KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BIRPUR

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 INDIAN MATHEMATICIANS
1) Aryabhat
Aryabhat was an acclaimed mathematician-astronomer. He was born in
Kusumapura (present day Patna) in Bihar, India.

His contribution to mathematics, science and astronomy is immense, and

yet he has not been accorded the recognition in the world history of science.
At the age of 24, he wrote his famed “Aryabhatiya”. He was aware of the
concept of zero, as well as the use of large numbers up to 1018. He was
the first to calculate the value for ‘pi’ accurately to the fourth decimal point.
He devised the formula for calculating areas of triangles and circles.
He calculated the circumference of the earth as 62,832 miles, which is
an excellent approximation, and suggested that the apparent rotation
of the heavens was due to the axial rotation of the earth on its axis.
He was the first known astronomer to devise a continuous Counting
of solar days,designating each day with a number. He asserted that
the planets shine due to the reflection of sunlight, and that and that
the eclipses occur due to the shadows of moon and earth. moon and
moon and earth. His observations discount the “flat earth” concept, and
lay the foundation for the belief that earth and other planets orbit the sun.

Childhood & Early Life

Aryabhata’s birthplace is uncertain, but it may have been in the area known in
ancient texts as Ashmaka, which may have been Maharashtra or Dhaka or in
Kusumapura in present day Patna.
Some archaeological evidence suggests that he came from the present day
Kodungallur, the historical capital city of Thiruvanchikkulam of ancient Kerala
this theory is strengthened by the several commentaries on him having come
from Kerala. He went to Kusumapura for advanced studies and lived there for
some time. Both Hindu and Buddhist traditions, as well as Bhāskara I, the 7th
Century mathematician, identify Kusumapura as modern Patna.

Career & Later Life

A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an institution (kulapa)
at Kusumapura. Since, the University of Nalanda was in Pataliputra,
and had an astronomical observatory; it is probable that he was its head too.
Direct details of his work are known only from the Aryabhatiya. His disciple
Bhaskara I calls it Ashmakatantra (or the treatise from the Ashmaka).
The Aryabhatiya is also occasionally referred to as Arya-shatas-aShTa (literally,
Aryabhata’s 108), because there are 108 verses in the text. It also has 13
introductory verses, and is divided into four pādas or chapters. Aryabhatiya’s
first chapter, Gitikapada, with its large units of time — kalpa, manvantra,
manvantra, and Yuga — introduces a different cosmology. The duration of the
planetary revolutions during a mahayuga is given as 4.32 million years.
Ganitapada, the second chapter of Aryabhatiya has 33 verses covering
mensuration (kṣetra vyāvahāra), arithmetic and geometric progressions,
gnomon or shadows (shanku-chhAyA), simple, quadratic, simultaneous, and
indeterminate equations.
Aryabhatiya’s third chapter Kalakriyapada explains different units of time, a
method for determining the positions of planets for a given day, and a seven
day week with names for the days of week.
 MAJOR WORKS

Aryabhata’s major work, Aryabhatiya, a compendium of mathematics and

astronomy, was extensively referred to in the Indian mathematical literature,
and has survived to modern times. The Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic,
algebra, and trigonometry.
 BRAHMAGUPTA
Life and career
Brahmagupta was born in 598 CE according to his own statement. He lived
in Bhillamala (modern Bhinmal) during the reign of the Chapa dynasty ruler
Vyagrahamukha.

