, structure, principle,
处理方法。 performance and operating methods of
all relative equipment and emergency
treatment measures in case of
emergency.
page 5 of 98
page 6 of 98
3 机组启动前的检查 3 Check before Unit Start
本检查通用于高中压缸联合启动(HIP)和中 The check is common for the high and

压缸启动(IP)。检查完到正式启动间隔时间 intermediate pressure turbine combined
不得过长(一般不要超过 10 天)。 startup (HIP) and intermediate pressure
turbine startup (IP). The interval from
completion of check to formal startup
should not be too long (generally not
more than 10 days).
a. 向 DEH 系统供电，检查各功能模块的功 a. Supply power to the DEH system and
能是否正常。检查与 CCS 系统和 TBS 系 check that all function modules have
统(旁路控制系统)I/O 接口通讯是否正常。 normal functions. Check that the
communication with CCS system and
TBS system (bypass control system) I/O
interface is normal.
b. 检查 TSI 系统功能。 b. Check that the TSI system function is
normal.
c. 检查集控室及就地仪表能否正常工作。 c. Check that the central control room
and local instruments can operate
normally.
d.检查润滑油箱和抗燃油箱油位，油位指示 d. Check the lube oil tank level and
器应显示在最高油位，并进行油位报警试 fire-resistant oil tank level and the oil
验。 level indicator should indicate the
maximum oil level. Perform oil level alarm
test.
e. 检查各辅助油泵工作性能，电气控制系 e. Check the operating performance of all
统必须保证各种辅助油泵能正常切换。 auxiliary oil pumps. The electric control
system must ensure that all auxiliary oil
pumps can normally change over.
f. 检查抗燃油系统各油泵工作性能，电气 f. Check the operating performance of all
控制系统必须保证各油泵能正常切换。 oil pumps in the fire resistant oil system.
The electric control system must ensure
that all oil pumps can normally change
over.
g. 检查润滑油温、油压和油位是否正常。 g. Check that lube oil temperature,
pressure and level are normal.
h. 检查抗燃油温、油压和油位是否正常 h. Check that fire resistant oil
temperature, pressure and level are
normal.
i. 检查顶轴油泵工作性能。首次启动应进 i. Check the operating performance of
行顶起试验，按《顶起装置油管路说明书》 jacking oil pump. Jacking-up test should
的顶起油压和顶起高度要求调整节流阀的 be performed for the first startup. Adjust
page 7 of 98
开度，并记录各瓦顶起油压和顶起高度。 the opening of throttle valve according to
jacking-up oil pressure and jacking-in
height requirements in the “Jacking-up
Device Oil Piping Instruction” and record
jacking-up oil pressure and height of all
bushes.
j. 启动排烟风机，检查风机工作性能。风 j. Start the smoke exhaust fan and check
机工作时，油箱内负压应维持在 196～ its operating performance. When the fan
245Pa，轴承箱内负压应维持在-98～ operates, negative pressure in the oil
-196Pa。油箱负压不宜过高，否则易造成 tank should be kept at 196~245Pa and
油中进水和吸进粉尘。 negative pressure in the bearing housing
should be kept at 98~196Pa. Negative
pressure of oil tank should not be too
high and otherwise water and dust may
enter oil.
k. 检查调节、保安系统各部件的工作性能 k. Check that the operation performance
是否满足要求。 of all parts of the regulation and
protection system meets the
requirements.
l. 检查抗燃油供油系统各部件的工作性能 l. Check that the operation performance
是否满足要求。 of all parts of the fire-resistant oil supply
system meets the requirements.
m. 启动顶轴油泵后，确信转子已顶起方可 m. After the jacking oil pump is started,
进行盘车投入、甩开试验，甩开时采用盘 confirm that the rotor has been raised
车电机反转方式。 before turning gear switch-on/off test.
When it is switched off, turning motor
should rotate reversely.
注：当润滑油压小于 0.14MPa、顶轴母管 Note: when lube oil pressure is lower
油压小于 9.8MPa，盘车零转速自动和手控 than 0.14MPa and jacking oil manifold oil
自动投入均投不进。这是通过压力开关进 pressure lower than 9.8MPa, both auto
行电器联锁来实现以防止机组轴承巴氏合 and manual control switch-on at turning
金在供油不充分情况下引起磨损。详见《盘 gear zero speed are impossible. This is
车装置使用说明书》。 realized by the pressure switch through
electric interlock in order to prevent
Babbitt metal from being worn when oil
supply is insufficient. Refer to the
“Turning Gear Operation Instruction” for
details.
n. 投盘车后，检查并记录转子偏心度，与 n. After turning gear is put into operation,
转子原始值相比较(其变化量不得超过 check and record rotor eccentricity and
0.03mm)，确认转子没有发生弯曲，并监听 compare it with the rotor original value
通流部分有无摩擦声。 (difference should not exceed 0.03mm).
Confirm that the rotor is not bent and
page 7 of 98
page 8 of 98
listen to friction sound of the flow
passage.
注: 转子原始值是在现场轴系联接好后，最 Note: the rotor original value is the rotor
初盘动转子，在给定的部位，用机械式转 eccentricity, i.e. excircle runout,
子弯曲测量仪测得的转子偏心度即外圆跳 measured by mechanical rotor bending
动值。该值不得大于 0.03mm。 measuring instrument at the given
position while initially turning the rotor
after shafting is connected on site. The
value should not be greater than
0.03mm.
o. 关闭真空破坏阀，向凝汽器热井补水， o. Close the vacuum breaker and supply
投入主抽汽器，使凝汽器投入运行。检查 water to the hot well of the condenser
凝汽系统设备工作是否正常。 and put the main vapor extractor into
operation to bring the condenser into
operation. Check that condensing system
equipment operates normally.
p. 检查自密封汽封系统各汽源供汽调节 p. Check that steam supply regulating
站、温度控制站和溢流站能否正常工作。 station, temperature control station and
overflow station of the self sealing steam
seal system operate normally.
q. 检查疏水系统各电动截止阀能否正常工 q. Check that all electric stop valves of
作，并进行系统正常开关试验。 the drain system operate normally and
perform system normal on-off test.
r. 检查高排逆止门和所有抽汽止回阀能否 r. Check that high-pressure exhaust
正常工作，并进行联动试验。 check valve and all extraction check
valves operate normally and perform
interlock test.
s. 检查倒暖阀、通风阀和夹层加热电动截 s. Check that reverse flow valve, vent
止阀能否正常工作，并进行系统正常开关 valve and jacking heating electric stop
试验。检查通风阀的电磁阀工作特性是否 valve can operate normally and perform
正常。 system normal on-off test. Check that
operating characteristic of vent valve
solenoid valve is normal.
t. 在凝结水泵投入后，对低压缸喷水装置 t. After condensate pump is put into
进行参数整定，其整定值为:排汽温度≥80℃ operation, set the parameters of the low
自动投入；排汽温度≤65℃自动切除。并进 pressure turbine spray device. The
行低压缸喷水冷却系统正常开关试验。 setting value is: auto on when exhaust
temperature is ≥80℃ and auto off when
exhaust temperature is ≤65℃. Perform
normal on-off test for the low pressure
turbine spray cooling system.
v. 应对高压主汽阀、中压主汽阀、高压调 v. Perform static test and set the high
节阀和中压调节阀进行静态试验并整定。 pressure main stop valve, intermediate
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pressure main stop valve, high pressure
regulating valve and intermediate
pressure regulating valve.
w. 在冲转前进行轴向位移保护试验和其它 w. Perform axial displacement protection
电气试验。 test and other electric tests before rolling
off.
以上各项检查与试验按各相关说明书进 The above checks and tests are carried
行。 out according to the related instruction
manuals.
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4 高中压缸联合启动(HIP) 4 Combined Startup of High
and Intermediate Pressure
Turbines (HIP)
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5 冷态启动(HIP) 5 Cold Start (HIP)
1 冲转前的准备 1. Preparation before roll-off

a. 向 DEH 供电，表盘和系统都应处于正常 a. Supply power to the DEH, and
状态； instruments and panels and systems are
in normal condition;
b. 启动润滑油泵和顶轴油泵，确认润滑油 b. Start the lube oil pump and jacking oil
系统和顶轴系统处于正常工作状态； pump and make sure that the lube oil
system and jacking oil system are in
normal operation condition;
c. 启动抗燃油泵； c. Start the fire resistant oil pump.
d. 投盘车，并保证在冲转前连续盘车时间 d. Start the turning gear and ensure that
不少于 4h； continuous turning is not less than 4h
before roll-off;
e. 按第 3 章，对润滑油系统、抗燃油系统、 e. Check again the lube oil system,
DEH 和 TSI 系统及盘车装置进行再次检 fire-resistant oil system, DEH and TIS
查； systems and turning gear according to
chapter 3.
f. 建立凝汽器真空，要求凝汽器压力达到 f. Build condenser vacuum; condenser
16.7kPa 以下； pressure is required to reach below
16.7kPa;
g. 在确认汽封蒸汽管道中无水后，投入汽 g. After confirming that no water is in the
封系统辅助汽源，要求汽封母管压力 steam seal steam pipe, switch on the
0.129MPa，温度 210℃～260℃。 steam seal system auxiliary steam. The
steam seal manifold pressure should be
0.129MPa and temperature 210~260℃
h. 按“LATCH”按钮，机组挂闸； h. Press “LATCH” button and the unit
trips;
i. 按“PREWARM”按钮（自动/手动）进行 i. Press “PREWARM” button
高压缸和主汽管预暖，见第 26 章； (self-motion/manual operation) to
prewarm high pressure turbine, main
steam pipe. Refer to chapter 26;
j. 打开下列汽缸本体和蒸汽管道的疏水 j. Open drain valves of steam cylinder
阀： proper and steam pipe:
a) 高压段 a) High pressure section
1）高压主汽调节阀阀体疏水； 1) Drain of high pressure stop valve and
control valve body;
2）高压主汽管疏水； 2) High pressure main steam pipe drain;
3）汽缸夹层加热进汽联箱及其引入管疏 3) Cylinder jacking heating admission
水； header and its inlet pipe drain;
4）一段抽汽止回阀及阀前疏水； 4) First section extraction check valve

and valve-front drain;
5) 高排止回阀阀前疏水； 5) Drain before valve of HP steam
exhaust check valve;
6) 二段抽汽止回阀及阀前疏水； 6) The second section extraction check
valve and valve-front drain;
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page 12
b) 中压段 b) Intermediate pressure section
1）高中压外缸中压进汽腔室疏水； 1) Drain of IP steam admission chest of
HIP outer casing;
2) 三、四、五段抽汽止回阀及阀前疏水； 2) Third and fourth and fifth extraction
check valves and valve-front drain
3）中压联合汽阀疏水； 3) IP combined reheat valve drain;
c) 低压段 c) Low pressure section
1）六、七段抽汽止回阀及阀前疏水； 1) No.6 and No.7 sects extraction check
valve and valve-front drain;
2）自密封系统及轴封供汽管疏水； 2) Self-sealing system and shaft seal
steam supply pipe drain;
上述高压段、中压段、低压段各段疏水阀， The drain valves in the above high
在机组冷态、温态、热态及极热态启动时 pressure section, intermediate pressure
都必须全部打开，以防冲转时发生水击。 section and low pressure section must all
open at unit cold, warm, hot and very hot
具体关闭顺序控制要求见本节第 11 段落。
startup to prevent water hammer at
roll-off. Refer to section 11 of this chapter
for the specific closing sequence control
requirements.
k. TSI 测量数据显示处于允许范围，并在冲 k. TSI measurement data display is in the
转前作好下列主要记录： allowable range and the following main
records should be kept before roll-off:
1）汽缸绝对膨胀； 1) Casing absolute expansion;
2）胀差； 2) Differential expansion;
3）轴向位移； 3) Axial displacement;
4）大轴偏心度及盘车电流； 4) Large shaft eccentricity and turning
current;
5）高压内缸调节级处上下半内壁温度； 5) Inner wall metal temperature of the
upper and lower halves at high pressure
inner casing governing stage;
6）各轴承瓦温及回油温度； 6) Bearing bush temperature and return
oil temperature;
7）高压主汽阀阀壳内外壁温度； 7) Inner and outer wall temperature of
high pressure main stop valve case;
m. 确定冲转蒸汽参数 m. Determine roll-off steam parameters

1) 主蒸汽压力为 1.96MPa； 1) Main steam pressure is 1.96MPa;
2) 主蒸汽温度为 280℃±10℃，再热蒸汽 2) Main steam temperature is
温度为 260℃±10℃； 280℃±10℃，reheating steam
temperature is 260℃±10℃；
3) 启动参数的确定，原则上尽量使主蒸汽、 3) Confirm starting parameters, in
再热蒸汽在经过高压调节级或中压第一级 principle make to the best of one's
作功后蒸汽温度与金属温度相匹配。 abilities the steam temperature of main
steam and reheating steam match with
metal temperature after the main steam
and reheating steam do working via HP
control stage or IP the 1st stage.
主蒸汽温度选择：根据冲转前当时高压调 Selection of main steam temperature:
节级后金属温度与第 22 章 2.4 条金属与蒸 determine the steam temperature after
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汽温差确定高压调节级后蒸汽温度,主蒸汽 high pressure governing stage according
温度按经过主汽调节阀和喷嘴作功温降～ to the current metal temperature after
50℃考虑，由调节级后蒸汽温度确定主蒸 high pressure governing stage before
roll-off and the temperature difference
汽温度，由主蒸汽温度至少考虑 50℃过热
between metal and steam in 2.4 of
度确定主蒸汽压力。 chapter 22; Main steam temperature is
considered according to working
temperature drop about 50℃ via main
steam control valve and nozzles doing
working,and is confirmed by steam
temperature after control stage, main
steam pressure is confirmed by main
steam temperature that consider at least
50℃superheating.
再热蒸汽温度选择：根据冲转前当时中压 Selection of reheat steam temperature:
缸第一级后金属温度按第 22 章 2.4 条（金 determine the steam temperature after
属与蒸汽温差）确定中压第一级后蒸汽温 the first intermediate pressure stage
according to the current metal
度,再根据中压第一级温降(约 37℃)来确定
temperature after first intermediate
再热蒸汽温度。 pressure stage before roll-off and the
temperature difference between metal
and steam in 2.4 of chapter 22; then
determine the reheat steam temperature
according to temperature drop (about
37℃) of the first intermediate pressure
stage.
2 冲转 2. Roll-off
a. 确认危急遮断器滑阀已挂闸； a. Confirm that emergency governor slide
valve has tripped;
b. 投入汽缸夹层加热，详见第 27 章； b. Start cylinder jacket heating. refer to
chapter 27;
c. 确认按钮“HIP START/IP START”是处 c. Confirm that the “HIP START/IP
于“HIP START”状态； START” button is in “HIP START” state;
d. 确认按钮“SINGLE VALVE/SEQ d. Confirm that the “SINGLE VALVE/SEQ
VALVE”是处于“SINGLE VALVE”状态； VALVE” button is in “SINGLE VALVE”
state;
e. 按“RUN”按钮，开启高、中压主汽阀； e. Press the “RUN” button and open the
high and intermediate pressure main stop
valves;
f. “TARGET”选择 500r/min 转速； f. “TARGET” is selected to be 500r/min;
“ACCELERATE”选择 100r/min/min 升速 “ACCELERATE” is selected to be
率； 100r/min/min speed increase rate;
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g. 按“GO”按钮后，高、中压调节阀逐渐开 g. Press the “GO” button and the high

启，机组按给定的升速率增加转速，当转 and intermediate pressure regulating
速大于盘车转速时盘车装置应自动脱开， valves gradually open and unit speed
increases at the given rate; when the
否则应立即打闸停机。
speed is higher than turning speed, the
turning gear should disengage
automatically and otherwise it is
necessary to immediately stop the unit.
3 500r/min 检查 3. Check at 500r/min
在此转速下，对机组作全面检查，主要检 At this speed, thoroughly check the unit.
查动静部分是否有摩擦，检查通风阀应处 Mainly check for friction between the
于关闭位置，高排逆止门处于开启位置， moving part and stationary part and that
the vent valve is in closed position and
停留时间不得超过 5 分钟。
high pressure exhaust check valve is in
open position; residence time should not
exceed 5min;
注：高中压缸联合启动的各种启动状态， Note: in various start states of high and
在 500r/min 检查时都应关高、中压调节阀， intermediate pressure turbine combined
在惰走转速下进行。在转速大于 50r/min 前 startup, it is necessary to close high and
intermediate pressure regulating valves
重新逐渐开启高、中压调节阀，按原升速
at 500r/min so that the check done is at
率升速至 1400r/min。 the coasting speed. When the speed is
greater than 50r/min, gradually open the
high and intermediate pressure
regulating valves again and increase
speed to 1400r/min at the original rate.
a. “TARGET”选择 1400r/min 转速； a. “TARGET” is selected to be 1400r/min;
b. 按“GO”按钮； b. Press the “GO” button;
4 1400r/min 中速暖机 4. Intermediate speed warming at
1400r/min
在此转速暖机 30min。 Carry out warming at this speed for
30min.
a. 升速至 1200r/min 时停顶轴油泵； a. When increase speed to 1200r/min,
stop jacking oil pump;
b. 检查所有监控仪表； b. Check all supervisory instruments;
c. "TARGET”选择 2200r/min 转速； c. "TARGET” is selected to be 2200r/min;
d. 按“GO”按钮，增加转速； d. Press “GO” button to increase speed;
在此后升速过程中，应注意机组迅速（以 During subsequent speed rise, note that
400r/min/min 升速率）平稳地通过轴系各 the unit quickly and smoothly (at
阶临界转速，通过临界转速时轴承盖振动 400r/min/min rate) passes shafting critical
speeds of all orders. When it passes the
不应大于 0.10mm(峰-峰值)，否则打闸停
critical speed, bearing cover vibration
机。 should not be greater than 0.10mm
(peak-peak value); otherwise trip and
stop the unit.
5 2200r/min 高速暖机 5. High speed warming at 2200r/min
在此转速下，监视中压排汽口处下半内壁 At this speed, monitor the inner wall
metal temperature of the lower half at the
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金属温度应大于 130℃，并保持暖机 50 分 intermediate pressure exhaust port which
钟。在暖机结束时应满足以下值： should be greater than 130℃, and
maintain warming for 50min. After
warming is finished, it is necessary to
meet the following values:
高压内缸上半内壁调节级后金属温度大于 Upper half metal temperature of high
250℃； pressure inner casing after governing
stage is greater than 250℃;
高、中压缸膨胀大于 7mm； Expansion of high and intermediate
pressure turbine is greater than 7mm;
高、中压胀差小于 3.5mm 并趋稳定； Differential expansion of high and
intermediate pressures is lower than
3.5mm and tends to be stable;
b. 按“GO”按钮，增加转速。 b. Press “GO” button to increase speed.
6 3000r/min 额定转速: 6. 3000r/min rated speed:
在此转速，进行空负荷暖机 30min； At this speed, perform no load warming
for 30min;
a. 凝汽器压力应小于 13.5kPa，投低真空 a. Make condenser pressure lower than
保护； 13.5kPa and switch on low vacuum
protection.
b. 排汽温度≥80℃时，低压缸喷水系统应 b. When steam exhaust temperature is
能自动投入，否则应手动开启。 ≥80℃, low pressure turbine water spray
system should start automatically and
otherwise it should be manually started;
c. TSI 监视项目应在允许范围内； c. TSI monitoring system items should be
in the allowable range;
d. 检查润滑油系统 d. Check the lube oil system
(1) 主油泵与交流润滑油泵切换完成； (1) Changeover between main oil pump
and AC lube oil pump is finished;
(2) 主油泵出口油压在正常值，见第 22 章 (2) Oil pressure at main oil pump outlet is
1.2 第 a 条； normal; refer to Item a of 1.2 in chapter
22.
(3) 润滑油压在正常值，见第 22 章 1.2 第 (3) Lube oil pressure is normal; refer to
a 条； Item a of 1.2 in chapter 22;
(4) 润滑油进油温度在正常值，见第 22 章 (4) Lube oil inlet temperature is normal;
1.2 第 c 条。 refer to Item c of 1.2 in chapter 22;
e. 检查抗燃油系统 e. Check the fire-resistant oil system;
抗燃油压在正常值，见第 22 章 1.2 第 b 条。 Fire-resistant oil pressure is normal; refer
to Item b of 1.2 in chapter 22;
f. 蒸汽参数要求 f. Steam parameter requirement
(1) 主蒸汽压力必须达到 1.96MPa；主蒸 (1) Main steam pressure must reach
汽温度达到 280℃； 1.96MPa; main steam temperature
reaches 280℃;
(2) 主蒸汽温度变化率与再热蒸汽温度变 (2) Main steam temperature change rate
化率符合启动曲线要求； and reheat steam temperature change
rate should accord with the requirements
of the start curve;
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7 并网前进行如下系统试验(对新机启动或 7. The following system tests are

