Module 2

Module 2
Content and Contextual

Analysis of Selected Primary Sources
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Module 2 - Content and Contextual
Analysis of Selected Primary Sources
This module is about the content and contextual analysis of selected primary
sources. It gives emphasis to the content and historical importance of the
text and examination of the author’s main argument and point of view.
This consists of 9 primary accounts including the documentary film
“Raiders of the Sulu Sea” (CMO No. CMO No. 2, s. 2019).
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, you should have:
a) Learned the historical facts and their connections with one

another
b) Analyzed the context, content, and perspective of different
kinds of primary sources and determine how they affected the history
of the Filipino people;
a) Described the brief background of the author
b) Traced the historical background of the document
c) Discussed the content and the important historical
information found in the document
d) Explained the contribution and relevance of the document
in understanding the grand narrative of Philippine history
c) Demonstrated critical and analytical skills as they are exposed

to primary sources
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Pre-Assessment
I. Instruction: Choose the BEST answer by writing the letter of your

answer on the space provided before each number. Please be
reminded NOT to browse the content of this module when you answer
this part.
______1. Who among the following is the author of “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan?”
a. Pigafetta c. Placensia
b. Jacinto d. Aguinaldo
______ 2. Who among the following is the author of “Customs of the Tagalog?”
a. Luna c. Placensia
______3. Who among the following is the leader of the natives whom they obeyed
and reverenced?
a. Datu c. Imam
b. Priestess d. Babaylan
______4. Who among the following is the author of “Kartilla ng Katipunan?”

a. Pigafetta c. Plasencia
______5.What was the meeting held in Tejeros in order to unite the 2 factions of
Katipuneros
a. Katipunan Meeting c. Tejeros Conference
b. Tejeros Meeting d. All of these
______6. Who among the following is the author of “Political Caricatures of the
American Era?”
b. McCoy d. Aguinaldo
______7. Who among the following is the author of the “Act of the Declaration of
Independence?”
a. Pigafetta c. Bautista
_____8. Where did Pres. Corazon Aquino deliver her speech in the United States
in 1986?
a. White House c. US Congress
b. World Health Organization d. United Nations Headquarter
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______9. In the documentary film “Raiders of the SULU Sea” depicts how the
Spaniards defended Zamboanga City and in which their last stronghold was in a) Fort
San Felipe c. Fort Pilar
b) Fort San Pedro d. Fort Bonifacio
_____10. Who is this artist famous for his painting works on the rural sceneries and
the Philippine rural landscapes
a. Felix Hidalgo c. Guillermo Tolentino
b. Fernando Amorsolo d. Juan Luna
II. Instruction: Arrange the following events in its chronological order

by writing the number on the blank before the number. 1 for first event
and 10 for the last.
____1. Founding of Katipunan
____2. Discovery of the Philippines
____3. Publication of Editorial Cartoons
____4. Writing of Kartilla
____5. Arrival of Spanish Missionaries
____6. Pres. Aquino delivered the Speech
____7. Declaration of Independence from Spain
____8. Observance of the Indigenous Customs
____9. Tejeros Convention
____10.Execution of Bonifacio
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Core Content
The following are the information on the accounts whose content and
context are for you to analyze. These are as follows:
First Voyage Around the Round

Antonio Pigafetta
Source:https://utorontopress.com/us/first-voyage-around-the-world
15
Guide Questions
a) Who is Antonio Pigafetta?
b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “First Voyage
Around the World?
c) What the content is all about? What important historical information

found in the document “First Voyage Around the World?”
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “First

Voyage Around the World” in understanding the grand narrative of
Philippine history?
Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese navigator who transferred his allegiance

to Spain through King Charles V, and eventually gaining trust from the latter. He was
sent to lead an expedition of five ships with 237 men, namely; San Antonio, Santiago,
Concepcion, Victoria and Trinidad.
The port of origin was at Port Seville and drifting down to Guadalquivir River.
After a long journey, Magellan sighted the island of Samar and he named it as the
Archipelago of St. Lazarus for it was discovered on the feast day of said saint. That
was on March 16, 1521.
Upon arrival in Cebu, he befriended the chieftain and erected a cross for the
natives to adore everyday. Then, he proceeded to the island of Mactan where he met
his death from Lapulapu and his men.
With heavy hearts, the crew of the two remaining ships, Trinidad and Victoria,
left the archipelago and returned to Spain. Passing by Portugal, the ship Trinidad was
confiscated by the Portuguese. Only the ship Victoria successfully reached their origin
and completed the circumnavigation of the world.
One of the few crew members who returned to Spain, was Antonio Pigafetta,
who wrote “Chronicles of Magellan Expedition.” It is a narrative and cartographic
record of the journey, including 23 hand-drawn watercolor charts from Patagonia to
Indonesia, from the Philippines to the Cape of Good Hope. Pigafetta's “The First
Voyage Around the World” is a classic of discovery and exploration literature.
For the primary account of Antonio Pigafetta about this “First Voyage Around
the World,” you may read any of the following sources:
a) Pigafetta, Antonio, (1969). First Voyage Around the World. Manila:

Filipiniana Book Guild
b) Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History.