He was the son of Jishnugupta. He was a Shaivite by

religion.Even though most scholars assume that Brahmagupta was born
in Bhillamala, there is no conclusive evidence for it.
However, he lived andworked there for a good part of his life. Prithudaka
Svamin, a latercommentator, called him Bhillamalacharya, the teacher from
Bhillamala.Sociologist G. S. Ghurye believed that he might have been
from the Multan region or the Abu region. Bhillamala, called pi-lo-mo
lo by Xuanzang, was the apparent capital of the Gurjaradesa, the second
largest kingdom of Western India, comprising the southern Rajasthan and
northern Gujarat in modern-day India. It was also a center of learning for
mathematics and astronomy. Brahmagupta became an astronomer of
Brahmapaksha school (one of the four major schools of Indian astronomy
this period). He studied the five traditional siddhanthas on Indian
as well as the work of other astronomers including Aryabhata I, Latadeva,
Pradyumna, Varahamihira, Simha, Srisena, Vijayanandin and Vishnuchandra.[4]
In the year 628, at an age of 30, he
composed Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (the improved treatise of
Brahma) which is believed to be a revised version of the
received siddhanta of the Brahmapaksha school. Scholars state
that he has incorported a great deal of originality to his revision,
adding a considerable amount of new material. The book
consists of 24 chapters with 1008 verses in the ārya meter. A
good deal of it is astronomy, but it also contains key chapters
on mathematics, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry and
algorithmics, which are believed to contain new insights due to
Brahmagupta himself.[4]
BRAHMAGUPTA'S FORMULA

Brahmagupta's most famous result in geometry is his formula for cyclic

quadrilaterals. Given the lengths of the sides of any cyclic quadrilateral,
Brahmagupta gave an approximate and an exact formula for the figure's area,
12.21. The approximate area is the product of the halves of the sums of the
sides and opposite sides of a triangle and a quadrilateral. The accurate
[area] is the square root from the product of the halves of the sums of the
sides diminished by [each] side of the quadrilateral.
So given the lengths p, q, r and s of a cyclic quadrilateral, the approximate
area is p + r/2 · q + s/2 while, letting t = p + q + r + s/2, the exact area is
√(t − p)(t − q)(t − r)(t − s).
Although Brahmagupta does not explicitly state that these quadrilaterals are
cyclic, it is apparent from his rules that this is the case. Heron's formula is a
special case of this formula and it can be derived by setting one of the sides
equal to zero.
 ACHARYA HEMACHANDRA
Acharya Hemachandra was a Jain scholar, poet, and polymath whowrote
on grammar, philosophy, prosody, and contemporary history. Noted as a prodigy
by his contemporaries, he gained the title kalikālasarvajña, "the all-knowing of
the Kali Yuga".
 EARLY LIFE

Hemachandra was born in Dhandhuka, in present-day Gujarat, on Kartika Sud

Purnima (the full moon day of Kartika month). His date of birth differs according
to sources but 1088 is generally accepted. His father, Chachiga-deva was
a Modh Bania Vaishnava. His mother, Pahini, was a Jain. Hemchandra's original
given name was Changadeva. In his childhood, the Jain monk Devachandra Suri
visited Dhandhuka and was impressed by the young Hemachandra's intellect.
His mother and maternal uncle concurred with Devachandra, in opposition to
his father, that Hemachandra be a disciple of his. Devachandra took
Hemachandra to Khambhat, where Hemachandra was placed under the care of
the local governor Udayana. Chachiga came to Udayana's place to take his son
back, but was so overwhelmed by the kind treatment he received, that he
decided to willingly leave his son with Devachandra.
 Some years later, Hemachandra was initiated a Jain monk on Magha Sud
Chauth (4th day of the bright half of Magha month) and was given a new name,
Somchandra. Udayana helped Devchandra Suri in the ceremony. He was
trained in religious discourse, philosophy, logic and grammar and became well
versed in Jain and non–Jain scriptures. At the age of 21, he was ordained
an acharya of the Śvētāmbara school of Jainism at Nagaur in present-
day Rajasthan. At this time, he was named Hemachandra Suri.

Works
Instruction by Monks, Folio from the Siddhahemashabdanushasana
Worship of Parshvanatha, Folio from the Siddhahemashabdanushasana
A prodigious writer, Hemachandra
wrote grammars of Sanskrit and Prakrit, poetry, prosody, lexicons, texts
on science and logic and many branches of Indian philosophy. It is said that
Hemachandra composed 3.5 crore verses in total, many of which are now lost.[
 BHASKARA (C. 600 – C. 680)
Bhaskara (Bengali: ভাস্কর; Marathi: भास्कर commonly called Bhaskara I to avoid
confusion with the 12th century mathematician Bhāskara II) was a 7th-century
mathematician, who was the first to write numbers in the Hindu decimal
system with a circle for the zero, and who gave a unique and remarkable
rational approximation of the sine function in his commentary on Aryabhatta's
work.
written in 629 CE, is the oldest known prose work
in Sanskrit on mathematics and astronomy. He also wrote two astronomical
works in the line of Aryabhata's school, the Mahābhāskarīya and
the Laghubhāskarīya.
This commentary, Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya,