大修机组) performed before synchronization
with power grid (for new unit start or
overhauled unit):
a. 危急遮断器喷油试验； a. Emergency governor oil spray test;
b. 高压遮断集成块（HPT）电磁阀在线试 b. High pressure trip integrated block
验； (HPT) solenoid valve on-line test;
c. 超速限制集成块（OSP）电磁阀在线试 c. Overspeed limit integrated block (OSP)
验； solenoid valve on-line test;
d. 手打停机按钮试验； d. Manual stop button test;
e. 危急遮断器提升转速试验(在作提升转 e. Emergency governor speed increase
速试验之前，应使机组带 20%负荷进行暖 test (before speed increase test, at least
机运行不少于 3h)； 3h unit warming operation with 20% load
is necessary);
f. 电气超速保护试验 f. Electric overspeed protection test
以上各项试验的具体要求见《调节保安系 For the specific requirements of the
统说明书》、《汽轮机安全监视装置说明 above tests, refer to “Regulation and
书》、《汽轮机电器监视保护系统说明书》。 Protection system Instruction”, “Turbine
Safety Monitoring Device Instruction” and
“Turbine electric Supervision and
Protection System Instruction”.
8. Synchronization with power grid
8 并网
After the test or check for the turbine
在汽轮发电机组作完试验和检查完成以
generator unit is finished, notify the
后，通知运行人员允许机组并网。 operators of allowing unit synchronization
with the grid.
Select “AUTO SYNC IN"(DEH internal
选择“AUTO SYNC IN”(DEH 内部自动并
auto synchronization) or “AUTO SYNC
网)或“AUTO SYNC OUT”(外部电气并网)。 OUT” (external electric synchronization);
After synchronization with power grid, the
在并网后，由控制系统加 3%最小负荷，然
control system applies 3% minimum load
后进入升负荷控制。 and then load increase control starts.
9. Load increase
9 升负荷
a. “TARGET” is selected be to 21MW
a. “TARGET”选择 21MW 负荷；
load;
"LOAD RATE" is selected to be 1MW/min
“LOAD RATE”选择 1MW/min 升负荷率；
load increase rate;
b. Press the “GO” button to increase
b. 按“GO”按钮，提升负荷。
load;
10. Low load warming
10 低负荷暖机
Low load warming is carried out stably at
在 21MW 低负荷下稳定进行，应监视中压
21MW low load. It is necessary to
排汽口处下半内壁金属温度应大于 176℃， monitor that inner wall metal temperature
并保持暖机 30min； of the lower half at the intermediate
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pressure exhaust port is greater than
176℃, and maintain warming for 30min;
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a. “TARGET” is selected to be the target
a. “TARGET”选择最终稳定运行的目标负
load for final stable operation;
荷；
“LOAD RATE” is selected to be 1MW/min
“LOAD RATE”选择 1MW/min 升负荷率；
load increase rate;
b. Press the “GO” button to increase
b. 按“GO”按钮，提升负荷。
load;
11. Increase load to target value
11 提升负荷至目标值
a. The unit enters the drop point at about
a. 机组大约在 63MW 负荷时，进入下滑点，
63MW load and in this case high
此时高压调节阀接近 90%额定阀位，由 pressure regulating valve approaches
DEH 控制系统发信号给 CCS 系统，机组 90% rated valve position. The DEH
随锅炉升压开始提升负荷，此时 DEH 控制 control system sends a signal to the CCS
系统不参与调节(指不参与负荷控制)，直至 system and unit increases load with
机组负荷接近 90%ECR。 boiler pressure increase. In this case, the
DEH control system does not participate
in regulation (i.e. not to participate in load
control) until unit load approaches
90%ECR.
b. According to chapter 27, stop cylinder
b. 根据第 27 章要求，随时停用汽缸夹层
jacket heating system at any time.
加热系统。
c. Check the sequential close of the drain
c. 检查在以下运行状态时，疏水系统的顺
system in the following operation
序关闭： conditions:
(1) At 10% rated load, close high
(1) 在 10%额定负荷，关闭高压段疏水；
pressure section drain;
(2) At 20% rated load, close intermediate
(2) 在 20%额定负荷，关闭中压段疏水；
(3) At 30% rated load, close low pressure
(3) 在 30%额定负荷，关闭低压段疏水。
section drain.
d. After the target load is reached and
d. 在达到目标负荷且本体各测点温度趋于
temperature at all measuring points of the
稳定后，可以按“SEQ VALVE”按钮，可 proper becomes stable, press the “SEQ
转到顺序阀控制状态，以利于机组有更好 VALVE” button to change to sequence
的经济性。 valve control state, which helps the unit
have better economic efficiency.
e. When steam turbine load is above
e. 汽轮机负荷在 160MW 以上，稳定运行，
160MW, operation is stable and air
抽气器工作正常，即可做真空系统严密性 ejector operates normally, vacuum
试验。 system tightness test can be performed.
(1) Close the motor operated valve at the
(1) 关闭抽气器入口电动门，凝汽器真空
inlet of water jet air ejector and note that
应缓慢下降。 condenser vacuum drops gradually:
Drop rate≤0.13kPa/min(1mmHg/min):
下降率≤0.13kPa/min(1mmHg/min)优秀
excellent
Drop rate≤0.27kPa/min(2mmHg/min):
下降率≤0.27kPa/min(2mmHg/min)良好
good
Drop rate≤0.4kPa/min(3mmHg/min),page 18 of 98
下降率≤0.4kPa/min(3mmHg/min) 合格
acceptable
page 15 of 98
When vacuum drop rate is greater than
当真空下降率大于
0.67kPa/min(5mmHg/min), stop the unit,
0.67kPa/min(5mmHg/min)时，则应停机查 find the cause and eliminate the trouble
找原因，消除故障后再启动。 before restart.
(2) When exhaust steam pressure rises
(2) 试验中排汽压力升至 17.86kPa(或真
to 17.86kPa/min (or vacuum is low to
空低至 626mmHg)，排汽温度高于 58℃时 626mmHg) and exhaust steam
停止试验。 temperature is higher than 58℃, stop the
test.
(3) After the test is finished, immediately
(3) 试验结束后，立即开启电动阀门，恢
open the motor operated valve and
复额定真空值。 restore the rated vacuum value.
page 19 of 98
page 15 of 98
Drawing 5-1 cold combined start of HIP casing

图 5-1
Note:MST-main steam temperature,RST-reheating steam
temperature MSP- main steam pressure
This curve is room temperature cold state curve,don’t include prewarm time of HP casing,user may
carry through relevant adjustment base on systemic steady state and own experience.
page 20 of 98
6 温态启动(HIP) 6 Warm Start (HIP)

b. 启动润滑油泵和顶轴油泵等，确认润滑 b. Start the lube oil pump and jacking oil
油系统和顶轴油系统处于正常工作状态； pump and make sure that the lube oil
d. 投盘车，并保证在冲转前盘车时间不少 d. Start the turning gear and ensure that
于 4h； continuous turning is not less than 4h
before roll-off;
e. 机组冲转前必须先投入汽封系统辅助汽 e. Before unit roll-off, it is necessary to
源，要求汽封母管压力 0.129MPa，温度 switch on the steam seal system auxiliary
210℃～260℃。 steam. The steam seal manifold pressure
should be 0.129MPa and temperature
210~260℃;
f. 在汽封系统正常投运后，应建立凝汽器 f. After the steam seal system is put into
真空，要求凝汽器压力达到 16.7KPa 以下； normal operation, it is necessary to
establish condenser vacuum and
condenser pressure should reach below
16.7kPa;
g. 按“LATCH”按钮，机组挂闸； g. Press “LATCH” button and the unit
trips;
h. 打开高压段、中压段、低压段各段疏水 h. Open drain valves in high pressure
阀； section, intermediate pressure section
and low pressure section;
i. TSI 测量数据显示处于允许范围。偏心率 i. TSI measurement data display is in the
不超过原始值的 0.03mm，否则应继续盘 allowable range. Excentricity does not
车，直到满足要求方可启动。 exceed original value 0.03mm and
otherwise turning should be continued
until it meets the requirements before
start;
j. 确定冲转蒸汽参数 j. Determine roll-off steam parameters:
(1) 推荐主蒸汽压力为 5.88MPa； (1) Recommended main steam pressure
is 5.88MPa;
(2) 主蒸汽温度为 400±10℃ ，再热蒸 Main steam temperature is 400±10℃，
汽温度为 380±10℃ ； reheating steam temperature is
380±10℃；
(3)具体启动参数的确定参见第 5 章第 m 条 The confirmation of material start
中第 3)条。 parameters,see also item 3) of item m in
the chapter 5.
valve has tripped;
page 21 of 98
b. 根据机组胀差值情况，投用汽缸夹层加 b. Switch on cylinder jacking heater

热装置； depending on unit differential expansion
value;
c. 确认按钮“HIP START/IP START”是处 c. Confirm that the “HIP START/IP
d. 确认按钮“SINGLE VALVE/SEQ d. Confirm that the “SINGLE VALVE/SEQ
VALVE”是处于“SINGLE VALVE”状态； VALVE” button is in “SINGLE VALVE”
state;
e. 按“RUN”按钮，开启高、中压主汽阀； e. Press the “RUN” button and open the
valves;
f. ”TARGET”选择 500r/min 转速 f. “TARGET” is selected to be 500r/min;
“ACCELERATE”选择 150r/min/min 升速 “ACCELERATE” is selected to be
率； 150r/min/min speed increase rate;
g. 按“GO”按钮后，高、中压调节阀逐渐开 g. Press the “GO” button and the high
启，机组按给定的升速率增加转速；当转 and intermediate pressure regulating
速大于盘车转速时，应确认盘车装置已脱 valves gradually open and unit speed
increases at the given rate; when the
开，否则应立即打闸停机。
在此转速下运行，对机组作全面检查，主 At this speed, thoroughly check the unit.
要检查动静部件有否摩擦，检查通风阀应 Mainly check for friction between the
处于关闭位置，高压排汽止回阀处于开起 moving part and stationary part and that
位置，停留时间不得超过 5 分钟。
exceed 5min;
a. ”TARGET”选择 3000r/min 转速 a. “TARGET” is selected to be 3000r/min;
b. 按“GO”按钮，增加转速。 b. Press the “GO” button to increase
speed.
4 3000r/min 额定转速 4. 3000r/min rated speed
a. 凝汽器压力应小于 13kPa，投低真空保 a. Make condenser pressure lower than
护； 13kPa and switch on low vacuum
protection.
b. 低压缸排汽温度≥80℃时，低压缸喷水 b. When low pressure turbine steam
系统应能自动投入，否则应手动开启； exhaust temperature is ≥80℃, low
pressure turbine water spray system
should start automatically and otherwise
it should be manually started;
d. 检查润滑油系统； d. Check the lube oil system
page 22 of 98
22;
1.2 第 c 条； 64 refer to Item c of 1.2 in chapter 22;
(5) 在转速达 1200r/min 时停顶轴油泵。 (5) Stop jacking oil pump when speed
reaches 1200r/min.
抗然油压在正常值，见第 22 章 1.2 第 b 条； Fire-resistant oil pressure is normal; refer
f. 确认蒸汽参数 f. Confirm steam parameters
(1) 主蒸汽压力为 5.88MPa； (1) Main steam pressure is 5.88MPa;
(2) 在并网前，主蒸汽温度与再热蒸汽温 (2) Before synchronization with power
度之差应满足第 22 章 2.3 第 c 条； grid, the difference between main steam
temperature and reheat steam
temperature should meet c of 2.3 in
chapter 22;
(3) 主蒸汽温度变化率与再热蒸汽温度变 (3) Main steam temperature change rate
化率应符合启动曲线要求； and reheat steam temperature change
rate should meet the requirements of
start curves;
5 并网 5. Synchronization with power grid
在汽轮发电机组作完检查以后，通知运行 After the check for the turbine generator
人员允许机组并网。 unit is finished, notify the operators of
allowing unit synchronization with the
grid.
选择“AUTO SYNC IN”(DEH 内部自动并 Select “AUTO SYNC IN"(DEH internal
网)或“AUTO SYNC OUT”(外部电气并网)； auto synchronization) or “AUTO SYNC
OUT” (external electric synchronization);
在并网后，由控制系统加 3%最小负荷，然 After synchronization with power grid, the
后进入升负荷控制。 control system applies 3% minimum load
and then load increase control starts.
6 升负荷 6. Load increase
a. “TARGET”选择 21MW 负荷； a. “TARGET” is selected be to 21MW
load;
“LOAD RATE”选择 2.5MW/min 升负荷率； "LOAD RATE" is selected to be
2.5MW/min load increase rate;
b. 按“GO”按钮，提升负荷。 b. Press the “GO” button to increase
load;
7 低负荷暖机 7. Low load warming
在 21MW 低负荷下稳定运行，应监视中压 Low load warming is carried out stably at
排汽口处下半内壁金属温度大于 170℃，并 21MW low load. It is necessary to
保持暖机 20min； monitor that inner wall metal temperature
of the lower half at the intermediate
pressure exhaust port is greater than
170℃, and maintain warming for 20min;
a. “TARGET”选择最终稳定运行的目标负 a. “TARGET” is selected to be the target
page 22 of 98
page 23 of 98
荷；
b. “LOAD RATE”选择 2.5MW/min 升负荷 b. “LOAD RATE” is selected to be
率； 2.5MW/min load increase rate;
c. 按“GO”按钮，提升负荷。 c. Press the “GO” button to increase
load;
8 提升负荷至目标值 8. Increase load to target value
a. 机组大约在 84MW 负荷时，进入下滑点， a. The unit enters the drop point at about
此时高压调节阀接近 90%额定阀位，由 84MW load and in this case high
DEH 控制系统发信号给 CCS 系统，机组 pressure regulating valve approaches
90% rated valve position. The DEH
随锅炉升压开始提升负荷，此时 DEH 控制
control system sends a signal to the CCS
系统不参与调节负荷，直至机组负荷接近 system and unit increases load with
90%ECR。 boiler pressure increase. In this case, the
90%ECR.
b. 根据第 27 章要求，随时停用汽缸夹层 b. According to chapter 27, stop cylinder
加热系统。 jacket heating system at any time.
c. 检查在以下运行状态时，疏水系统的顺 c. Check the sequential close of the drain
序关闭： system in the following operation
conditions:
(1) 在 10%额定负荷，关闭高压段疏水； (1) At 10% rated load, close high
(2) 在 20%额定负荷，关闭中压段疏水； (2) At 20% rated load, close intermediate
(3) 在 30%额定负荷，关闭低压段疏水。 (3) At 30% rated load, close low pressure
section drain.
d. 在达到目标负荷且本体各测点温度趋于 d. After the target load is reached and
稳定后，可以按“SEQ VALVE”按钮，转到 temperature at all measuring points of the
顺序阀控制状态，以利于机组有更好的经 proper becomes stable, press the “SEQ
VALVE” button to change to sequence
济性。
valve control state, which helps the unit
page
page2224ofof9898
Fig. 6-1 warm combined start of HIP casing
图 6-1
Note:MST—main steam temperature RST—reheating steam temperature MSP—main steam pressure

page 25 of 98
7 热态、极热态启动(HIP) 7 Hot and Very Hot Start (HIP)

b. 启动润滑油泵和顶轴油泵等，确认润滑 b. Start the lube oil pump and jacking oil
油系统和顶轴油系统处于正常工作状态； pump and make sure that the lube oil
c. 启动抗燃油泵，使抗燃油系统处于正常 c. Start the fire resistant oil pump and
工作状态； make fire resistant oil system in normal
operation condition;
d. 机组从停机至再次起动这段时间，应处 d. From unit stop to restart, the unit
于连续盘车状态； should be in continuous turning state;
e. 机组冲转前必须先向轴封送汽，后抽凝 e. Before unit roll-off, steam supply to
汽器真空，要求汽封母管压力 0.129MPa， shaft seal must be switched on and then
温度 310℃～360℃。 condenser vacuum extraction is
performed. Steam seal manifold pressure
is required to be 0.129MPa and
temperature 310℃~360℃;
f. 在汽封系统正常投运后，应建立凝汽器 f. After steam seal system is put into
真空，要求凝汽器压力达到 16.7KPa 以下； normal operation, it is necessary to
16.7kPa;
g. 按“LATCH”按钮，机组挂闸； g. Press “LATCH” button and the unit
trips;
h. 确认冲转蒸汽温度与主汽阀内壁金属温 h. Confirm the difference between roll-off
度之差，若大于 120℃，应进行阀门预暖； steam temperature and main steam valve
inner wall metal temperature and if it is
greater than 120℃, prewarm the valve;
i. 打开高压段、中压段、低压段各段疏水； i. Open drain valves in high pressure
section, intermediate pressure section
j. TSI 测量数据显示应处于允许范围。偏心 j. TSI measurement data display is in the
率不大于原始值的 0.03mm，否则应继续盘 allowable range. Excentricity does not
车，直到满足要求方可启动； exceed original value 0.03mm and
start;
k. 确定冲转蒸汽参数 k. Determine roll-off steam parameters
(1) 主蒸汽压力为: 热态:7.84MPa (1) Main steam pressure is: 7.84MPa in
极热态:9.8MPa hot state and 9.8MPa in very hot state;
(2) 主蒸汽温度为：热态 480±10℃ (2) Main steam temperature is: 480±10℃
极热态 500±10℃ in hot state and 500±10℃ in very hot
再热蒸汽温度为：热态 460±10℃ state;
page 26 of 98
极热态 480±10℃ ； Reheating steam temperature is:

460±10℃ in hot state and 480±10℃ in
very hot state;
(3) 具体启动参数的确定参见第 5 章第 m The confirmation of material start
条中第 3)条。 parameters,see also item 3) of item m in
the chapter 5.
valve has tripped;
b. 确认按钮“HIP START/IP START”是处 b. Confirm that the “HIP START/IP
c. 确认按钮“SINGLE VALVE/SEQ c. Confirm that the “SINGLE VALVE/SEQ
VALVE”是处于“SEQ VALVE”状态； VALVE” button is in “SEQ VALVE” state;
d. 按“RUN”按钮，开启高、中压主汽阀； d. Press the “RUN” button and open the
valves;
"TARGET"选择 500r/min 转速； “TARGET” is selected to be 500r/min;
e. “ACCELERATE”选择: 热态: e. “ACCELERATE” is selected to be
200r/min/min 、极热态:300r/min/min 200r/min/min in hot state and
300r/min/min in very hot state
f. 按“GO”按钮后，高、中压调节阀逐渐开 f. Press the “GO” button and the high and
启，机组随着给定的升速率增加转速；转 intermediate pressure regulating valves
速大于盘车转速时盘车装置应自动脱开， gradually open and unit speed increases
at the given rate; when the speed is
否则应立即打闸停机。
higher than turning speed, the turning
gear should disengage automatically and
otherwise it is necessary to immediately
stop the unit.
3 500r/min 检查: 3. Check at 500r/min
在此转速下运行，对机组作全面检查，主 At this speed, thoroughly check the unit.
要检查动静部件间摩擦，检查通风阀应处 Mainly check for friction between the
于关闭位置，高压排汽止回阀处于开启位 moving part and stationary part and that
置，停留时间不得超过 5min。
exceed 5min;
b. 按“GO”按钮，增加转速； b. Press the “GO” button to increase
speed;
4 3000r/min 额定转速: 4. 3000r/min rated speed:
a. 凝汽器压力应小于 13kPa，投低真空保 a. Make condenser pressure lower than
protection.
page 27
page 26 of
of 98
98

自动投入，否则应手动开启； ≥80℃, low pressure turbine water spray
71and AC lube oil pump is finished;
22;
1.2 第 c 条； refer to Item c of 1.2 in chapter 22;
(5) 转速达 1200r/min 时停顶轴油泵。 (5) Stop jacking oil pump when speed
reaches 1200r/min.
e. 检查抗燃油系统: e. Check the fire-resistant oil system:
抗燃油压在正常值，见第 22 章 1.2 第 b 条。 Fire-resistant oil pressure is normal; refer
grid.
选择“AUTO SYNC IN”(DEH 内部自动并 Select “AUTO SYNC IN"(DEH internal
网)或“AUTO SYNC OUT”(外部电气并网)。 auto synchronization) or “AUTO SYNC
OUT” (external electric synchronization);
在并网后，由控制系统加 3%最小负荷，然 After synchronization with power grid, the
后进入升负荷控制。 control system applies 3% minimum load
a. ”TARGET”选择最终稳定运行的目标负 a. “TARGET” is selected be to the target
荷； load for final stable operation;
“LOAD RATE”选择: 热态: 3MW/min "LOAD RATE" is selected to be 3MW/min
极热态: 5MW/min in hot state and 5MW/min in very hot
state;
b. 按“GO”按钮，提升负荷； b. Press the “GO” button to increase
load;
a 机组大约在热态 110MW、极热态 a. When the unit is at about 110MW load
130MW 负荷时进入下滑点，此时高压调节 in hot state and 130MW in very hot state,
阀接近 90%额定阀位，由 DEH 控制系统发 high pressure regulating valve closes to
90% rated valve position and goes into
信号给 CCS 系统，机组随锅炉升压开始提
the drop point.
page 28 of 98
升负荷，此时 DEH 控制系统不参与调节负 The DEH control system sends a signal

荷，直至机组负荷接近 90%ECR。 to the CCS system and unit increases
load with boiler pressure increase. In this
case, the DEH control system does not
participate in regulation (i.e. not to
participate in load control) until unit load
approaches 90%ECR.
b. 检查以下运行状态时，疏水系统的顺序 b. Check the sequential close of the drain
关闭： system in the following operation
conditions:
section drain.
c. 在达到目标负荷且本体各测点温度趋于 c. After the target load is reached and
稳定后，可以按“SEQ VALVE”按钮，转到 temperature at all measuring points of the
顺序阀控制状态，以利于机组有更好的经 proper becomes stable, press the “SEQ
济性。
page 29 of 98
Fig. 7-1 Hot combined start of HIP casing

图 7-1
page 30 of 98
Fig. 7-2 Hot combined start of HIP casing
图 7-2

page 31 of 98
8 中压缸启动(IP) 8 Intermediate Pressure Turbine Start

(IP)
采用中压缸启动，是利用较高温度、较大 The purpose of the intermediate pressure

流量的再热蒸汽，较快的提高中压缸缸温， turbine startup is to use higher
使中压排汽温度超过转子脆性转变温度， temperature and larger flow reheat steam
避免转轴脆性断裂，减少高压缸的热冲击， to quickly increase intermediate pressure
防止高压缸排汽温度超温，实现主蒸汽、 turbine temperature to make intermediate
再热蒸汽与高压调节级和中压第一级处金 pressure exhaust temperature exceed
属温度的同时匹配，达到缩短启动时间和 the rotor brittle transition temperature,
减小机组寿命消耗的目的。中压缸启动有 avoid the rotating shaft brittle fracture,
较好的启动灵活性，有利于机组两班制调 reduce thermal shock of high pressure
峰运行。 turbine, prevent high pressure turbine
exhaust overtemperature, realize the
concurrent matching of main steam and
reheat steam with metal temperature at
high pressure governing stage and
intermediate pressure first stage and
shorten starting time and reduce unit life
loss. Intermediate pressure turbine
startup has high startup flexibility and is
favorable to unit two-shift cycling
operation.
采用中压缸启动，旁路容量需满足要求 If the intermediate pressure turbine
(≥35%MCR)，旁路系统需投入正常，并最 startup is adopted, bypass capacity
好是处于自动状态。 needs to meet the requirement
(≥35%MCR) and bypass system needs to
be normally put into operation and is
better in auto condition.
page 32 of 98
9 冷态启动 (IP) 9 Cold Startup (IP)

系统和顶轴系统处于正常工作状态； pump and make sure that the lube oil
before roll-off;
e. 按第 3 章再次检查润滑油系统、抗燃油 e. Check again the lube oil system,
系统、DEH 和 TSI 系统、及盘车装置； fire-resistant oil system, DEH and TIS
systems and turning gear according to
chapter 3.
f. 在确认汽封蒸汽管道中无水后，投入汽 f. After confirming that no water is in the
封系统辅助汽源，要求汽封母管压力为 steam seal steam pipe, switch on the
0.129MPa，温度 210℃～260℃； steam seal system auxiliary steam. The
steam seal manifold pressure should be
0.129Mpa and temperature 210~260℃
g. 建立凝汽器真空，要求凝汽器压力达到 g. Build condenser vacuum; condenser
16.7kPa 以下； pressure is required to reach below
16.7kPa;
h. 按"LATCH"按钮，机组挂闸； h. Press “LATCH” button and the unit
trips;
i. 按"PREWARM"按钮（自动/手动），进行 i. Press “PREWARM”
高压缸预暖，见第 26 章； button(self-motion/manual operation) to
prewarm high pressure turbine . Refer
to chapter 26;
j. 打开高压段、中压段、低压段各段疏水 j. Open drain valves in high pressure
k. 确认高排逆止门已完全关闭； k. Confirm that high pressure exhaust
check valve has completely closed;
l. TSI 测量数据显示是处于允许范围； l. TSI measurement data display is in the
allowable range.
m. 确定冲转蒸汽参数: m. Determine roll-off steam parameters :
(1) 主蒸汽压力为 4.0MPa； (1) Main steam pressure is 4.0MPa;
(2) 再热蒸汽压力为 0.55MPa； (2) Reheat steam pressure is 0.55MPa;
(3) 主蒸汽温度为 300℃； (3) Main steam temperature is 300℃;
(4) 再热蒸汽温度为 240℃。 (4) Reheat steam temperature is 240℃.
page 33 of 98
n. 冲转前低压旁路操作要求 n. Low pressure bypass operating
requirement before roll-off
随着锅炉启动，低压旁路阀门开度逐渐增 As the boiler starts, low pressure bypass
加，当再热蒸汽压力升到 0.55MPa 时，低 valve opening gradually increases. When
压旁路应投压力反馈自动控制。 reheat steam pressure rises to 0.55MPa,
low pressure bypass should be placed in
pressure feedback auto control.
a. 打开高压导汽管及高压内缸疏水节流 a. Open the manual bypass valve of high
组件的手动旁路阀。 pressure steam lead pipe and high
pressure inner casing drain throttling
modules;
b. 确认危急遮断器滑阀已挂闸； b. Confirm that emergency governor slide
valve has tripped;
c. 投入汽缸夹层加热，详见第 27 章； c. Start cylinder jacket heating. Refer to
chapter 27;
d. 确认按钮"启动方式"是处于"中压缸启 d. Confirm that the button “start mode” is
动"状态； in “intermediate pressure turbine startup”
state;
e. 按"运行"按钮，开启高、中压主汽阀； e. Press the “RUN” button and open the
valves;
f. 确认通风阀(VV 阀)处于开启状态；VV f. Confirm that the vent valve (VV) is in
阀后的手动阀处于关闭状态，高压调节阀 open state; the manual valve after the VV
处于关闭状态。 valve is in close state and high pressure
regulating valve is in close state;
g. "目标"选择 500r/min 转速； g. “TARGET” is selected to be 500r/min;
"速率"选择 100r/min/min 升速率； “SPEED” is selected to be 100r/min/min
speed raising rate;
h. 按"进行"按钮后，微微开启中压调节阀 h. Press the “GO” button and the
直到转速升至 500r/min，机组按给定的升 intermediate pressure regulating valve
速率增加转速；当转速大于盘车转速时， gradually opens till rotate speed rise to
盘车装置自动脱开，否则应立即停机。 500r/min,and unit speed increases at the
given rate; when the speed is higher than
turning speed, the turning gear should
disengage automatically and otherwise it
is necessary to immediately stop the unit.
在此转速下，对机组作全面检查，主要检 At this speed, thoroughly check the unit.
查动静部分是否有摩擦，检查通风阀应处 Mainly check for friction between the
于关闭位置，高排逆止门处于关闭位置， moving part and stationary part and that
停留时间不得超过 5 分钟。
closed position; residence time should
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not exceed 5min;
注：中压缸启动的各种启动状态，在 Note: in various start states of
500r/min 检查时都应关闭高、中压调节阀， intermediate pressure turbine startup, it is
在惰走转速下进行。在转速大于 50r/min 前 necessary to close high and intermediate
重新冲转。 pressure regulating valves at 500r/min so
that the check done is at the coasting
speed. When the speed is greater than
50r/min, roll-off is performed again.
a. "TARGET"选择 1400r/min 转速,投入 a. “TARGET” is selected to be
“正暖”； 1400r/min, put into “positive warm”;
b. 按"进行"按钮，缓慢开启高压调节阀的 b. Press the “GO” button and slightly
预启阀，同时开启中压调节阀直到转速升 open the equilibrated valves of high
至 500r/min； pressure regulating valve,and at the
same time open the IP combined valve
until the speed rises to 500r/min;
c. 当转速升至 500r/min 时，高压调节阀 c. When the speed rises to 500r/min, the
的开度被锁定，同时通过控制中压调节阀， opening of the high pressure regulating
使汽轮机按原升速率升速至 1400 r/min。 valve is locked at the same time throught
controlling the IP CV so that the steam
turbine speed rises to 1400r/min at the
original rate.
4 1400r/min 中速暖机 4. Intermediate speed warming at
1400r/min
a. 确认顶轴油泵已停； a. Confirm that the jacking oil pump has
stopped;
b. 检查所有监控仪表； b. Check all supervisory instruments;
c. 在此转速暖机 30min，在此期间应监视 c. Carry out warming at this speed for
高中压缸排汽处金属温度，当高压排汽口 30min. metal temperature at exhaust
下半内壁金属温度达 200℃时，并调整 VV point of the high and intermediate
阀后手动门开度，控制该金属温度在 200℃ pressure turbines should be monitored.
左右。 When inner wall metal temperature of the
lower half at high pressure exhaust port
reaches 200℃, adjust the opening of the
manual valve after the VV valve to control
the metal temperature at 200℃.
d. 暖机结束 d. End of warming
(1) 若高压排汽口下半内壁金属温度已达 (1) If the inner wall metal temperature of
200℃，中压排汽口下半内壁金属温度已达 the lower half at high pressure exhaust
150℃，可切除“正暖”，则”TARGET” port already reaches 200℃ and inner
wall metal temperature of the lower half
可直接选择 3000r/min 转速。
at intermediate pressure exhaust port
already reaches 150℃, may
excise “positive warm”, “TARGET” can be
directly selected to be 3000r/min.
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(2) 若高、中压排汽口下半内壁金属温度未 (2) If the inner wall metal temperature of
达到上述要求，则"TARGET"选择 the lower half at high and intermediate
2200r/min 转速，进行高速暖机。 pressure exhaust ports failspage
to meet
35 ofthe
98
above requirements, “TARGET” is
selected to be 2200r/min to perform high
speed warming.
在以后升速过程中，机组应迅速平稳地通 During subsequent speed increase, the
过轴系各阶临界转速，通过临界转速时轴 unit should quickly and smoothly pass
承盖振动不应大于 0.10mm(峰-峰值)，否则 shafting critical speeds of all orders.
打闸停机。 When it passes the critical speed,
bearing cover vibration should not be
greater than 0.10mm (peak-peak value);
otherwise it is necessary to trip and stop
the unit.
高速暖机时可通过调整通风阀后的手动阀 During high speed warming, it is possible
开度，控制高压排汽口下半内壁金属温度 to adjust the opening of the manual valve
达到 200℃左右，若此时温度仍达不到要 after the vent valve to control the inner
求，可适当开启倒暖阀前的手动阀。 wall metal temperature of the lower half
at high pressure exhaust port to reach
200℃. In this case, if temperature still
can not meet the requirement, the
manual valve before the reverse flow
valve can be properly opened.
当高压排汽口下半内壁金属温度达 200℃； When inner wall metal temperature of the
中压排汽口下半内壁金属温度达 150℃，继 lower half at high pressure exhaust port
续暖机 30min，高速暖机结束。 reaches 200℃ and inner wall metal
temperature of the lower half at
intermediate pressure exhaust port
reaches 150℃, continue warming for
30min and then high speed warming is
finished.
“TARGET”选择 3000r/min 转速。 “TARGET” is selected to be 3000r/min.
e. 按"GO"按钮，增加转速。 e. Press the “GO” button to increase
speed.
在此转速下进行空负荷暖机 10min； No load warming is performed for 10min
at this speed;
a. 使凝汽器压力小于 13kPa，投低真空保 a. Make condenser pressure lower than
protection.
自动投入，否则手动开启； ≥80℃, low pressure turbine water spray
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c. TSI 监视系统项目应在允许范围内； c. TSI monitoring system items should be
22;
e. 检查抗燃油系统； e. Check the fire-resistant oil system;
抗燃油压在正常值，见第 22 章 1.2 第 b 条； Fire-resistant oil pressure is normal; refer
f. 参数要求 f. Parameter requirement
(1) 主蒸汽压力必须达到 5.88MPa；主蒸 (1) Main steam pressure must reach
汽温度达到 300℃。 5.88MPa; main steam temperature
reaches 300℃.
g. 高压旁路操作要求 g. High pressure bypass operation
requirements
在主蒸汽压力达到 5.88MPa 时，高压旁路 When main steam pressure reaches
应投压力反馈自动控制，维持主蒸汽压力 5.88MPa, HP bypass should be launched
不变。 into the automation of pressure feedback,
maintain main steam pressure to be
fixed.
6 并网前进行如下系统试验(对新机启动 6. The following system tests are
或大修机组)： performed before synchronization
with power grid (for new unit start or
overhauled unit):
a. 危急遮断器喷油试验； a. Emergency governor oil spray test;
b. 高压遮断集成块（HPT）电磁阀在线试 b. High pressure trip integrated block
验； (HPT) solenoid valve on-line test;
c. 超速限制集成块（OSP）电磁阀在线试 c. Overspeed limit integrated block (OSP)
验； solenoid valve on-line test;
d. 手打停机按钮试验； d. Manual stop button test;
e. 危急遮断器提升转速试验(在作提升转 e. Emergency governor speed increase
速试验之前，应使机组带 20%负荷进行暖 test (before speed increase test, at least
机运行不少于 3h)； 3h unit warming operation with 20% load
is necessary);
f. 电气超速保护试验 f. Electric overspeed protection test
以上各项试验的具体要求见《调节保安系 For the specific requirements of the
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统说明书》、《汽轮机安全监视装置说明 above tests, refer to “Regulation and
书》、《汽轮机电器监视保护系统说明书》。 Protection system Instruction”, “Turbine
Safety Monitoring Device Instruction” and
“Turbine electric Supervision and
Protection System Instruction”.
在汽轮发电机组作完试验或检查完成以 After the test or check for the turbine
后，通知运行人员允许机组并网。 generator unit is finished, notify the
operators of allowing unit synchronization
with the grid.
选择"AUTO SYNC IN"(DEH 内部自动并 Select “AUTO SYNC IN"(DEH internal
网)或"AUTO SYNC OUT"(外部电气并网)； auto synchronization) or “AUTO SYNC
在并网后，由控制系统加 3％最小负荷，然 OUT” (external electric synchronization);
后进入升负荷控制。 after synchronization with power grid, the
在整个升速和并网带负荷过程中维持中压 In the whole speed increase and
主汽阀前压力不变。 synchronization and operation with load,
pressure before intermediate pressure
main stop valve is kept unchanged.
a. "TARGET"选择最终稳定运行的目标 a. “TARGET” is selected be to the target
负荷； load for final stable operation;
"LOAD RATE"选择 1MW/min 升负荷率； "LOAD RATE" is selected to be 1MW/min
load increase rate;
b. 按"GO"按钮，提升负荷； b. Press the “GO” button to increase
load;
此后，低压旁路阀门逐渐关闭。 Then low pressure bypass valve closes
gradually.
9 高、中压缸切换 9. Changeover between high and
intermediate pressure turbines
a. 在高、中压缸切换前，应注意主蒸汽在 a. Before changeover between high and
经过高压调节级作功后的蒸汽温度与金属 intermediate pressure turbines, note that
温度相匹配。 the steam temperature of the main steam
after work is done at the high pressure
governing stage should match with metal
temperature.
一般情况下应控制: Generally the following should be
controlled:
主蒸汽： 5.88MPa 370～390℃ Main steam: 5.88MPa
370~390℃
再热蒸汽：0.55MPa 360～380℃ Reheat steam: 0.55MPa
360~380℃
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b. 在中压缸单独进汽切换为高、中压缸联 b. During changeover from separate
合进汽的过程中应维持主蒸汽、再热蒸汽 steam admission of intermediate
参数及流量基本稳定。 pressure turbine to combinedpage 38 of 98
steam
admission of high and intermediate
pressure turbines, steam parameters and
flow of main steam and reheat steam
should be kept basically stable.
c. 在低压旁路阀门全关后由 TBS 系统向 c. After low pressure bypass valve closes
DEH 发信号，维持负荷不变； completely TBS system sends a signal to
the DEH to keep the load unchanged;
d. 在低旁全关时，进行低负荷暖机，监视 d. When low pressure bypass is closed
中压排汽口处下半内壁金属温度，应达到 completely, perform low load warming
170℃；调整通风阀后的手动阀开度，控制 and monitor the inner wall metal
高压排汽口处下半内壁金属温度达到 temperature of the lower half at high
200--250℃，并保持 30min； pressure exhaust port which should
reach 170℃; adjust the opening of
manual valve after vent valve and control
inner wall metal temperature of the lower
half at high pressure exhaust port to
reach 200-250℃ and hold for 30min;
在以上项目完成后，由运行人员按 After the above items are completed, the
" CYLINDER CHANGE"按钮，开始缸切 operators press the “CYLINDER
换，高压调节阀以单阀方式逐渐开启，约 1 CHANGE” button to start casing
分钟后高压调节阀与中压调节阀开始进入 changeover. High pressure regulating
比例关系，此时切换结束； valve opens gradually in single mode and
after about 1min, high pressure
pressure regulating valve start to enter a
proportional relation in which case
changeover ends;
e. 在切换期间应检查以下项目: e. During changeover, check the
following items:
(1) 通风阀(VV 阀)关闭； (1) Vent valve (VV valve) closes;
(2) 高排逆止门自动开启,否则应强开高 (2) High pressure exhaust check valve
排逆止门。 opens automatically, otherwise ought to
open by force HP steam exhaust check
valve.
g. 切换完成后，根据高压缸温度和胀差的 g. After changeover is finished, jacket
具体情况，可投入夹层加热装置。 heater can be put into operation
depending on high pressure cylinder
temperature and differential expansion.
h. 暧机结束时由 DEH 系统向 TBS 发信 h. After warming is finished, the DEH
号机组开始升负荷，随着负荷的增加，高 system sends a single to TBS and the
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旁逐渐关闭。当负荷达下滑点时，高压旁 unit starts to increase load. With load
路阀门解除压力反馈自动控制。 increase, high pressure bypass gradually
closes. When load reaches the drop
point, high pressure bypass valve is
released from pressure feedback auto
control.
a. 负荷到达下滑点时，由 DEH 系统向 CCS a. When load reaches the drop point, the
系统发信号，机组随锅炉开始滑参数升负 DEH system sends a signal to CCS
荷。 system and the unit starts sliding
parameter load increase with the boiler.
b. 机组大约在 75MW 负荷时，高压调节阀 b. When the unit is at about 75MW load,
接近 90%额定阀位，进入下滑点，由 DEH high pressure regulating valve closes to
控制系统发信号给 CCS 系统，机组随锅炉 90% rated valve position and goes into
升压提升负荷，此时 DEH 控制系统不参与 the drop point. The DEH control system
调节(指不参与负荷控制)，直至机组负荷接 sends a signal to the CCS system and
近 90%ECR。 unit increases load with boiler pressure
increase. In this case, the DEH control
system does not participate in regulation
(i.e. not to participate in load control) until
unit load approaches 90%ECR.
c. 根据第 27 章要求，随时停用汽缸夹层加 c. According to chapter 27, stop cylinder
热系统。 jacket heating system at any time.
d. 检查以下运行状态时，疏水系统的顺序 d. Check the sequential close of the drain
conditions:
section drain.
e. 在达到目标负荷且本体各测点温度趋 e. After the target load is reached and
于稳定后，可以按“SEQ VALVE”按钮，可 temperature at all measuring points of the
转到顺序阀控制状态，以利于机组有更好 proper becomes stable, press the “SEQ
的经济性。 VALVE” button to change to sequence
f. 汽轮机负荷在于 168MW 以上，稳定运 f. When steam turbine load is above
行，射水抽气器工作正常，即可做真空系 168MW, operation is stable and water jet
统严密性试验。 air ejector works normally, vacuum
system tightness test can be performed.
(1) 关闭射水抽气器入口电动门，注意凝汽 (1) Close the motor operated valve at the
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器真空应缓慢下降： inlet of water jet air ejector and note that
condenser vacuum drops gradually:
下降率≤0.13kPa/min(1mmHg/min) 优良 Drop rate≤0.13kPa/min(1mmHg/min):
excellent
下降率≤0.27kPa/min(2mmHg/min) 良好 Drop rate≤0.27kPa/min(2mmHg/min):
good
下降率≤0.4kPa/min(3mmHg/min) 合格 Drop rate≤0.4kPa/min(3mmHg/min),
acceptable
当真空下降率大于 0.67kPa/min (5mmHg When vacuum drop rate is greater than
/min) 时，则应停机查找原因，消除故障后 0.67kPa/min(5mmHg/min), stop the unit,
再启动。 find the cause and eliminate the trouble
before restart.
(2) 试验中排汽压力升至 17.86kPa/min(或 (2) When exhaust steam pressure rises
真空低至 626mmHg)，排汽温度高于 58℃ to 17.86kPa/min (or vacuum is low to
时停止试验。 626mmHg) and exhaust steam
temperature is higher than 58℃, stop the
test.
(3) 试验结束后，立即开启电动阀门，恢复 (3) After the test is finished, immediately
额定真空值。 open the motor operated valve and
restore the rated vacuum value.
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LPBPV begin full closing switching point (HPBPV begin closing