Biography

Little is known about Bhāskara's life. He was probably a Marathi astronomer. He

was born at Bori, in Parbhani district of Maharashtra state in India in 7th century.
His astronomical education was given by his father. Bhaskara is considered the
most important scholar of Aryabhata's astronomical school. He
and Brahmagupta are two of the most renowned Indian mathematicians who
made considerable contributions to the study of fractions.
REPRESENTATION OF NUMBERS
Bhaskara's probably most important mathematical contribution concerns the
representation of numbers in a positional system. The first positional representations
were known to Indian astronomers about 500 years ago. However, the numbers were not
written in figures, but in words or allegories, and were organized in verses. For instance,
the number 1 was given as moon, since it exists only once; the number 2 was
represented by wings, twins, or eyes, since they always occur in pairs; the number 5 was
given by the (5) senses. Similar to our current decimal system, these words were aligned
such that each number assigns the factor of the power of ten corresponding to its
position, only in reverse order: the higher powers were right from the lower ones.
His system is truly positional, since the same words representing, can also be used to
represent the values 40 or 400.Quite remarkably, he often explains a number given in
this system, using the formula ankair api ("in figures this reads"), by repeating it written
with the first nine Brahmi numerals, using a small circle for the zero . Contrary to his
word number system, however, the figures are written in descending valuedness from
left to right, exactly as we do it today. Therefore, at least since 629 the decimal system
is definitely known to the Indian scientists. Presumably, Bhaskara did not invent it, but
he was the first having no compunctions to use the Brahmi numerals in a scientific
contribution in Sanskrit.
 SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN

Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar 22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian

mathematician and autodidact who lived during the British Raj. Though he had almost no
formal training in pure mathematics, he made substantial contributions to mathematical
analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions. Ramanujan initially developed
his own mathematical research in isolation; it was quickly recognized by Indian
mathematicians. When his skills became obvious and known to the wider mathematical
community, centred in Europe at the time, he began a partnership with the English
mathematician G. H. Hardy. The Cambridge professor realized that Ramanujan had produced
new theorems in addition to rediscovering previously known ones.
 During his short life, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3,900 results
(mostly identities and equations).Nearly all his claims have now been proven
correct.His original and highly unconventional results, such as the Ramanujan
prime and the Ramanujan theta function, have inspired a vast amount of further
research.The Ramanujan Journal, a peer-reviewed scientific journal, was
established to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by
Ramanujan.
Deeply religious,Ramanujan credited his substantial mathematical capacities
to divinity: '"An equation for me has no meaning," he once said, "unless it
expresses a thought of God."
 EARLY LIFE
Ramanujan was born on 22 December 1887 into a Tamil Brahmin Iyengar family
in Erode, Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu), at the residence of his maternal
grandparents.His father, K. Srinivasa Iyengar, worked as a clerk in a sari shop and
hailed from Thanjavur district.His mother, Komalatammal, was a housewife and
also sang at a local temple.They lived in a small traditional home on Sarangapani
Sannidhi Street in the town of Kumbakonam. The family home is now a museum.
When Ramanujan was a year and a half old, his mother gave birth to a son,
Sadagopan, who died less than three months later. In December 1889, Ramanujan
contracted smallpox, but unlike the thousands in the Thanjavur district who died
of the disease that year, he recovered. He moved with his mother to her parents'
house in Kanchipuram, near Madras (now Chennai). His mother gave birth to two
more children, in 1891 and 1894, but both died in infancy.
On 1 October 1892, Ramanujan was enrolled at the local school. After his
maternal grandfather lost his job as a court official in Kanchipuram, Ramanujan
and his mother moved back to Kumbakonam and he was enrolled in the Kangayan
Primary School.
When his paternal grandfather died, he was sent back to his maternal
grandparents, then living in Madras. He did not like school in Madras, and
tried to avoid attending. His family enlisted a local constable to make sure
the boy attended school. Within six months, Ramanujan was back in
Kumbakonam.
Since Ramanujan's father was at work most of the day, his mother took care
of the boy as a child. He had a close relationship with her. From her, he
learned about tradition and puranas. He learned to sing religious songs, to
attend pujas at the temple, and to maintain particular eating habits – all of
which are part of Brahmin culture. At the Kangayan Primary School,
Ramanujan performed well. Just before turning 10, in November 1897, he
passed his primary examinations in English, Tamil, geography and arithmetic
with the best scores in the district. That year, Ramanujan entered Town
Higher Secondary School, where he encountered formal mathematics for the
first time.
 By age 11, he had exhausted the mathematical knowledge of two college
students who were lodgers at his home. He was later lent a book by S. L.
Loney on advanced trigonometryetry. He mastered this by the age of 13 while
discovering sophisticated theorems on his own. By 14, he was receiving merit
certificates and academic awards that continued throughout his school career,
and he assisted the school in the logistics of assigning its 1200 students (each
with differing needs) to its 35-odd teachers. He completed mathematical exams
in half the allotted time, and showed a familiarity with geometry and infinite
series. Ramanujan was shown how to solve cubic equations in 1902; he
developed his own method to solve the quartic. The following year, not knowing
that the quintic could not be solved by radicals, he tried to do so.