图 9-1 Fig. 9-1 Cold start of IP casing
Note:MST—main steam temperature RST—reheating steam temperature MSP—main steam pressure RSP—reheating steam pressure
This curve is room temperature cold state curve,don’t include prewarm time of HP casing,user may page 42 of 98
carry through relevant adjustment base on systemic steady state and own experience.
10 温态启动(IP) 10 Warm Start (IP)

a. 向 DEH 供电，表盘和系统都应处于正 a. Supply power to the DEH, and
常状态； instruments and panels and systems are
系统和顶轴油系统处于正常工作状态； pump and make sure that the lube oil
before roll-off;
e. 机组冲转前必须先投入汽封系统辅助 e. Before unit roll-off, it is necessary to
汽源，要求汽封母管压力 0.129MPa，温度 switch on the steam seal system auxiliary
210℃～260℃； steam. The steam seal manifold pressure
should be 0.129MPa and temperature
210~260℃;
f. 在汽封系统正常投运后，应建立凝汽器 f. After the steam seal system is put into
真空，要求凝汽器压力达到 16.7kPa 以下； normal operation, it is necessary to
16.7kPa;
g. 按"LATCH"按钮，机组挂闸； g. Press “LATCH” button and the unit
trips;
i. TSI 测量数据显示应处于允许范围。偏 i. TSI measurement data display is in the
心率不超过原始值 0.03mm，否则应继续盘 allowable range. Excentricity does not
start;
j. 确认高排逆止门已完全关闭； j. Confirm that high pressure exhaust
k. 确定冲转蒸汽参数: k. Determine roll-off steam parameters:
（1）主蒸汽:7.0MPa/370℃； (1) Main steam :7.0MPa/370℃;
（2）再热蒸汽:0.7MPa/327℃； (2) Reheat steam:0.7MPa/327℃;
（3）具体启动参数的确定见第 5 章第 m The confirmation of material start
条中第 3)条。 parameters，see item （3）of item m of
of chapter 5.
l. 冲转前高、低旁路操作要求 l. High and low pressure bypass
operating requirement before roll-off
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当主蒸汽压力升到7MPa时，高压旁路 When main steam pressure rises to
应投压力反馈自动控制，维持主蒸汽压力 7MPa, high pressure bypass should be
不变。 placed in pressure feedback auto control;
当再热蒸汽压力升到0.7MPa时，低压 maintain main steam pressure not to
旁路应投压力反馈自动控制，维持再热蒸 change.
汽压力不变。 When reheat steam pressure rises to
0.7MPa, low pressure bypass should be
placed in pressure feedback auto control,
maintain reheating steam pressure not to
change.
valve has tripped;
b. 确认按钮"HIP START/IP START"是处 b. Confirm that "HIP START/IP START"
于"IP START"状态； button is in "IP START" condition;
c. 按"RUN"按钮，开启高、中压主汽阀； c. Press the “RUN” button to start high
and intermediate pressure main stop
valves;
d. 确认通风阀（VV 阀）处于开启状态， d. Confirm that the vent valve (VV) is in
VV 阀后的手动阀处于关闭状态； open state, the manual valve behind vent
valve is in close state;
e. "TARGET"选择 500r/min 转速； e. “TARGET” is selected to be 500r/min
speed;
"ACCELERATE"选择 200r/min/min 升速 "ACCELERATE" is selected to be
率； 200r/min/min increase rate;
f. 按"GO"按钮后，中压调节阀逐渐开启， f. Press the “GO” button and the
机组按给定的升速率增加转速，当转速大 intermediate pressure regulating valve
于盘车转速时，盘车装置应自动脱开，否 gradually opens and unit speed
则应立即停机。 increases at the given rate; when the
在此转速下对机组作全面检查，主要检查 At this speed, thoroughly check the unit.
动静部件摩擦，停留时间不得超过 5 分钟。 Mainly check for friction between the
注： 500 r/min 检查时都在惰走转速 moving part and stationary part;
下进行。在转速大于 50 r/min 前重新 residence time should not exceed 5min.
冲转。 Note: carry through checking at 500r/min
during the unit is at the idle speed. afresh
impulsed before rotate speed is more
than 50r/min.
a. "TARGET"选择 3000r/min 转速； a. “TARGET” is selected to be 3000r/min;
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b. 按"GO"按钮，增加转速。 b. Press the “GO” button to increase
speed.
根据高压排汽口下半内壁金属温度，通过 According to inner wall metal temperature
调整通风阀后的手动阀开度，控制该温度 of the lower half at high pressure exhaust
达到 200℃左右。 port and by adjusting the opening of
manual valve after the vent valve, control
the temperature to reach 200℃.
protection.
自动投入，否则手动开启； ≥80℃, low pressure turbine water spray
22;
(5) 当转速达 1200r/min 时停顶轴油泵； (5) When speed reaches 1200r/min, stop
the jacking oil pump;
g. 蒸汽参数要求 g. Steam parameter requirement
主蒸汽温度变化率与再热蒸汽温度变化率 Main steam temperature change rate and
不应超过冲转前选择值； reheat steam temperature change rate
should not exceed the selected value
before roll-off;
grid.
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网)或"AUTO SYNC OUT"(外部电气并网)。 auto synchronization) or “AUTO SYNC
在并网后，由控制系统加 3％最小负荷，然 OUT” (external electric synchronization);
后进入升负荷控制。 after synchronization with power grid, the
"TARGET"选择最终稳定运行的目标负荷； “TARGET” is selected to be the target
"LOAD RATE"选择 2.5MW/min 升负荷率。 load for final stable operation; "LOAD
RATE" is selected to be 2.5MW/min load
increase rate;
gradually.
经过高压调节级作功后蒸汽温度与金属温 intermediate pressure turbines, note that
度相匹配。 the steam temperature of the main steam
temperature.
b. 在中压缸单独进汽切换为高、中压缸联 b. During changeover from separate
合进汽的过程中应维持主蒸汽、再热蒸汽 steam admission of intermediate
参数及流量基本稳定。 pressure turbine to combined steam
admission of high and intermediate
pressure turbines, steam parameters and
flow of main steam and reheat steam
should be kept basically stable.
c. 在低压旁路阀门全关后，由 TBS 系统 c. After low pressure bypass valve closes
向 DEH 发信号，维持负荷不变； completely, TBS system sends a signal to
d. 在低旁全关时，进行低负荷暖机，监视 d. When low pressure bypass is closed
中压排汽口处下半内壁金属温度，应达到 completely, perform low load warming
170℃；调整通风阀后的手动阀开度，控制 and monitor the inner wall metal
高压排汽口处下半内壁金属温度达到 temperature of the lower half at high
220--250℃，并保持暖机 20min； pressure exhaust port which should
reach 170℃; adjust the opening of
manual valve after vent valve and control
inner wall metal temperature of the lower
half at high pressure exhaust port to
reach 220-250℃ and keep warming for
20min;
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e. 在以上项目完成后，由运行人员 e. After the above items are completed,
按”CYLINDER CHANGE”按钮，开始缸切 the operators press the “CYLINDER
page 43 of 98
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换，高压调节阀以单阀方式逐渐开启，约 1 CHANGE” button to start casing
分钟后高压调节阀与中压调节阀进入比例 changeover. High pressure regulating
关系，此时切换结束； valve opens gradually in single mode and
changeover ends;
f. 在切换期间应检查以下项目: f. During changeover, check the following
items:
(1) 通风阀(VV 阀)关闭； (1) Vent valve (VV valve) closes;
(2) 高排逆止门自动开启； (2) High pressure exhaust check valve

opens automatically.
g. 切换完成后，根据高压缸温度和胀差的 g. After changeover is finished, jacket
具体情况，可投入夹层加热装置。 heater can be put into operation
depending on high pressure cylinder
temperature and differential expansion.
h. 在切换结束时由 DEH 系统向 TBS 发信 h. After changeover is finished, the DEH
号机组开始升负荷，随着负荷的增加，高 system sends a single to TBS and the
旁逐渐关闭。当负荷达下滑点时，高压旁 unit starts to increase load. With load
路阀门解除压力反馈自动控制。 increase, high pressure bypass gradually
control.
a. 机组大约在 100MW 负荷时进入下滑 a. When the load is some 100MW the
点，由 DEH 系统向 CCS 系统发信号，机 unit reaches the drop point, the DEH
组随锅炉开始滑参数升负荷。 system sends a signal to CCS system
and the unit starts sliding parameter load
increase with the boiler.
b. 机组大约在 100MW 负荷时进入下滑 b. The unit enters the drop point at about
点，此时高压调节阀接近 90%额定阀位， 100MW load and in this case high
由 DEH 控制系统发信号给 CCS 系统，机 pressure regulating valve approaches
组随锅炉升压提升负荷，此时 DEH 控制系 90% rated valve position. The DEH
统不参与调节(指不参与负荷控制），直至机 control system sends a signal to the CCS
组负荷接近 90%ECR。 system and unit increases load with
boiler pressure increase. In this case, the
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90%ECR.
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c. 根据第 27 章要求，随时停用汽缸夹层 c. According to chapter 27, stop cylinder

加热系统。 jacket heating system at any time.
d. 检查以下运行状态时，疏水系统的顺序 d. Check the sequential close of the drain

conditions:
section drain.
e. 在达到目标负荷且本体各测点温度趋于 e. After the target load is reached and
稳定后，可以按“顺序阀”按钮，可转到顺序 temperature at all measuring points of the
阀控制状态，以利于机组有更好的经济性。 proper becomes stable, press the “SEQ
page 43 of 98
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switching point (HPBPV begin closing

LPBPV begin full closing
Fig. 10-1 Warm start of IP casing
图 10-1
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98
11 热态、极热态启动(IP) 11 Hot and Very Hot Start (IP)

a. 向 DEH 供电，表盘和系统都应处于正 a. Supply power to the DEH, and
常状态； instruments and panels and systems are
系统和顶轴油系统处于正常工作状态； pump and make sure that the lube oil
d. 机组从停机至再次起动这段时间，应处 d. From unit stop to restart, the unit
于连续盘车状态； should be in continuous turning state;
e. 机组冲转前必须先投入轴封送汽，要求 e. Before unit roll-off, steam supply to
汽封母管压力 0.129MPa，温度 310℃～ shaft seal must be switched on and
360℃； steam seal manifold pressure is required
to be 0.129MPa and temperature
310℃~360℃;
f. 在汽封系统正常投运后，应建立凝汽器 f. After steam seal system is put into
真空，要求凝汽器压力达到 16.7kPa 以下； normal operation, it is necessary to
16.7kPa;
g. 按"LATCH"按钮，机组挂闸； g. Press “LATCH” button and the unit
trips;
i. TSI 测量数据显示应处于允许范围。偏 i. TSI measurement data display is in the
心率不超过原始值 0.03mm，否则应继续盘 allowable range. Excentricity does not
start;
j. 确认高排逆止门已完全关闭； j. Confirm that high pressure exhaust
k. 确定冲转蒸汽参数: 应注意再热蒸汽 k. Determine roll-off steam parameters:
在经过中压第一级作功后蒸汽温度与金属 note that the steam temperature of the
温度相匹配。 reheat steam after work is done at the
first stage of intermediate pressure
should match with metal temperature.
1 主蒸汽：热态 8MPa/450℃；极热态 1 Main steam:hot state, 8MPa/450℃；
9.8MPa/490℃; very hot state,9.8MPa/490℃
2 再热蒸汽：热态 0.8MPa/420℃；极热 2 Reheating steam:hot state,
态 0.9MPa/460℃ 0.8MPa/420℃；very hot
state,0.9MPa/460℃
l.冲转前高、低压旁路操作要求 l. operating requirements of HP and LP
bypasses befor impulse.
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(1) 当主蒸汽压力升到热态 (1) When main steam pressure rises to
8.0MPa、极热态 9.8MPa时，高压旁路 8MPa in hot state and 9.81MPa in very
应投压力反馈自动控制。 hot state;HP bypass should be launched
into autocontrolling of pressure feedback.
(2) 当再热蒸汽压力升到热态 0.8MPa、极 (2) Whrn reheat steam pressure rise to
热态 0.9MPa 时，低压旁路应投压力反馈 0.8MPa in hot state and 0.9 MPa in very
自动控制。 hot state, LP bypass should be launched
into autocontrolling of pressure feedback.
a. 确认危急遮断器滑阀已挂闸； a. Confirm that emergency governor slid
valve has tripped;
b. 确认按钮"HIP START/IP START"是处 b. Confirm that the “HIP START/IP
于"IP START"状态； START" button is in "IP START" state;
c. 按"RUN"按钮，开启高、中压主汽阀； c. Press the “RUN” button and open the
valves;
d. "TARGET"选择 500r/min 转速； d. “TARGET” is selected to be 500r/min;
"ACCELERATE"选择: 热态 "ACCELERATE" is selected to be
200r/min/min，极热态 300r/min/min； 200r/min/min in hot state and
300r/min/min in very hot state;
e. 按"GO"按钮后，中压调节阀逐渐开启， e. Press the “GO” button and the
机组随着给定的升速率增加转速；通风阀 intermediate pressure regulating valve
开启，当转速大于盘车转速时盘车装置自 gradually opens and unit speed
increases at the given rate; vent valve
动脱开，否则应立即停机。
opens and when the speed is higher than
turning speed, the turning gear should
disengage automatically and otherwise it
is necessary to immediately stop the unit.
在此转速下对机组作全面检查，主要检查 At this speed, thoroughly check the unit.
动静部件摩擦，停留时间不得超过 5 分钟。 Mainly check for friction between the
moving part and stationary part;
residence time should not exceed 5min;
a. "TARGET"选择 3000r/min 转速； a. “TARGET” is selected to be 3000r/min;
b. 按"GO"按钮，增加转速。 b. Press the “GO” button to increase
speed.
protection.
b. 排汽温度80℃时，低压缸喷水系统 b. When steam exhaust temperature is
应自动投入，否则手动开启。 ≥80℃, low pressure turbine water spray
d. 检查润滑油系统； d. Check the lube oil system
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第 2.1 条第 a 项； normal; refer to Item a of 2.1 in chapter
22;
(3) 润滑油压在正常值，见第 22 章第 1.2 (3) Lube oil pressure is normal; refer to
条第 a 项； Item a of 1.2 in chapter 22;
第 1.2 条第 c 项； refer to Item c of 1.2 in chapter 22;
(5) 当转速 1200r/min 时停顶轴油泵。 (5) When speed reaches 1200r/min, stop
the jacking oil pump;
e. 检查抗燃油系统: e. Check the fire-resistant oil system;
f. 蒸汽参数要求 f. Steam parameter requirement
主蒸汽温度变化率与再热蒸汽温度变化率 Main steam temperature change rate and
不应超过冲转前选择值； reheat steam temperature change rate
should not exceed the selected value
before roll-off;
grid.
网)，或"AUTO SYNC OUT"(外部电气并 auto synchronization) or “AUTO SYNC
网)。在并网后，由控制系统加 3％最小负 OUT” (external electric synchronization);
荷，然后进入升负荷控制。 after synchronization with power grid, the
"TARGET"选择最终稳定运行的目标负荷； “TARGET” is selected to be the target
"LOAD RATE"选择: "LOAD RATE" is selected to be:
热态 3.2MW/min 极热态 7MW/min 3.2MP/min in hot state and 7MW/min in
very hot state
gradually.
经过高压调节级作功后蒸汽温度与金属温 intermediate pressure turbines, note that
度相匹配。 the steam temperature of the main steam
page52
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98
temperature.
b. 在低压旁路阀门全关后，由 TBS 系统 b. After low pressure bypass valve closes
向 DEH 发信号，维持负荷不变； completely, TBS system sends a signal to
c. 在以上项目完成后，由运行人员 c. After the above items are completed,
按”CYLINDER CHANGE”按钮，开始缸切 the operators press the “CYLINDER
换，高压调节阀以单阀方法逐渐开启，约 1 CHANGE” button to start casing
分钟后高压调节阀与中压调节阀进入比例 changeover. High pressure regulating
关系，此时切换结束； valve opens gradually in single mode and
changeover ends;
d. 在切换期间应检查以下项目: d. During changeover, check the
following items:
（1）通风阀(VV 阀)关闭 (1) Vent valve (VV valve) closes;
（2）高排逆止门自动开启； (2) High pressure exhaust check valve
opens automatically.
在切换结束时由 DEH 系统向 TBS 发信号 After changeover is finished, the DEH
机组开始升负荷，随着负荷的增加，高旁 system sends a single to TBS and the
逐渐关闭。当负荷达下滑点时，高压旁路 unit starts to increase load. With load
阀门解除压力反馈自动控制。 increase, high pressure bypass gradually
control.
a. 负荷到达下滑点时，由 DEH 系统向 a. When load reaches the drop point, the
CCS 系统发信号，机组随锅炉开始滑参数 DEH system sends a signal to CCS
升负荷。 system and the unit starts sliding
parameter load increase with the boiler.
b. 机组大约在热态 120MW、极热态 b. The unit enters the drop point at
150MW 负荷时进入下滑点，此时高压调节 approximate 120MW load at hot state
阀接近 90%额定阀位，由 DEH 控制系统发 and at some150MW load at very hot
信号给 CCS 系统，机组随锅炉升压提升负 state,in this case high pressure regulating
荷，此时 DEH 控制系统不参与调节(指不参 valve approaches 90% rated valve
与负荷控制），直至机组负荷接近 position. The DEH control system sends
90%ECR。 a signal to the CCS system and unit
increases load with boiler pressure
increase. In this case, the DEH control
system does not participate in regulation
page5350ofof9898
page
(i.e. not to participate in load control) until
unit load approaches 90%ECR.
c. 检查以下运行状态时，疏水系统的顺序 c. Check the sequential close of the drain
关闭 system in the following operation
conditions:
section drain.
e. 在达到目标负荷后，可以按“顺序阀”按 e. After the target load is reached, press
钮，可转到顺序阀控制状态，以利于机组 the “SEQ VALVE” button to change to
有更好的经济性。 sequence valve control state, which helps
the unit have better economic efficiency.
page 50 of 98
page 54 of 98
图 11-1 Fig. 11-1 Hot start of IP casing
page 55 of 98
图 11-2 Fig. 11-2 Very hot start of IP casing
page 56 of 98
12 运行 12 Operation
page 57 of 98
13 正常运行 13 Normal Operation
1 汽轮机正常运行期间，下列项目应在 1. During normal turbine operation, the
第 22 章“机组启动、运行的限制值”规定的 following items should be in the normal
正常值范围内： value range specified in chapter 22 “Unit
Start and Operation Limit Values”.
a. 控制油压（指保安油压、抗燃油压） a. Control oil pressure (refer to protection
和轴承润滑油压； oil pressure and fire resistant oil
pressure) and bearing lube oil pressure;
b. 轴振、瓦振； b. Shaft vibration and bush vibration;
c. 高中压胀差、低压胀差； c. High and intermediate pressure
differential difference, low pressure
differential expansion;
d. 轴承进油、回油温度、钨金温度； d. Bearing oil inlet and return
temperature, Babbitt alloy temperature;
e. 轴向位移； e. Axial displacement;
f. 金属温度； f. Metal temperature;
g. 凝汽器压力； g. Condenser pressure
h. 低压缸排汽温度； h. Low pressure turbine exhaust
temperature;
i. 高压排汽口处蒸汽温度； i. Steam pressure at high pressure
exhaust port;
j. 主油箱、抗燃油箱油位。 j. Main oil tank and fire resistant oil tank
level;
为保证机组长期安全运行，还应按第 24 章 To ensure long and safe unit operation,
进行定期检查试验。 periodic check and test should be carried
out according to chapter 24.
2 正常运行注意事项 2. Precautions for normal operation
2.1 蒸汽参数的允许变化范围 2.1 Allowable change range of steam
parameters
a. 主蒸汽压力（指高压主汽阀前） a. High pressure steam pressure (before
high pressure main stop valve)
额定压力 Po: 12.75MPa Rated pressure Po: 12.75MPa
连续运行的年平均压力: 不超过 Po； Annual average pressure of continuous
operation: ≯ Po;
在保证年平均压力下允许连续运行的压力: Allowable continuous operation pressure
不超过 1.05Po； at guaranteed annual average pressure:
≯ 1.05Po;
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在异常情况下允许压力浮动不超过 Allowable pressure fluctuation in

1.10Po，但此值的累计时间在任何一年的 abnormal conditions is not over 1.10Po
运行中不得超过 12h。 but the accumulated time of this value
shall not exceed 12h in any year of
operation.
b. 主蒸汽及再热蒸汽温度（指高压主汽阀 b. Main steam and reheat steam
前及中压主汽阀前）: temperature (before HV main stop valve
and IP main stop valve):
额定温度 To: 538℃ Rated temperature To: 538℃
连续运行的年平均温度: 不超过 To; Annual average temperature of
continuous operation: ≯ To;
在保证年平均温度下，允许连续运行的温 At the guaranteed annual average
度: 不超过 To+5℃ temperature, allowable continuous
operation temperature: ≯ To+5℃
不超过 To+7℃的年累计运行时间不超过 Annual accumulated operation time at ≯
400h； To+7℃ does not exceed 400h;
2.2 偏周波运行 2.2 Partial cycle operation
周波：f 允许 Cycle:f operation allowed
运行时间
单位：Hz 每次(sec）累计（min） unit：Hz at a time（sec） add up（min）
f<47.0Hz 不允许运行 f<47.0Hz operation not allowed
47.0～47.5Hz 总计不超过 20min，每次不 47.0Hz≤f<47.5Hz ≤10 ≤20
超过 10s；
47.5～48.0Hz 总计不超过 60min，每次 47.5Hz≤f<48.0Hz ≤60 ≤60
不超过 60s；
48.0～48.5Hz 总计不超过 300min，每次 48.0Hz≤f<48.5Hz ≤300 ≤ 300
不超过 300s；
48.5Hz≤f<50.5Hz 连续运行 48.5Hz≤f<50.5Hz Continuous operation
50.5～51.0Hz 总计不超过 80min，每次 50.5Hz≤f<51.0Hz ≤180 ≤80
不超过 180s
51.0～51.5Hz 总计不超过 30min，每次不 51Hz≤f<51.5Hz ≤30 ≤30
超过 30s；
f≥51.5Hz 不允许运行 f≥51.5Hz operation not allowed
注： Notes:
page 59 of 98
a）上述偏周波运行限制适用于从部分负 a) The above partial cycle operation limit

荷到满负荷，汽轮机空负荷运行、打闸停 is applicable to the operation from partial
机及超速试验所出现的偏周波不计入上述 load to full load, and partial cycle
occurring in turbine no-load operation,
限制时间之内。
trip and stop and overspeed test is not
included in the above limited time.
b）在机组寿命期内，应累计计算各种偏 b) In the unit life period, the life
周波运行时间下的寿命消耗。 consumption in various partial cycle
operation times should be accumulated.
例如: 在 48.2Hz 运行 10min，寿命消耗 Example: Upon operation for 10min at
10/30×100％=33.3％。所有的偏周波运行 48.2Hz, the life consumption is
寿命消耗之和不大于 100％。 10/30x100%=33.3%. Total life
consumption in various partial cycle
operation shall not exceed 100%.
其余见第 22 章和第 23 章。 See chapter 22 and chapter 23 for the
rest.
page 60 of 98
14 变负荷运行 14 Variable Load Operation
1 运行方式 1. Operation mode

本机组可以按定压和定-滑-定两种方式运 This unit can operate in constant
行。 pressure mode and
constant-sliding-constant pressure mode.
调峰运行时推荐采用定-滑-定运行方式。即 Constant-sliding-constant pressure mode
机组在 90％以上额定负荷运行时采用定压 is recommended for cycling operation.
运行，机组在 90％～30％额定负荷之间运 This means that when the unit operates
at >90% rated load, constant pressure
行时采用滑压运行，机组在 30％以下额定
operation is adopted; when the unit
负荷运行时采用定压运行。这种运行方式 operates at 90%~30% rated load, sliding
能够提高机组变工况运行时的热经济性， pressure operation is adopted; and when
减小进汽部份的温差和负荷变化时的温度 the unit operates at <30% rated load,
变化，因而降低了机组的低周疲劳损伤。 constant pressure operation is adopted.
This operation mode can increase
thermal economy of the unit in variable
condition operation, reduce temperature
difference of the steam admission part
and temperature change at load change
and thus reduce unit low cycle fatigue
damage.
若机组采用喷嘴调节(即顺序阀)方式运行 If the unit operates in nozzle governing
(i.e. sequence valve) mode, regulating
时，到 90％额定负荷时 I、II 号调阀全开，
valves I and II open widely and regulating
III 号调阀微微开启。当机组在 90％～30％
valve III opens slightly at 90% rated load.
额定负荷之间运行时，锅炉进入滑压运行，
When the unit operates at 90%~30%
主蒸汽压力随负荷降低而降低，而在此范 rated load, the boiler goes into sliding
围内高压阀门开度基本不变。当负荷小于 pressure operation and main steam
30％额定负荷时机组又进入定压运行，在 pressure decreases with load decrease
此阶段用高压调节阀改变机组负荷。当负 but the opening of the high pressure
荷小于 30%额定负荷时中压调节阀参与负 valve remains basically unchanged in this
荷调节。 range. When the load is lower than 30%
rated load and the unit goes into constant
pressure operation, the high pressure
regulating valve is used to change unit
load in this period. When the load is
lower than 30% rated load, intermediate
pressure regulating valve participates in
load regulation.
2 机组半年试生产后，年利用小时数不小 2 The unit average annual operation
于6500小时，年可用小时数不小于8000小 time is not less than 6500h, the unit
annual able operation time is not less
时，连续运行天数不少于180天（非制造质 than 8000h, continuous operation time
量造成事故除外）。 isn’t less than 180days (except that the
accident isn’t worked by manufacturing
quality );
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page
调峰运行允许稳定运行时间: the stable operation time allowed for
cycling operation is:
负荷(％ECR) 小时/每年 Load (%ECR) h/y
100 5000 100 5000
80 1500 80 1500
60 1000 60 1000
50 500 50 500
（注：80%、60%、50%负荷运行时间不 (Note: operation time at 80% and 60%
允许超过上述时间） and 50% loads is not allowed to exceed
the above time).
2 机组的允许负荷变化率为： 2. Allowable unit load change rate is:
3 负荷变化率：机组负荷升降速度应综 3 load change rate: the speed of load
合考虑汽机和锅炉设备安全，汽机允许负 increasing or load reducing should
荷变化率为 consider synthetically the safety of
turbine and boiler equipment, allowable
unit load change rate of turbine is:
(1) 从 100%—50%TMCR 5%/每分钟 (1) 100% —50%TMCR 5%/min
(2) 从 50%—30% TMCR 3%/每分钟 (2) 50%—30%TMCR 3%/min
(3) 从 30%TMCR 以下 2%/每分钟 (3) ＜30%TMCR 2%/min
(4) 允许负荷阶跃 10%TMCR 负荷 (4) allowable load step 10%TMCR load
4 高负荷正常运行期间，如果负荷变动 4. During normal operation under high
频繁且变动率较大时，为使汽轮机高压缸 load, if load changes frequently and
温度变化最小，热应力最低，应选用节流 change rate is high, throttle governing
mode (i.e. single valve governing) should
调节方式(即单阀调节)。但若机组长期稳定
be selected in order to minimize high
在低于额定负荷运行时则应选取喷嘴调节 pressure turbine temperature change and
方式(顺序阀调节)以获得较高的热效率。 thermal stress. But if the unit operates
stably at <rated load for a long time,
nuzzling governing mode (sequence
valve governing) should be selected to
obtain high thermal efficiency.
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15 异常运行 15 Abnormal operation
汽轮机运行时，当与第 22 章中的限制值有
During turbine operation, when one or
一项或几项已超限进入报警，但没有一项 several of the limit values in chapter 22
达到停机值，而此时电厂又不希望立即停 have exceeded the limit and entered
alarm range but none of them has
机，这种状态下的短时运行称为异常运行。
reached stop value, the power plant does
not want to stop the unit immediately. The
short time operation in this case is called
abnormal operation.
异常运行时，应密切注意各超限变化趋势， During abnormal operation, it is
尽快查找出引起超限的原因，采取适当措 necessary to note over-limit change
施予以消除。一旦超限值进入停机值应立 trend, find the over-limit cause as soon
as possible and take appropriate
即打闸停机。
measures to eliminate the cause. The
unit should be tripped and shut down
once over-limit goes into stop value.
下面列出部分限制值进入报警时应检查的 Some items that should be checked
内容。 when limit values go into alarm.
超限项目主要检查内容备注
Overlimit item Main check items Remarks
1 轴向位移大 1）检查主蒸汽和再热蒸汽参数及真空是否有大幅度波
1. Axial 动
displacement 1) Check whether main steam and reheat steam
high parameters and vacuum fluctuate greatly.
2）检查推力轴承瓦温、排油温度，确认乌金是否磨损。
2) Check thrust bearing temperature and oil discharge
temperature and confirms whether Babbitt alloy is
worn.
2 胀差大 1）高中压胀差大
2. Differential 1) High and intermediate pressure differential
expansion high difference high
a 确认胀差方向，（正胀差增大或负胀差增大）
a. Confirm differential expansion direction (positive
differential expansion increase or negative differential
expansion increase);
b 保持机组负荷，减小主蒸汽温度的波动。检查高压排汽
温度
b. Maintain unit load and reduce fluctuation of main
steam temperature. Check high pressure exhaust
temperature
c 如发现正胀差增大，应降低主蒸汽温度或逐渐降低机组
负荷
c. If positive differential expansion increase is found,
reduce main steam temperature or gradually reduce
unit load;
d 如发现负胀差增大，应提高主蒸汽温度或逐渐提升机组
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负荷。或采取其它措施提高汽缸温度。
d. If negative differential expansion increase is found,
increase main steam temperature or gradually increase
unit load or take other measures to increase casing
temperature.
2）低压缸胀差大（只有正胀差限制值）
2) Low pressure turbine differential difference high
(only positive differential expansion limit value is
available)
a 保持机组负荷，减小再热蒸汽温度波动。检查低压缸排
汽温度。
a. Maintain unit load and reduce fluctuation of reheat
steam temperature. Check low pressure turbine
exhaust temperature
b 降低再热蒸汽温度或逐渐降低机组负荷。
b. Reduce reheat steam temperature or gradually
reduce unit load.
3 振动大 1）注意每一轴承的振动趋势，判明振动类型。
3. Vibration 1) Note vibration trend of each bearing and judge
excessive vibration type;
2）检查下列指示值是否正常
2) Check that the following indications are normal
a 轴承乌金温度及进油温度；
a. Bearing Babbitt temperature and inlet oil
temperature;
b 各瓦油膜压力；
b. Bush oil film pressure;
c 主蒸汽和再热蒸汽温度与汽缸金属温度不匹配量是否
太大；
c. Excessive mismatch between main steam and
reheat steam temperature and casing metal
temperature;
d 凝汽器压力，低压排汽温度；
d. Condenser pressure, low pressure exhaust
temperature;
e 高中压缸金属温差；
e. high and intermediate pressure turbines casing metal
temperature difference;
f 汽缸膨胀量与胀差；
f. Casing expansion amount and differential expansion;
g 停机时检查大轴弯曲值；
g. Check large shaft bending value at shutdown;
h 测量振动频谱和轴心轨迹等。
h. Measure vibration frequency spectrum and locus of
journal center;
3）如果在汽轮机启动期间发生振动过大，不应让机组运
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行在临界转速区。如振动过大发生在加载期，应停止加载
而维持汽轮机原负荷运行，待查出原因并消除后再加载。
如在升速期振动超限，应停机检查，不得降速运行。
3) If vibration is excessively high in the turbine start
period, do not let the unit operate in the critical speed
zone. If excessive vibration occurs in the loading
period, stop loading and keep the turbine operate
under the original load. Increase the load after finding
and eliminating the cause. If vibration exceeds the limit
in the speed raising period, stop the unit for check and
do not make the unit operate at reduced speed.
4 润滑油压低 1）检查主油箱油位；
4. Lube oil 1) Check main oil tank level;
pressure low 2）检查润滑油系统有无泄漏；
2) Check lube oil system for leakage;
3）检查主油泵和射油器运行是否正常。
3) Check that main oil pump and oil ejector operate
normally.
5 支持轴承瓦温 1）检查轴承油膜压力；
及回油温度高 1) Check bearing oil film pressure;
5. Journal 2）检查润滑油质，确认油中是否有杂质；
bearing 2) Check lube oil quality and confirm that no impurities
bushing are in the oil;
temperature 3）检查进油温度是否正常；
and return oil 3) Check that inlet oil temperature is normal;
temperature 4）检查汽封漏汽是否严重。
high 4) Check if steam seal leakage is heavy.
6 止推轴承瓦温 1）检查轴向位移是否过大；
及回油温度高 1) Check if axial displacement is too high;
6. Thrust 2）检查润滑油质，确认油中是否有杂质；
bearing bush 2) Check lube oil quality and confirm that no impurities
temperature are in the oil;
and return oil 3）检查进油温度是否正常。
temperature 3) Check that inlet oil temperature is normal;
high
7 主油箱油位高 1）当主油箱油位低时
或低 1) When main oil tank level is low
7. Main oil tank 查明润滑油系统中是否有泄漏。
level high or Check whether the lube oil system leaks;
low 2）当主油箱油位高时
2) When main oil tank level is high
查明冷油器是否漏水，或主油箱内是否积水过多。
Check whether oil cooler leaks water or main oil tank
has excessive accumulated water.
8 凝汽器真空 1）检查低压排汽温度是否正常；
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变低 1) Check whether low pressure steam exhaust is
8. Condenser normal;
vacuum low 2）检查真空破坏阀是否关严；
2) Check whether vacuum breaker is closed tightly;
3）检查低压前后汽封送汽压力是否正常；
3) Check whether steam seal steam supply pressure
before and after low pressure turbine is normal;
4) 检查凝汽器循环水温和凝汽器水位是否正常；
4) Check whether condenser circulating water
temperature and condenser water level are normal;
5) 如处在低压喷水状态，检查喷水是否正常。
5) If in low pressure water spray condition, check that
water spray is normal.
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16 停机 16 Unit Shutdown
本机组停机可分为滑参数停机、额定参数 Turbine shutdown is divided into sliding

停机和紧急停机。 parameter shutdown, rated parameter
shutdown and emergency shutdown.
滑参数停机: 主要是为了使停机后的汽缸 Sliding parameter shutdown: mainly to
金属温度降到较低的温度水平，一般用于 reduce casing metal temperature after
小修、大修等计划停机。 shutdown to lower temperature level and
generally suitable for scheduled
shutdown such as current repair and
overhaul etc.
额定参数停机: 主要是为了短时间消缺处 Rated parameter shutdown: mainly to
理后能及时启动，希望机组的汽缸金属维 realize prompt start after short time
持较高的温度水平，缩短机组的启动时间。 trouble shooting and hope to keep the
unit casing metal at higher temperature
level and shorten unit start time.
紧急停机: 主要用于机组发生事故，危及人 Emergency shutdown: mainly used when
身及设备安全运行和突然发生不可抗拒的 the unit has any accident, endangers
自然灾害。 personal and equipment operation safety
or when an irresistible natural disaster
suddenly occurs.
滑参数停机和额定参数停机前的准备工作: Preparation work before sliding
parameter shutdown and rated parameter
shutdown:
a. 试验交、直流润滑油泵、顶轴油泵及盘 a. Test the AC and DC lube oil pump,
车电机，均应工作正常； jacking oil pump and turning motor which
should operate normally;
b. 确认主汽阀和调节阀、抽汽逆止阀灵 b. Confirm that the main stop valve,
活，无卡涩现象； regulating valve and extraction check
valve are flexible without rubbing;
c. 做好轴封辅助汽源、除氧器备用汽源的 c. Carry out pipe warming work for
暖管工作。 auxiliary steam supply of shaft seal and
deaerator;
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17 滑参数停机 17 Sliding Parameter Shutdown
汽机跟随锅炉按滑压曲线滑压减负荷，同 The steam turbine undergoes sliding