In 1903, when he was 16, Ramanujan obtained from a friend a library copy
of a A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics, G. S.
Carr's collection of 5,000 theorems.
 Ramanujan reportedly studied the contents of the book in detail. The book
is generally acknowledged as a key element in awakening his genius. The
next year, Ramanujan independently developed and investigated the Bernoulli
numbers and calculated the Euler–Mascheroni constant Euler–Mascheroni
constant
up to 15 decimal places. His peers at the time commented that they "rarely
understood him" and "stood in respectful awe" of him.

Mathematical achievements

In mathematics, there is a distinction between having an insight and having a

proof. Ramanujan proposed an abundance of formulae that could be
investigated later in depth. G. H. Hardy said that Ramanujan's discoveries are
unusually rich and that there is often more to them than initially meets
 the eye. As a byproduct of his work, new directions of research were
opened up. Examples of the most interesting of these formulae include the
intriguing infinite series for π, one of which is given below:
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\pi }}={\frac {2{\sqrt {2}}}{9801}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty
}{\frac {(4k)!(1103+26390k)}{(k!)^{4}396^{4k}}}.}
This result is based on the negative fundamental discriminant d = −4 × 58
= −232 with class number h(d) = 2. 26390 = 5 × 7 × 13 × 58 and 16 ×
9801 = 3962 and is related to the fact that
{\textstyle e^{\pi {\sqrt {58}}}=396^{4}-104.000000177\dots .}
This might be compared to Heegner numbers, which have class number 1
and yield similar formulae.
Ramanujan's series for π converges extraordinarily rapidly (exponentially)
and forms the basis of some of the fastest algorithms currently used to
calculate π. Truncating the sum to the first term also gives the
approximation 9801√2/4412 for π, which is correct to six decimal places.
See also the more general Ramanujan–Sato series.
OTHER MATHEMATICIANS' VIEWS OF RAMANUJAN

Hardy said: "He combined a power of generalization, a feeling for form, and a
capacity for rapid modification of his hypotheses, that were often really startling,
and made him, in his own peculiar field, without a rival in his day.Thelimitations of his
knowledge were as startling as its profundity. Here was a man who could work
out modular equations and theorems... to orders unheard of, whose
mastery of continued fractions was... beyond that of any mathematician in the world,
who had found for himself the functional equation of the zeta function and the
dominant terms of many of the most famous problems in the analytic theory of
numbers; and yet he had never heard of a doubly periodic function or of Cauchy's
theorem, and had indeed but the vaguest idea of what a function of a complex
variable was...". When asked about the methods Ramanujan employed to arrive at
his solutions, Hardy said that they were "arrived at by a process of mingled
argument, intuition, and induction, of which he was entirely unable to give any
coherent account." He also stated that he had "never met his equal, and can
compare him only with Euler or Jacobi."