时逐渐全开调速汽门。在降负荷期间，运 pressure load reduction with the boiler
行人员应监视高压内缸调节级后金属温度 according to the sliding pressure curve
and the governing valve is gradually
和中压缸进汽区域金属温度变化梯度。在"
opened widely. During load reduction, the
手动"和"操作人员自动"状态降负荷率限制 operators should monitor the change
值由运行人员在操作盘给定，操作方式参 gradient of the metal temperature after
见机组启动操作步骤。 governing stage of high pressure inner
casing and the metal temperature of
steam admission area of the intermediate
pressure turbine. In “manual” and
“operator auto” state, limit value of load
reduction rate is set by the operators on
the operating panel; for the operating
mode, refer to the unit startup operating
procedure.
a. 按锅炉滑参数停机曲线降温、降压、减 a. Limiting requirements for temperature,
负荷限制要求 pressure and load reduction according to
boiler sliding parameter shutdown curve
主、再热蒸汽温度下降速度: 小于 1℃/min； Main and reheat steam temperature
decrease speed: <1℃/min;
主、再热蒸汽压降速度: 0.03～ Main and reheat steam pressure
0.05MPa/min； decrease speed: 0.03～0.05MPa/min；
Main and reheat steam superheat
主、再热蒸汽过热度: 大于 50℃；
degree: >50℃;
b. 汽缸金属温度下降速度不超过 b. Casing metal temperature decrease
1℃/min； speed 1≯℃/min;
c. 在主蒸汽温度下降 30℃左右时应稳定 c. When main steam temperature
5～10min 后再降温，目的是控制主蒸汽与 decreases 30℃, it should be stable for
再热蒸汽的温差，以及汽轮机的热膨胀和 5~10min before further decrease. This is
胀差； to control the temperature difference
between main steam and reheat steam
and the thermal expansion and
differential difference of the steam
turbine;
d. 当调节级后蒸汽温度降到低于高压内 d. When steam temperature after
缸调节级处法兰内壁金属温度 30℃时应暂 governing stage decreases to be 30℃
停降温； lower than the inner wall metal
temperature at the governing stage of the
high pressure inner case governing
stage, temperature decrease should be
suspended;
e. 减负荷过程中应注意高中压缸胀差的 e. During load reduction, note the change
变化，当负胀差达到-1mm 时停止减负荷， of differential difference of high and
若负胀差继续增大，采取措施无效而影响 intermediate pressure turbines. When
negative differential difference reaches
机组安全时，应快速减负荷到零；
-1mm, stop load increase; if negative
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differential difference continues to
increase and unit safety is affected
despite measures, it is necessary to
reduce load quickly to zero;
f. 减负荷过程中应根据运行情况及时投 f. During load reduction, promptly put
入旁路系统，并注意低压缸喷水冷却系统 bypass system into operation depending
的投入； on operation condition and switch on the
low pressure turbine spray cooling
system;
g. 减负荷过程中应注意轴封及除氧器汽 g. During load reduction, note the
源的切换； changeover of shaft seal and deaerator
steam supplies.
h. 在减负荷过程中对疏水系统的控制 h. Control of drain system during load
reduction
（1）在 30％额定负荷时打开低压段疏水； (1) Open low pressure section at 30%
rated load;
（2）在 20％额定负荷时打开中压段疏水； (2) Open intermediate pressure section
at 20% rated load;
（3）在 10％额定负荷，打开高压段疏水。 (3) Open high pressure section at 10%
rated load;
i. 负荷降至 50MW 时，开凝结水再循环 i. When load drops to 50MW, open the
门，以保证凝结水泵的正常工作和凝汽器 condensate recirculating valve to ensure
的水位； normal operation of condensate pump
and condenser water level.
j. 当新汽压力降到 1.96MPa，汽温降到 j. When live steam pressure drops to
250℃，在定压下将负荷降到 5％额定负荷， 1.96MPa and steam temperature drops
检查机组无异常后应打闸停机，高中压主 to 250℃, reduce the load to 5% rated
汽阀、调节阀和抽汽逆止阀均应全部关闭； load at constant pressure, check that the
unit is normal and then trip and stop the
unit. High and intermediate main stop
valves, regulating valve and extraction
check valve should all close;
k. 汽轮机跳闸以后，交流润滑油泵应自动 k. After turbine trip, AC lube oil pump
启动，否则应手动启动，同时开始记录并 should start automatically. Otherwise,
绘制汽轮机惰走曲线； manually start it and begin to record and
plot turbine coast down curve.
l. 转速降到 1200r/min 时启动顶轴油泵； l. Start the jacking oil pump when speed
drops to 1200r/min.
m. 在机组惰走到 300r/min 时，打开真空 m. After the unit coasts down to 300r/min,
破坏阀破坏真空，（如不停炉可不打开真 open the vacuum breaker to break
空破坏阀）机组转速降到零时投连续盘车， vacuum (vacuum breaker may not be
opened if boiler is not shut down). Start
停射水抽气器，同时记录大轴弯曲值及盘
continuous turning when unit speed
车电流； drops to zero, stop water jet air ejector
and record the large shaft bending value
and turning current.
n. 真空到零，停轴封供汽，停轴封风机； n. When vacuum degree drops to zero,
stop shaft seal steam supply and stop
shaft seal fan.
o. 高压内缸上半内壁温度降到 150℃左 o. When inner wall temperature of upper
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右时，可以采用间歇盘车，每半小时翻转 half of high pressure inner casing drops
180℃，温度降到 150℃以下时停盘车和停 to 150℃, intermittent turning can be
顶轴油泵，在停盘车后过 8h 再停润滑油泵； made and bearing bush is turned 180°
per hour. When temperature drops to
below 150℃, stop turning gear and
jacking oil pump and wait for 8h and then
stop lube oil pump.
p. 在停机后，确信主油箱内无油烟时，方 p. After shutdown, stop smoke exhaust
可停排烟风机； fan after confirming that no oil smoke is in
the main oil tank.
r. 在降负荷，打闸停机期间应注意监视以 r. Monitor the following during load
下几点: reduction and trip and stop:
（1）在滑参数减负荷过程中，应严密监 (1) During sliding parameter load
视机组振动，发生异常振动时应停止降温、 reduction, closely monitor unit vibration.
降压、立即打闸停机； When abnormal vibration occurs, stop
temperature and pressure reduction and
immediately trip and stop the unit.
（2）在盘车时如果有摩擦声或其它不正常 (2) During sliding parameter load
情况时，应停止连续盘车而改为定期盘车， reduction, closely monitor unit vibration.
若有热弯曲时应用定期盘车的方式消除热 When abnormal vibration occurs, stop
temperature and pressure reduction and
弯曲后再连续盘车 4 小时以上。
immediately trip and stop the unit.
（3）停机后应严密监视并采取措施，防止 (3) After shutdown, closely monitor and
冷汽、冷水倒灌入汽缸引起大轴弯曲和汽 take measures to prevent cold steam and
缸变形。 cold water from reversely entering the
casing to cause large shaft bending and
casing deformation.
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98
538℃
图 17-1 滑参数停机曲线
drawing 17-1 sliding parameter shutdown curve
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18 额定参数停机 18 Rated Parameter Shutdown
额定参数停机一般用于临时停机。机组若 Rated parameter shutdown is generally

计划停机后检修，采用喷嘴调节方式是有 used for temporary shutdown. If the unit
利的，因该方式停机后金属温度较低，可 is scheduled to be maintained after
shutdown, use of nozzle governing mode
缩短机组冷却时间。对于停机时间只有几
is favorable because after shutdown in
小时的调峰机组或其它短暂的临时停机， this mode, metal temperature is low and
为了使停机后金属温度较高，有利于再次 unit cooling time can be shortened. For
快速启动投运，通常采用节流调节方式。 peak shaving units with only several
根据不同停机目的，可以在操作盘上选择 hours of shutdown or other short time
阀门管理方式--单阀控制或顺序阀控制(即 shutdown, to make post-shutdown metal
节流调节或喷嘴调节)。 temperature relatively high and facilitate
another quick start and operation, throttle
governing mode is usually used.
Depending on different shutdown
purposes, it is appropriate to select valve
management mode – single valve control
or sequence valve control (i.e. throttle
governing or nozzle governing) on the
operating panel.
a. 在操作盘选择减负荷率，减负荷率选 a. Select load reduction rate on the
1MW/min； operating panel, which will be 1MW/min;
b. 根据锅炉运行情况随时投入旁路系统； b. Put bypass system into operation
depending on boiler operation condition.
c. 减负荷时，注意高中压缸和低压缸胀差 c. During load reduction, note the change
的变化，如胀差太大，应放慢减负荷速度， of differential expansion of high and
应注意轴封汽源的切换。当胀差达-1mm 时 intermediate pressure turbines and low
pressure turbine. If differential expansion
停止减负荷稳定运行，若负胀差继续增大
is too high, decrease load reduction
且采取措施无效影响到机组安全时，应快 speed and pay attention to changeover of
速减负荷到零；或打闸停机； shaft seal steam supply. When differential
expansion reaches 15mm, stop load
reduction and execute stable operation. If
differential expansion continues to
decrease and taking measures is
ineffective and affects unit safety, quickly
reduce load to zero or trip and stop the
unit.
d. 减负荷过程中应注意除氧器汽源的切 d. During load reduction, note the
换； changeover of deaerator steam supply.
e. 在减负荷过程中，对疏水系统的控制， e. For control of drain system during load
见第 17 章第 h 条； reduction, refer to h of chapter 17;
f. 负荷降至 50MW 时，开凝结水再循环 f. When load drops to 50MW, open
门，以保证凝结水泵的正常工作和凝汽器 condensate recirculating valve to ensure
水位； normal operation and condenser water
level of condensate pump;
g. 负荷降到 5％额定负荷情况下，检查机 g. When load drops to 5% rated load,
组无异常后，按下汽机跳闸按钮，发电机 check that the unit is normal. Press the
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解列，高中压主汽阀、调节阀和抽汽逆止 turbine trip button to make generator
阀均应全部关闭； parallel off. All high and intermediate
pressure main stop valves, regulating
valves and extraction check valves
should close.
h. 其它操作同滑参数停机，见第 17 章第 h. Other operations are the same as
k 条至 r 条。 sliding parameter shutdown. Refer to k~r
of chapter 17.
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19 紧急停机 19 Emergency Shutdown
1 紧急停机处理原则 1. Emergency shutdown handling

principle
a. 事故的处理，应以保证人身安全，不损 a. Accident treatment shall ensure
坏或尽量少损坏设备为原则； personal safety and equipment should
not be damaged or should be damaged
to the lowest extent.
b. 机组发生事故时应立即停止故障设备 b. When the unit has any accident,
的运行，并采取相应措施防止事故蔓延。 immediately stop the operation of faulty
必要时应保持非故障设备的运行； equipment and take measures to prevent
accident spreading. If necessary, keep
non-faulty equipment in operation.
c. 事故处理应迅速、准确、果断； c. Accident treatment should be quick,
accurate and resolute.
d. 应保留好现场特别是保存好事故发生 d. The data recorded by the instruments
前和发生时仪器、仪表所记录的数据，以 and gages on site and especially before
备分析原因，提出改进措施时参考； and at accident occurrence should be
kept for reference in analyzing the cause
and proposing improvement measures;
e. 事故消除后，运行值班人员应将观察到 e. After accident is eliminated, operation
的现象，当时的运行参数，处理经过和发 personnel on duty shall completely and
生时间进行完整、准确的记录，以便分析 accurately record the observed
phenomenon, current operation
事故原因时供有关有人员查询。
parameter, treatment process and
occurrence time so as to analyze
accident cause and for related personnel
to consult.
2 在下列情况下，机组打闸后应立即破坏 2. In the following cases, it is
真空紧急停机 necessary to break vacuum and
emergently shut down the unit after
unit trip
a. 机组发生强烈振动，瓦振振幅达 a. Unit vibrates heavily and bush
0.10mm 以上； vibration amplitude reaches over
0.10mm;
b. 汽轮机或发电机内有清晰的金属摩擦 b. Clear metal friction sound and impact
声和撞击声； sound can be heard in the turbine or
generator;
c. 汽轮机发生水击或主蒸汽或再热蒸汽 c. Turbine water hammer occurs or high
温度 10min 内急剧下降 50℃以上； pressure steam temperature quickly
drops to above 50℃ within 10min;
d. 任一轴承回油温度升至 75℃或任一轴 d. Return oil temperature of any bearing
承断油冒烟时； rises to 75℃ or any bearing gives off
fume due to oil supply stop;
e. 任一支持轴承巴氏合金温度升至 e. Babbitt alloy temperature of any
115℃或推力轴承巴氏合金温度升至 journal bearing rises to 115℃ or Babbitt
110℃； alloy temperature of thrust bearing rises
to 110℃;
f. 轴封或挡油环严重摩擦，冒火花； f. Shaft seal or oil retainer has heavy
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friction and sparkles;
g. 润滑油压低至 0.07MPa，启动辅助油 g. Lube oil pressure drops to 0.07MPa
泵无效； and starting auxiliary oil pump is no use;
h. 主油箱油位降至低油位停机值以下，补 h. Main oil tank level drops below the low
油无效； oil level stop value and oil replenishment
is in vain.
i. 油系统着火； i. Oil system catches fire;
j. 轴向位移超过跳闸值，而轴向位移保护 j. Axial displacement exceeds trip value
装置未动作； but axial displacement protector does not
actuate;
k. 汽轮机转速超过 3360r/min，危急遮断 k. Turbine speed exceeds 3360r/min and
器不动作； emergency governor does not actuate;
l. 凝汽器压力升至 19.7kPa 以上； l. Exhaust device pressure rises to above
19.7kPa and taking measures can not
reduce it.
m. 循环水中断不能立即恢复； m. Circulating water is interrupted and
can not be restored immediately.
n. 高压排汽温度≥420℃。 n. High pressure exhaust temperature
≥420℃.
3 在下列情况下，机组打闸后可不破坏真 3. In the following cases, the unit can
空停机 be stopped without vacuum breaking
after unit trip
a. 主、再热蒸汽管破裂，机组无法运行； a. Main and reheat steam pipes break
and unit can not operate;
b. 凝结水泵故障，凝汽器水位过高，而备 b. Condensate pump fails and condenser
用泵不能投入； water level is too high but standby pump
can not be put into operation;
c. 机组甩负荷后空转或带厂用电运行超 c. Unit operates without load after load
过 15min； rejection or operates with auxiliary power
for more than 15min;
d. DEH 系统和调节保安系统故障无法维 d. DEH system and regulation and
持正常运行； protection system fails and can not
maintain normal operation;
e. 高中压缸、低压缸胀差增大，调整无效 e. Differential expansion of high and
超过极限值； intermediate pressure turbines and low
pressure turbine increases and exceeds
limit value despite adjustment;
f. 机组处于电动机状态运行时间超过 f. The unit operates in motor state for
1min。 over 1min.
4 紧急停机注意事项 4. Precautions for emergency
shutdown
a. 高、中压主汽阀及调节阀应立即关闭； a. High and intermediate pressure main
stop valves and regulating valve should
close;
b. 各抽汽止逆阀和高排止逆阀应立即关 b. All extraction check valves and high
闭； pressure exhaust check valves should
close immediately;
c. 交流或直流润滑油泵应立即投入； c. AC or DC lube oil pump should be put
into operation immediately;
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d. 全开汽轮机各疏水阀； d. All turbine drain valves should open;
e. 转速降至 1200r/min 时应启动顶轴油 e. Jacking oil pump should start when the
泵。 speed drops to 1200r/min.
f. 注意机组惰走情况，随真空下降调整轴 f. Pay attention to the idle condition of the
封压力。 unit, adjust the pressure of shaft seal
along with the vacuum reduction.
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20 启动、运行限制要求 20 Startup and Operation

Limiting Requirement
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21 机组禁止启动、运行限制要求 21 Unit Start Prohibition and
Operation Limiting Requirement
机组在启动前或冲转带负荷过程中应确认 Confirm if any of the following cases

是否出现下列情况，若发生则禁止启动或 occurs before unit start or during roll-off
停机进行检查。 and operation with load and if so, prohibit
start and stop the unit to conduct a
check.
a. 任一安全保护装置失灵； a. Any safety protection device fails;
b. 机组保护动作值不符合规定； b. Unit protection action value does not
conform to regulations;
c. 汽轮机调速系统不能维持空负荷运行， c. Turbine governing system can not
机组甩负荷后不能控制转速在危急遮断器 maintain no-load operation and after load
动作转速以下； rejection, the unit can not control the
speed to be below the emergency trip
action speed;
d. 任一主汽阀、调节阀、抽汽逆止阀卡涩 d. Any main stop valve, regulating valve
或关不严； or extraction check valve is seized or can
not close tightly;
e. 汽轮机转子弯曲值相对于原始值大于 e. The turbine rotor bending value is
0.03mm； greater than 0.03mm relative to the
original value;
f. 盘车时有清楚的金属摩擦声或盘车电 f. During turning, clear metal friction
流明显增大或大幅摆动； sound can be heard and turning current
increases considerably or fluctuates
significantly;
g. 主要显示仪表(如测转速、振动、轴向 g. Main instruments (e.g. transducers and
位移、相对膨胀、调速、润滑油压、抗燃 indicating instruments for measuring
油压、冷油器出口油温、轴承回油温度、 speed, vibration, axial displacement,
relative expansion, speed regulation, lube
主蒸汽及再热蒸汽压力与温度、凝汽器真
oil pressure, fire resistant oil pressure, oil
空等的传感器和显示仪表以及调节、保安 cooler outlet oil temperature, bearing
系统压力开关、测汽缸金属温度的双支热 return oil temperature, high pressure
电偶和显示仪表等)不全或失灵； steam and low pressure steam pressure
and temperature and steam exhaust
device vacuum degree, regulating and
protection system pressure switch,
double branch thermocouple and
indicating instruments for measuring
casing metal temperature) are incomplete
or fail;
h. 交、直流辅助油泵、润滑油系统、抗燃 h. AC and DC oil pumps, lube oil system,
油供油系统故障和顶轴装置、盘车装置失 fire resistant oil supply system fail and
常； shaft raising gear and turning gear fail;
i. 润滑油和抗燃油油质不合格，润滑油进 i. Lube oil and fire resistant oil quality is
油温度不正常，回油温度过高； not acceptable, lube oil inlet temperature
is abnormal and return oil temperature is
excessively high;
j. 回热系统中，主要调节及控制系统(如除 j. In the regenerative system, main
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氧器水位、压力自动调节、旁路系统保护 regulating and control systems (e.g.
及自动调节、汽(电)动给水泵控制系统等) deaerator water level, automatic pressure
失灵； regulation, bypass system protection and
automatic regulation, steam (motor)
driven feed water pump control system
etc.) fail;
k. 汽轮机进水； k. Water enters the steam turbine;
l. 机组保温不完善； l. Unit insulation is not perfect;
m. 机组启动、运行过程中，超过限制值； m. During unit start and operation, limit
(见第 22 章机组启动运行的限制值) value is limited; (refer to the limit value of
unit start and operation in chapter 22)
n. 水汽品质不符合要求；详见《火力发电 n. Water and steam quality does not
机组及蒸汽动力设备水汽质量标准》； meet the requirements; refer to the
“Quality Criterion of Water and Steam for
Generating Unit and Steam Power
Equipment”；
p. DEH 控制系统故障。 p. DEH control system fails.
page
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22 机组启动、运行的限制值 22 Unit Start and Operation Limit
Value
1 报警、停机值 1. Alarm and stop value

1.1 TSI 1.1 TSI
a. 轴向位移: (转子以发电机侧工作瓦定 a. Axial displacement (Rotor is positioned
位，转子朝发电机方向位移为正，反之为 according to operating bush on generator
负) side and displacement of rotor towards
generator is positive and displacement
from the generator is negative)
报警值: -1.05mm +0.6mm Alarm value: -1.05mm +0.6mm
停机值: -1.65mm +1.2mm Stop value: -1.65mm
+1.2mm
b. 在盘车状态，偏心率超过原始值 b. In turning state, alarm is given when
0.03mm 就要报警，如大于 0.03mm 应继 eccentricity is 0.03mm higher than the
续盘车直至小于 0.03mm 方可启动； original value. If greater than 0.03mm,
continue to turn until it is lower than
0.03mm before start.
c. 胀差 c. Differential expansion
报警值: 高中压胀差 -3mm +7.7mm Alarm value: high and intermediate
pressure differential expansion: -3mm
+7.7mm
低压胀差 / +10mm Low pressure differential pressure: /
+10mm
停机值:高中压胀差 -4mm +8.5mm Stop value: high and intermediate
pressure differential expansion: -4mm
+8.5mm
低压胀差 / +10.8m Low pressure differential expansion: /
+10.8mm
d. 轴振: (峰、峰值) d. Shaft vibration: (peak-peak value)
正常值: 0.076mm Normal value: 0.076mm
报警值: 0.127mm Alarm value: 0.127mm
停机值: 0.25mm Stop value: 0.25mm
e. 轴承盖振动: (峰、峰值) e. Bearing cover vibration: (peak-peak
value)
正常值: ≤0.05mm Normal value: ≤0.05mm
报警值: 0.05mm Alarm value: 0.05mm
停机值: 0.08mm(手动) Stop value: 0.08mm(manual)
1.2 油系统 1.2 Oil system
a. 润滑油压（轴承中分面处值） a. Lube oil pressure (value at bearing
horizontal joint)
正常值: 0.14～0.18MPa Normal value: 0.14~0.18MPa
报警值: 0.115MPa Alarm value: 0.115MPa
停机值: 0.07MPa Stop value: 0.07MPa
停盘车: 0.07MPa Stop turning gear: 0.07MPa
b. 抗燃油压 b. Fire resistant oil pressure
正常值: 14M±0.2MPa Normal value: 14±0.2MPa
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报警值: 11.2±0.2 MPa Alarm value: 11.2±0.2MPa
停机值： 7.8±0.2MPa Stop value: 7.8±0.2MPa
c. 润滑油温 c. Lube oil pressure
进油温度正常工作范围 40℃～45℃ Normal operating range of inlet oil
temperature: 40℃~45℃
回油温度: Return oil temperature:
正常值: 小于 65℃ Normal value: <65℃
报警值: 65℃ Alarm value: 65℃
停机值: 75℃(手动) Stop value: 75℃ (manual)
d. 支持轴承巴氏合金温度 d. Journal bearing Babbitt alloy
temperature
停机值: 115℃ Stop value: 115℃
e. 推力轴承推力瓦温度 e. Thrust bearing thrust pad temperature
停机值: 110℃ Stop value: 110℃
f. 润滑油箱油位 f. Lube oil tank level
最高油位: 见《润滑油系统说明书》 Maximum level: refer to “Instruction of
Lube Oil System”
最低油位: 见《润滑油系统说明书》 Minimum level: refer to “Instruction of
Lube Oil System”
低油位报警值: 见《润滑油系统说明书》 Low level alarm value: refer to
“Instruction of Lube Oil System”
低油位停机值: 见《润滑油系统说明书》 Low level stop value: refer to “Instruction
of Lube Oil System”
g. 抗燃油箱油位 g. Fire-resistant oil tank level
最高油位: 见《抗燃油系统使用说明书》 Maximum level: Refer to《Use Instruction
Book Of Fire-Resistant Oil System》
最低油位: 见《抗燃油系统使用说明书》 Minimum level: Refer to 《Use Instruction
Book Of Fire-Resistant Oil System》
低油位报警值: 见《抗燃油系统使用说明 Low level alarm value: Refer to 《Use
书》 Instruction Book Of Fire-Resistant Oil
System》
1.3. 凝汽器压力 1.3 Condenser pressure
正常值: 8.5kPa Normal value: 8.5kPa
报警值: 14.7kPa Alarm value: 14.7kPa
停机值: 19.7kPa Stop value: 19.7kPa
1.4. 低压缸排汽温度: 1.4 Low pressure turbine exhaust
temperature:
正常值:小于 50℃ Normal value: <50℃
报警值: 80℃（投喷水） Alarm value: 80℃ (spray water switched
on))
停机值: 110℃(手动) Stop value: 110℃ (manual)
1.6. 在额定负荷运行时，主蒸汽与再热蒸 1.6 During rated load operation, if main
汽温度低于 500℃时应减负荷运行，在减负 steam and reheat steam temperature is
荷过程中汽温若有回升的趋势应停止减负 lower than 500℃, load reduction
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荷，否则应继续减负荷，当汽温降到 460℃ operation should be carried out. During
时负荷应减到零，若汽温继续下降到 450℃ load reduction, if steam temperature
仍不能恢复时手打停机； tends to rise, stop load reduction and
otherwise continue to reduce load. When
steam temperature drops to 460℃, load
should be reduced to zero. If steam
temperature continues to drop to 450℃
and still can not be stored, manually stop
the unit.
1.7. 在启动、变负荷和停机时，在连续 1.7 At start, load change and stop, the
15 分钟内主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度的下 drop value of high pressure steam
降值应小于 50℃，若达 80℃以上应手打停 temperature and low pressure steam
temperature within 15min shall be lower
机。
than 50℃ and if >80℃, manual stop
should be made.
2 运行监视 2. Operation monitoring
2.1 油系统 2.1 Oil system
a. 主油泵出口油压 a. Oil pressure at the outlet of main oil
pump
正常工作范围: 1.9～2.05MPa Normal operating range: 1.9~2.05MPa
b. 抗燃油温 b. Fire resistant oil temperature
正常工作范围: 30℃～54℃ Normal operating range: 30℃~54℃
油温低于 18℃禁止启动。 When oil temperature is lower than 18℃,
start is prohibited.
2.2 金属状态 2.2 Metal condition
在 ATS 的转子应力监视出现故障时，对机 When ATS rotor stress monitoring fails,
组本体应监视的启动运行限制要求如下: the startup and operation limiting
requirements for unit monitoring are as
follows:
a. 高中压汽缸壁金属温升率小于 a. Wall metal temperature rise of high
1.5℃/min(高压与中压第一级处内壁金属)； and lower pressure turbines is lower than
1.5℃/min (inner wall metal at the first
stage of high and intermediate pressure
turbines);
b. 高、中压外缸和高压内缸内、外壁温差 b. Temperature difference between inner
分别小于 50℃； and outer walls of high and intermediate
pressure outer casings and high pressure
inner casing is lower than 50℃;
c. 高压主汽阀壳内、外壁温差小于 55℃； c. Temperature difference between inner
and outer walls of high pressure main
stop valve is lower than 55℃;
d. 高中压外缸内壁与高压内缸外壁温差 d. Temperature difference between inner
小于 50℃； wall of high and intermediate pressure
outer casings and outer wall of high
pressure inner casing is lower than 50℃;
e. 高中压外缸外壁上、下半温差小于 e. Outer wall temperature difference
50℃； between upper and lower halves of high
and intermediate outer casings is lower
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than 50℃;
f. 高压内缸外壁上、下半温差小于 35℃； f. Outer wall temperature difference
between upper and lower halves of high
pressure inner casing is lower than 35℃;
g. 高中压外缸法兰内、外壁温差小于 g. Temperature difference between flange
80℃； inner and outer walls of high and
intermediate pressure outer casings is
lower than 80℃;
h. 高中压外缸上半左、右法兰温差小于 h. Temperature difference between left
10℃； and right flanges of upper half of high
and intermediate pressure outer casings
is lower than 10℃;
i. 高中压外缸上、下半法兰温差小于 i. Temperature difference between upper
10℃。 and lower flanges of high and
intermediate pressure outer casings is
lower than 10℃;
2.3 蒸汽 2.3 Steam
a. 主蒸汽温升率不超过 1.5℃/min； a. Main steam temperature rise does not
exceed 1.5℃/min;
b. 再热蒸汽温升率 1.5℃/min； b. Reheat steam temperature rise is
1.5℃/min;
c. 并网后主蒸汽（主汽阀前）和再热蒸汽 c. The limit value of temperature
（中压联合汽阀前）温度差限制值见图 difference between main steam (before
22-1； main stop valve) and reheat steam
(before combined reheat valve) after
synchronization with power grid is shown
in Figure 22-1;
e. 每根主蒸汽管道蒸汽温度之差及再热 e. The steam temperature difference of
蒸汽管道蒸汽温度之差不应超过 17℃； each main steam pipe and the steam
temperature difference of reheat steam
pipe should not exceed 17℃;
f. 各段抽汽管道上防进水热电偶之间温 f. When temperature difference between
差大于 40℃时，可认为汽缸进水，应立即 water induction prevention
采取措施排除积水； thermocouples on all steam extraction
pipes is higher than 40℃, water has
entered the turbine and it is necessary to
take immediate measures to remove
accumulated water;
g. 机组在 5％～10％额定负荷运行时，汽 g. When the unit operates at 5%~10%
轮机低压缸的最大允许排汽压力为 rated load, the maximum allow exhaust
13kPa，低压缸排汽温度不大于 50℃；在 pressure of the low pressure turbine is
13kPa and exhaust temperature of low
此段负荷间禁止长期运行；
pressure turbine is not higher than 50℃;
long time operation is prohibited in this
load period;
h. 机组允许在 30％～100％额定负荷长 h. The unit is allowed to operate
期运行，此时最高排汽压力为 14.7kPa，若 permanently at 30%~100% rated load
超过此值，则必须对凝汽系统进行检查； and in this case, the maximum exhaust
pressure is 14.7kPa. If higher than this
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若虽超过此值但并未超过停机值时，则运 value, condensing system must be
行时间应少于 60min，否则打闸停机； checked; if higher than this value but not
higher than stop value, operation time
should be less than 60min and otherwise
it is necessary to trip and stop the unit;
i. 机组甩负荷后空转运行时所允许之最 i. During no-load operation after unit load
高排汽压力为 13.8kPa、排汽温度应小于 rejection, the allowable maximum
80℃、运行时间应少于 15min，否则打闸 exhaust pressure is 13.8kPa, exhaust
停机； temperature should be lower than 80℃
and operation time should be less than
15min; otherwise it is necessary to trip
and stop the unit;
j. 机组启动、运行期间各段抽汽压力和调 j. Limit values of all extraction pressure
节级压力的限制值 and governing stage pressure during unit
startup and operation
调节级后：10.94MPa After governing stage: 10.94MPa
1#抽汽 4.004MPa #1 extraction: 6.656MPa
2#抽汽: 2.869MPa #2 extraction: 2.869MPa
4#抽汽: 0.842MPa #4 extraction : 0.842MPa
6#抽汽 : 0.165MPa #6 extraction : 0.165MPa
7#抽汽 : 0.048MPa #7 extraction : 0.048MPa
2.4 金属与蒸汽温差: (主蒸汽、再热蒸汽) 2.4 Temperature difference between
metal and steam: (main steam, reheat
steam)
机组在启动前应注意使高压调节级后或中 Before unit start, note that steam
压第一级后蒸汽温度与金属温度相匹配， temperature after high pressure
高压调节级后或中压第一级后汽缸内壁金 governing stage or first intermediate
pressure stage should match with metal
属温度与蒸汽温度的温差应满足下面要求:
temperature. Temperature difference
between inner wall metal temperature of
the casing after high pressure governing
stage or first intermediate pressure stage
and steam temperature should meet the
following requirements:
Δt=蒸汽温度-金属温度 Δt= steam temperature – metal
temperature
Δt 理想值 Δt 允许值 Δt 极限值 Δt ideal Δt allowable Δt limit
10℃ 90℃ 150℃ 10℃ 90℃ 150℃
-20℃ -50℃ -20℃ -50℃
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23 一般注意事项 23 General Precautions
a. 机组不允许在主汽阀一侧开启，另一侧 a. The unit is not allowed to operate for

关闭的情况下长时间运行； long when one side of the main stop
valve opens and the other side closes;
b. 应避免在 30％额定负荷以下长期运 b. Long time operation at 30% rated load
行； should be avoided;
c. 机组未解列前发生电动机运行时间不 c. Before unit parallel off, motor operation
应超过 1 分钟，且凝汽器真空必须正常； time should not exceed 1min and
condenser vacuum must be normal;
d. 在盘车装置投入前，不得向轴封送汽； d. Before turning gear is put into
operation, steam supply to shaft seal is
not allowed;
e. 在排汽温度高时，应注意胀差、振动、 e. When exhaust temperature is high,
轴承油温和轴承金属温度的变化，如排汽 note the change of differential expansion,
温度已达报警值，除了投入喷水系统外， vibration, bearing oil temperature and
bearing metal temperature. If exhaust
还应采取提高真空度或增加负荷等方法来
temperature has reached alarm value,
降低排汽温度； except water spray system is put into
use, vacuum degree or load should be
increased to reduce exhaust
temperature.
f. 除紧急事故停机应立即破坏真空外，一 f. Except that vacuum is broken
般机组跳闸后仍需维持真空，直到机组惰 immediately in emergency stop, generally
走至 10％的额定转速为止； vacuum is still maintained after unit trip
until the unit coasts down to 10% rated
speed;
g. 必须保证汽轮机本体疏水系统以及主 g. Turbine proper drain system and main
汽管、再热汽管热段、再热汽管冷段和抽 steam pipe, hot reheat pipe, cold reheat
汽管的疏水系统在启动停机时保持畅通； pipe and extraction pipe drain system
must be kept unobstructed at start or
stop;
h. 喷油试验后不能马上做超速试验，以免 h. Overspeed test should not be
积油引起超速试验不准； performed immediately after oil spray test
and this is to prevent accumulated oil
from causing inaccurate overspeed test;
i. 机组带 50％～60％额定负荷时，允许 i. When the unit operates with 50~60%
凝汽器半侧清洗、检修，但此时必须注意 rated load, condenser half side cleaning
3#、4#轴承振动、轴承油温和金属温度的 and maintenance are allowed but in this
case, the change of #3 and #4 bearings
变化；
vibration, bearing oil temperature and
metal temperature must be noted;
j. 机组在电网解列带厂用电状态运行时， j. When the unit is paralleled off the
任何一次连续运行时间不应超过 15min， power grid and operates with auxiliary
在 30 年运行寿命期内，累计不超过 30 次； power, duration of any continuous
operation shall not exceed 15min and the
accumulated times in the 30-year
operation life shall not exceed 30;
k. 在全部高压加热器切除时，可以保证机 k. After all HP heaters are switched off, it
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组发额定出力(210MW)，但不允许超发； can be ensured that the unit generates
rated output (210MW) but
over-generation is not allowed.
高压加热器切除必须从高压向低压依次进 HP heaters must be switched off from
行。如果再需切除低压加热器，则汽轮发 high pressure to low pressure in turn. If
电机组必须降低负荷运行； LP heaters need to be switched off, the
steam turbine generator unit must
operate at reduced load;
切除加热器后，调节级后压力、各级抽汽 After heaters are switched off, pressure
压力不得超过限制值，见第 22 章 j 条； after governing stage and extraction
pressure at all stages shall not exceed
the limit value. Refer to J of chapter 22;
l. 加热器投入运行，应随机组启动从低压 l. Heaters shall be switched on with unit
向高压依次投入； start from low pressure to high pressure
in turn;
m. 机组在升速过程中应快速通过下述各 m. During speed rise, the unit shall pass
阶临界转速，在此阶段轴瓦振动不得超过 the following critical speeds quickly and
0.10mm； in this stage, bearing bush vibration shall
not exceed 0.10mm.
轴系临界转速(计算值) Critical speed of shafting (calculated
value)
第一阶：（发电机转子一阶） First order: (generator rotor first order)
1233.4r/min 1233.4/min
第二阶：（高中压转子一阶） Second order: (HIP rotor first order)
1620.9r/min 1620.9r/min
第三阶：（低压转子一阶） Third order: (LP rotor first order)
1965.4r/min 1965.4r/min
第四阶：（发电机转子二阶） Fourth order: (generator rotor second
3534.8r/min order) 3534.8 r/min
* 电机临界转速值以电机厂提供的数据为 Critical rotate speed value of generator is
准。 standard with the data provided by
generator factory.
对于新安装机组的首次启动，应该实测并 When a new installed unit starts for the
记录轴系的临界转速值，确认后将实测值 first time, it is necessary to measure and
作为机组实际的轴系临界转速。 record the shafting critical speed. After
confirmation, the measured value is used
as the critical speed for this unit shafting.
n. 低压缸末级长叶片的谐波共振的转速 n. The harmonic wave syntonic rotate
低于工作转速，为保证叶片安全不得在共 speed f the last stage long blades of the
振转速范围内暖机或停留,应避开下列共振 LP casing is lower than the operating
speed. To ensure blade safety, warming
转速：
or stay in the resonance speed range
isn’t allowed. should avoid following
resonance speed:
1） 1194r/min 1） 1194r/min
2） 1610r/min 2） 1610r/min
3） 2730r/min 3）2730r/min
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p. "手动方式"控制不得作为机组长期运 p. Control in “manual mode” should not

行的控制方式； be used as the control mode for long time
unit operation;
q. 在机组整个运行期间，必须加强监护和 q. In the whole unit operation period,
检查，若发现问题应及时解决处理，避免 supervision and check must be
事故发生。 strengthened and any problem found
should be solved promptly to avoid
accident.
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24 定期检查试验 24 Periodic Check and Test
除了在启动期间所进行的试验以外，在规 In addition to the test performed in the

定的时间间隔内定期对设备进行性能试验 startup period, periodic equipment
对于保证机组运行的可靠性是必不可少 performance test in the specified time
interval is essential to ensuring unit
的，试验必须严格按照有关试验规程及说
operation reliability. The test must be
明书进行，若发现有缺陷的零部件应即时 done in strict accordance with related test
修复或更换。 regulations and instructions and if any
defective parts and components are
found, they should be repaired or
replaced immediately.
1 阀门活动试验 1 Valve movement test
a. 高、中压主汽阀及调节阀活动试验： a. Valve movement test of HP 、IP MSV’s
每周一次。 and CV’s : Weekly
在作阀门活动试验前，应将机组负荷降到 Before valve movement test, it is
50％～70％额定负荷内，否则在试验期间 necessary to reduce unit load to 50~70%
主蒸汽参数或再热蒸汽参数以及锅炉的水 rated load. Otherwise main steam
parameter and reheat steam parameter
位会有较大变化，将影响系统的稳定运行。
and boiler water level will change greatly
in the test period and affect stable system
operation. Stable system operation will be
affected.
在作试验时，根据操作盘上阀门试验按钮， Test is performed using valve test buttons
按顺序在一组阀门试验结束后，再做下一 on the operating panel in sequence. After
组阀门试验，阀门试验的顺序按操作盘的 one valve set is tested, the next set can
be performed. Valve test sequence is the
布置。
same as the arrangement on the
operating panel.
每组阀门试验过程为:关调节阀→关主汽阀 Test process of a group of valves is:
→开主汽阀→开调节阀、恢复正常。阀门 close regulating valve→close main stop
活动试验期间，调节级压力反馈或功率反 valve→open main stop valve→open
regulating valve and return to normal.
馈投入。
During valve movement test, regulating
stage pressure feedback is switched on.
b. 交、直流润滑油泵启动试验: 每 15 天 b. AC and DC lube oil pump starting test:
一次 every 15 days
c. 抗燃油泵切换试验: 每周一次 c. Fire resistant oil pump changeover
test: Weekly
d. 抽汽止回阀活动试验(高排逆止门除 d. Extraction check valve movement test
外): 每月一次 (except HP exhaust check valve) monthly
e. 真空严密性试验，见第 9 章第 11 第 e e. Vacuum tightness test: see item e of
项: 每月一次 item 11 in chapter 9.Monthly
f. 高、中压主汽阀，高、中压调节阀严密 f. HP and LP main stop valve and HP and
性试验: 每 6 月一次 IP regulating valve leak test: every half
year
(1) 试验应在额定汽压、正常真空和汽轮 (1) Test should be performed at rated
机空负荷时进行； steam pressure, normal vacuum and
turbine no load;
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(2) 高、中压主汽阀，高、中压调节阀分 (2) When HP and IP main stop valves
别全关时，应保证汽轮机转速下降至 and HP and IP regulating valves close
1000r/min 以下； completely respectively, it should be
ensured that steam turbine speed drops
to below 1000r/min;
当主蒸汽压力偏低，但不低于额定压力的 When main steam pressure is slightly
50%时，汽轮机转速“n”下降值可按下式修 lower but not lower than 50% rated
正： pressure, turbine speed “n” drop value
can be corrected using the following
equation:
n=(p/p。)x1000r/min n=(p/p。)x1000r/min
式中：p ---试验时主蒸汽压力 where: p – main steam test during test
p。---额定主蒸汽压力 p。- rated main steam pressure
注：高、中压主汽阀，高、中压调节阀每 Note: whenever HP and IP main stop
次解体检修后、机组大修后及甩负荷试验 valves and HP and IP regulating valves
前必须进行阀门严密性试验。 are dissembled for repair and after unit
overhaul and load rejection test, valve
tightness test must be performed.
g. 危急遮断器喷油试验 : 按“调节保安系 g. Emergency governor oil spray test: In
统说书” accordance with “Regulation and
Protection System Instruction book.”
h. 危急遮断器提升转速试验: 按“调节保 h. Emergency governor speed increase
安系统说书” test: In accordance with “Regulation and
Protection System Instruction book.”
i. 高压遮断集成块(HPT)电磁阀在线试验 : i. HP trip integrated block (HPT) solenoid
按“调节保安系统说书” valve on-line test: In accordance with
“Regulation and Protection System
Instruction book.”
j. 超速限制集成块(OSP)电磁阀在线试 j. Overspeed limit integrated block (OPS)
验 : 按“调节保安系统说书” solenoid valve on-line test: In accordance
with “Regulation and Protection System
Instruction book.”
k. 检查 TSI、蒸汽温度和压力以及其余表 k. Check that TSI, steam temperature
计是否正常、指示准确: 每月一次 and pressure and Other instruments and
gages are normal and have accurate
indication: Monthly
l. 润滑油压力低保护装置试验: 机组小修 l. Lube oil pressure low protector test:
时校核 Checked during unit current repair
m. DEH 系统其它试验见 DEH 说明书要 m. For other DEH system tests, refer to
求 the requirements in DEH Instruction
book.
n. 检查低压缸喷水装置喷头是否堵塞: n. Check whether low pressure cylinder
大修时检查 water spray nozzle is clogged: In
overhaul
o. 正常运行时调节系统试验见调节保安系 Regulating system test during normal
统说明书。 operation,see “Regulation and Protection
System Instruction book” .
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25 机组启停辅助操作 25 Auxiliary Operation for Unit
Start and Stop
机组启停辅助操作主要指高压缸预暖系 Auxiliary operations for unit start and stop

统、高压缸夹层加热系统和通风阀系统操 mainly refer to the operations of high
作。由于通风阀的操作顺序已在中压缸启 pressure turbine prewarming system,
high pressure turbine interlayer heating
动章节说明，本章节不再作解释。
system and vent valve system. As the
operating sequence of vent valve has
been described in the section of
intermediate pressure turbine startup, it is
not explained here.
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26 高压缸的预暖 26 High Pressure Casing
Prewarming
1 暖缸前的检查 1. Check before cylinder warming

1.1 确认高压调节阀关闭，确认预暖的蒸 1.1 Confirm that high pressure regulating
汽参数: valve is closed and confirm prewarming
steam parameters:
蒸汽压力: 0.4～0.8MPa；蒸汽温度: Steam pressure: 0.4~0.8MPa; steam
220～250℃，保持 50℃以上过热度。 temperature: 220~250℃, maintain >50℃
superheat degree.
1.2 确认盘车投入连续运行两小时以上。 1.2 Confirm that the turning gear is put
into continuous operation fore >2h.
1.3 确认高中压轴端汽封投入。 1.3 Confirm that high and intermediate
shaft end steam seal is put into
operation.
1.4 确认凝汽器压力维持在 1.4 Confirm that condenser pressure
16.7~19.6kPa。 keeps within 16.7~19.6kPa.
1.5 确认高压内缸调节级处内壁金属温度 1.5 Confirm that inner wall metal
在 150℃以下。 temperature at governing stage of high
pressure inner casing is below 150℃.
2 暖缸的操作过程 2. Operating process of cylinder
warming
运行人员根据 CRT 显示的机组状态，在机 The operators operate the cylinder
组操作盘上操作暖缸系统。 warming system on the unit operating
panel according to the unit condition
displayed on CRT.
2.1 操作准备 2.1 Preparation for operation
a. 全开高压主汽管的疏水阀，强关高排逆 a. Open wide all drain valves of high
止门，确认高压各抽汽逆止门在关闭状态； pressure main steam pipe, forcibly close
high pressure exhaust check valve and
confirm that all high pressure extraction
check valves are closed;
b. 全开高排逆止门前的疏水阀； b. Open wide all drain valves before high
pressure exhaust check valve;
c. 全关通风阀(VV 阀)。 d. Close vent valve (VV valve).
2.2 暖缸操作 2.2 Operation of cylinder warming
逐渐开启倒暖阀(RFV)，使暖缸蒸汽流入高 Gradually open the reverse flow valve
压缸，一部分蒸汽经各疏水口进入疏水系 (RFV) to let cylinder warming steam flow
统，另一部分蒸汽经高中压间汽封漏入中 into high pressure turbine. Part of the
steam goes through drain port into drain
压缸，再经连通管与低压缸排到凝汽器。
system and the remaining steam leaks
通过调整倒暖阀与疏水阀保证缸内压力在 through steam seal between high and
0.4～0.5MPa 范围内。 intermediate pressure into intermediate
pressure turbine and then is discharged
through communicating pipe to
condenser. By adjusting reverse flow
valve and drain valve, ensure that
pressure in the cylinder is within
0.4~0.5MPa.
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在暖缸期间运行人员应注意暖缸温升 During cylinder warming, the operators
率不得超过 50℃/h，汽缸各壁温差及胀差shall note that cylinder warming
应在允许范围内(通过调整倒暖阀与高压各 temperature rise rate should not exceed
段疏水阀达到)。 50℃/h and temperature difference and
differential difference of all casing walls
should be within the allowable range
(reached by adjusting reverse flow valve
and all drain valves in high pressure
section).
当高压内缸调节级处上半内壁金属温 When inner wall metal temperature of the
度升到150℃以上时，且蒸汽参数达到冲转 upper half at the governing stage of high
pressure inner casing reaches over
条件时，保暖1h，结束暖缸。
150℃,and steam parameters reach the
conditions of impulsing starting, keep
warm for 1 hour, finish warming cylinder.
2.3 结束暖缸操作 2.3 Completing operation of cylinder
warming
a. 暖缸结束，应关闭倒暖阀(RFV)； a. After cylinder warming is finished,
close the reverse flow valve (RFV);
b. 全关高压缸所有的疏水阀； b. Completely close all drain valves of
high pressure turbine;
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27 高压缸夹层加热系统 27 High Pressure Casing

Interlayer Heating System
1 系统构成与作用 1. System composition and function

本系统的作用是将主蒸汽引入高压内、外 The function of this system is to introduce
缸之间的夹层，加热内、外缸减少高中压 main steam into the jacket between high
缸正胀差、减少高压内缸内外壁温差，并 pressure inner and outer casings to heat
inner and outer casings, reduce positive
使高压外缸温度沿轴向趋于均匀。控制手
differential expansion of high and
段是通过调整夹层进汽压力，以改变流量 intermediate pressure turbines, reduce
来控制加热速度。汽缸夹层进汽箱压力： temperature difference between inner
and outer walls of high pressure inner
casing and make high pressure outer
casing temperature tend to be uniform
axially. Control means is to change flow
to control heating speed by adjusting
jacket steam admission pressure.
Pressure of turbine jacket steam
admission box:
正常值：0.98--4.9MPa Normal value: 0.98-4.9MPa
最高值：6.5MPa Maximum value: 6.5MPa
2 系统投入前的试验 2. Test before starting the system
a. 安全阀按 6.5MPa 动作整定； a. Safety valve is set based on 6.5MPa
action;
b. 电动阀、手动阀开、关灵活自如； b. Motor operated valve and manual
valve open and close flexibly and freely;
c. 热电偶、压力表安装正确，工作正常。 c. Thermocouple and pressure gage
are installed correctly and operate
normally.
3 系统投入前的准备 3. Preparation before starting the
system
a. 确认汽缸夹层加热进汽箱的疏水阀开 a. Confirm that drain valve of turbine
起； jacket heating steam admission box
opens;
b. 确认高压外缸下半内壁金属温度小于 b. Confirm that inner wall metal
300℃； temperature of lower half of high
pressure outer casing is lower than
300℃;
c. 由运行人员手动开启汽缸夹层加热进 c. The operators manually open the
汽箱后的手动截止阀（进汽箱前的手动截 manual stop valve after turbine jacket
止阀为关闭状态）。 heating steam admission box (manual
stop valve before steam admission box is
in closed state).
4 系统操作 4. System operation
a. 开启汽缸夹层加热进汽箱前的电动截 a. Open the electric stop valve before
止阀； turbine jacket heating steam admission
box;
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b. 在新机投运时由运行人员手动调整汽 b. Before a new unit is put into operation,

缸夹层加热进汽箱前的手动截止阀，使汽 the operators manually adjust the manual
缸夹层加热进汽箱的压力低于系统投入时 stop valve before turbine jacket heating
steam admission box so that pressure of
的主蒸汽压力，达到正常工作压力；
turbine jacket heating steam admission
box is lower than main steam pressure
when the system is put into operation
and reach the normal operating pressure;
c. 在升速或带负荷的过程中，运行人员根 c. During speed increase or operation
据高中压胀差及高压内缸外壁上下温差和 with load, the operators adjust the
高中压外缸内壁上下温差情况，调整汽缸 manual stop valve after turbine jacket
heating steam admission box and control
夹层加热进汽箱后的手动截止阀，控制进
steam quantity into jacket according to
入夹层蒸汽量；
high and intermediate pressure
differential expansion, outer wall
temperature difference between upper
and lower halves of high pressure inner
casing and inner wall temperature
difference between upper and lower
halves of high and intermediate pressure
outer casing;
d. 密切监视汽缸温升率不超过 50℃/h， d. Closely monitor that casing
高压内缸外壁上下温差和高中压外缸内壁 temperature rise rate does not exceed
上下温差不超过 50℃。 50℃/h and outer wall temperature
difference between upper and lower
halves of high pressure inner casing and
inner wall temperature difference
between upper and lower halves of high
and intermediate pressure outer casings
do not exceed 50℃.
e. 高中压外缸下半高压进汽口处外壁金属 e. When outer wall metal temperature at
温度超过 350℃，高中压胀差值在允许范围 high pressure admission port of the lower
以内，可停用汽缸夹层加热系统。 half of high and intermediate pressure
outer casings exceeds 350℃ and high
and intermediate pressure differential
expansion value is in the allowable
range, cylinder jacket heating system can
be stopped.
page 94 of 98
5 结束操作 5. Complete operation

a）关闭进汽箱前电动截止阀； a) Close the electric stop valve before
steam admission box;
b）关闭进汽箱前手动截止阀； b) Close the manual stop valve before
c）关闭进汽箱后手动截止阀 c) Close the manual stop valve after
d）关闭疏水阀。 d) Close drain valve.
page 95 of 98
Pressure gage
Safety valve
Thermocouple
Manual
Electric valve From left half
valve
jacket To No.2 HP heater
chamber via No.2 steam
fresh steam extraction pipe
经 2 号抽汽口到 2 号高加
Cylinder
jacket High pressure
steam inner and
admission outer casing
box From right jacket
half jacket chamber
chamber
Drain to condenser
图 27-1
Figure 27-1 HP cylinder jacket Heating System
page 96 of 98
28 汽轮机低压缸喷水 28 Low Pressure Casing Water
Spray
1 构成、作用及控制 1. Composition, function and control

本喷水系统由雾化喷头、电动阀、手动节 This water spray system consists of
流阀、手动截止阀、滤网、压力表和钢管 atomizing nozzle, electric valve, manual
构成详见《喷水装置系统图》。 throttle valve, manual stop valve, strainer,
pressure gage and steel pipe. Refer to
the “Water Sprayer System Drawing”.
在启动初期为防止凝汽器系统不能及时带 In the initial startup period, if condenser
走低压缸排汽、低旁来汽的热量，而导致 system can not promptly carry away the
低压缸排汽温度升高，以及在低负荷高背 heat from low pressure turbine exhaust
steam and low pressure bypass steam,
压时，因低压级的鼓风，也可能导致低压
low pressure turbine exhaust
排汽温度升高，而对低压末几级动叶和低 temperature will rise. In addition, at low
压通流带来不良影响。为此，设置了低压 load and high back pressure, due to blast
缸喷水系统。其控制可分自动和手动控制： of low pressure stage, low pressure
turbine exhaust temperature also will rise
to generate adverse effect on the several
low pressure last stage moving blades
and low pressure flow passage.
Therefore, low pressure turbine water
spray system is provided and its control
can be divided into auto and manual.
1.1 自动控制： 1.1 Auto control
当低压缸前后任一点排汽温度等于或大于 Water spray is switched on when exhaust
80℃时投喷水，当前后各点温度均等于或 temperature at any point before and after
小于 65℃时停喷水。 low pressure turbine is equal to or
greater than 80℃ and switched off when
exhaust temperature at all points before
and after is equal to or less than 65℃.
1.2 手动控制 1.2 Manual control
当喷水控制处于手动控制状态时，温度对 When water spray control is in manual
喷水不起控制作用。运行人员可根据具体 control condition, temperature does not
情况启、停喷水系统。 have control function for water spray. The
operators can start or stop the water
spray system depending on the actual
conditions.
注意：自动或手动控制时，喷水的启、停 Note: in auto or manual control, water
必须前、后两侧同时进行。 spray start and stop must be performed
concurrently on the two sides.
2 喷水系统投入前的试验 2. Test before starting the water spray
system
a）系统中，所有电动阀、手动阀开、关 a) Al electric valves and manual valves in
灵活自如； the system open and close flexibly;
b）在通水前（水源来自除盐装置后的凝 b) Before water supply (from condensate
结水），将电动阀、手动阀开足，拆去喷水 after demineralizer), manually open
头，然后通水冲洗系统，直至滤网内无遗 electric valves and manual valves widely
and remove spray nozzle. Then supply
page
page98
97ofof98
98
留杂质为止。装上喷头，并点焊牢。 water to flush the system until no residual
impurities are in the strainer. Install the
spray nozzle and tack weld it.
c）开启手动节流阀后的电动阀，调整节 c) Start the electric valve after the manual
流阀开度，使节流阀后喷水压力控制在 throttle valve and adjust the opening of
0.294～0.49MPa 内。 the throttle valve to control the water
spray pressure after the throttle valve to
be within 0.294~0.49MPa.
d）检查喷头雾化情况，及喷射角度。可 d) Check spray nozzle atomization and
通过改变喷水压力进行调整。调整结束后 spray angle. Make adjustment by
记录节流阀开度和喷水压力。 changing spray pressure. After
adjustment, record throttle valve opening
and spray pressure.
page 98 of 98

Instruction Book of Startup and Operation For Steam

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密级：普通商密

Classification: common trade

PLM 版本号： 1.5

a. 机组各部套齐全，各部套、各系统均按 a. All unit parts are complete and all parts

3 机组启动前的检查 3 Check before Unit Start

本检查通用于高中压缸联合启动(HIP)和中 The check is common for the high and

5 冷态启动(HIP) 5 Cold Start (HIP)

1 冲转前的准备 1. Preparation before roll-off

4）一段抽汽止回阀及阀前疏水； 4) First section extraction check valve

m. 确定冲转蒸汽参数 m. Determine roll-off steam parameters

g. 按“GO”按钮后，高、中压调节阀逐渐开 g. Press the “GO” button and the high

7 并网前进行如下系统试验(对新机启动或 7. The following system tests are

Drawing 5-1 cold combined start of HIP casing

1 冲转前的准备 1. Preparation before roll-off

b. 根据机组胀差值情况，投用汽缸夹层加 b. Switch on cylinder jacking heater

Fig. 6-1 warm combined start of HIP casing

Note:MST—main steam temperature RST—reheating steam temperature MSP—main steam pressure

7 热态、极热态启动(HIP) 7 Hot and Very Hot Start (HIP)

1 冲转前的准备 1. Preparation before roll-off

极热态 480±10℃ ； Reheating steam temperature is:

b. 排汽温度≥80℃时，低压缸喷水系统应 b. When steam exhaust temperature is

升负荷，此时 DEH 控制系统不参与调节负 The DEH control system sends a signal

Fig. 7-1 Hot combined start of HIP casing

Note:MST—main steam temperature RST—reheating steam temperature MSP—main steam pressure

Fig. 7-2 Hot combined start of HIP casing

Note:MST—main steam temperature RST—reheating steam temperature MSP—main steam pressure

8 中压缸启动(IP) 8 Intermediate Pressure Turbine Start

采用中压缸启动，是利用较高温度、较大 The purpose of the intermediate pressure

1 冲转前的准备 1. Preparation before roll-off

LPBPV begin full closing switching point (HPBPV begin closing

10 温态启动(IP) 10 Warm Start (IP)

1 冲转前的准备 1. Preparation before roll-off

(2) 高排逆止门自动开启； (2) High pressure exhaust check valve

c. 根据第 27 章要求，随时停用汽缸夹层 c. According to chapter 27, stop cylinder

d. 检查以下运行状态时，疏水系统的顺序 d. Check the sequential close of the drain

switching point (HPBPV begin closing

1 冲转前的准备 1. Preparation before roll-off

图 11-1 Fig. 11-1 Hot start of IP casing

图 11-2 Fig. 11-2 Very hot start of IP casing

在异常情况下允许压力浮动不超过 Allowable pressure fluctuation in

a） 上述偏周波运行限制适用于从部分负 a) The above partial cycle operation limit

14 变负荷运行 14 Variable Load Operation

1 运行方式 1. Operation mode

本机组停机可分为滑参数停机、额定参数 Turbine shutdown is divided into sliding

汽机跟随锅炉按滑压曲线滑压减负荷，同 The steam turbine undergoes sliding

额定参数停机一般用于临时停机。机组若 Rated parameter shutdown is generally

1 紧急停机处理原则 1. Emergency shutdown handling

20 启动、运行限制要求 20 Startup and Operation

机组在启动前或冲转带负荷过程中应确认 Confirm if any of the following cases

1 报警、停机值 1. Alarm and stop value

a. 机组不允许在主汽阀一侧开启，另一侧 a. The unit is not allowed to operate for

p. "手动方式"控制不得作为机组长期运 p. Control in “manual mode” should not

除了在启动期间所进行的试验以外，在规 In addition to the test performed in the

机组启停辅助操作主要指高压缸预暖系 Auxiliary operations for unit start and stop

1 暖缸前的检查 1. Check before cylinder warming

27 高压缸夹层加热系统 27 High Pressure Casing

1 系统构成与作用 1. System composition and function

b. 在新机投运时由运行人员手动调整汽 b. Before a new unit is put into operation,

5 结束操作 5. Complete operation

Figure 27-1 HP cylinder jacket Heating System

1 构成、作用及控制 1. Composition, function and control

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a）上述偏周波运行限制适用于从部分负 a) The above partial cycle operation limit