Iloilo City: Malones Printing Press & Publishing House.
********
16
Customs of the Tagalogs
Juan de Plasencia
Source: https://www.coursehero.com
Guide Questions
a) Who is Juan de Plasencia?
b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “Customs of the
Tagalogs?”
c) What the content is all about? What important historical information

found in the document ““Customs of the Tagalogs?”
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document

Customs of the Tagalogs” in understanding the grand narrative of
Philippine history?
17
After the discovery of the archipelago by Magellan Expedition, the naming of
Las Islas Pilipinas by the Villalobos Expedition, and the establishment of the first
permanent settlement in the country by the Legaspi Expedition, the Spanish
missionaries were sent to the Philippines. Fr. Francisco Alcina was assigned in the
Visayas and Fr. Juan de Plasencia was assigned in Tagalog Region. He recorded his
observation about the customs and practices of the place and published in book
entitled “ The Customs of the Tagalogs”. The rest of the places in the country were
assigned to other Spanish missionaries.
Every society has their own bundles of customs and traditions which are
handed down from one generation to another. The Philippine society is not an
exception to this. Filipinos, too, have these customs and traditions even before the
coming of the colonizers.
One of these is the bayanihan spirit which is common among the people of
the Philippines, specifically the Tagalogs. This spirit is best shown during their wake
for the dead and in some occasions in their daily lives. Such occasions may be
expressed in transferring one’s house from one location to another, preparing food
for a wedding, and the like.
Right after the death of a person, his friends and relatives would make a shed
made of bamboo in his yard or on the street fronting his home, and put long benches
for all condolers. In the entire duration of the wake, those who stay with the family of
the deceased are served with food (in which this practice gradually diminishing these
days). The immediate family members of the deceased do not do anything during this
time. Everything is done for them by their relatives, neighbors and friends, including
providing financial support to help the family in the form of “abuloy.”
In the entire community, bayanihan spirit prevailed. This could be seen in making a
nipa hut or just a repair of it, transfer of a small nipa house from one place to
another, planting and harvesting palay, and preparing food for feast. The friends and
relatives would offer their free service. It is extended and reciprocity is expected.
For the primary source about this “Customs of the Tagalogs,” you may read
the account of Fr. Juan de Plasencia in any of the following sources:
a) Plasencia, Juan. Customs of the Tagalogs, (Garcia, (1979). pp.

221-234) [Friar account]
b) Biong, Ryan D., and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History.
c) Blair, Emma Helen and James Alexander Robertson. (1961). The

Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. Mandaluyong: Cachos Hermanos
Inc.
********
18
Kartilla of the Katipunan
Emilio Jacinto
Guide Questions
a) Who is Emilio Jacinto?

b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “ Kartilla of
the Katipunan?”
c) What is the content of the document all about? What

important historical information found in the document “
Kartilla of the Katipunan?”
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “

Kartilla of the Katipunan” in understanding the grand narrative of
Philippine history?
The children of the Filipino middle class who were in Europe formed an
organization or movement known as the Reform Movement. The movement was
composed of the rich and the intellectuals who believed in the power of words rather
than swords. They wanted reforms in their Mother land, the Philippines. The nature of
reform they wanted to have in the Philippines is Assimilation, that is, transformation
of the Philippines into a Province of Spain and making natives fellow Spaniards.
Source: https://www.google.com
The Reform movement also known as Propaganda Movement has its official
newspaper known as La Solidaridad where they published their articles. In order not
to be detected by the Spaniards, they used pen names to hide themselves. The first
editor was Graciano Lopez Jaena.
19
As editor of La Solidaridad, he did not received any salary but instead a
minimal amount for his allowance. It was also that time when their parents could
hardly sent them money as their allowance.
When Jaena got sick of tuberculosis, he found it difficult to carry out the
function of being the editor of La Solidaridad. The Filipino reformists chose a
successor as editor in chief of the Sol. The choice was between Jose Rizal and
Marcelo H. del Pilar. Fortunate for Del Pilar, he won over Rizal as the second editor
of La Solidaridad.
When Del Pilar was leading the La Solidaridad, he changed the aims of this
which was opposed by Jose Rizal. The opposition of Jose Rizal led to his conflict with
Marcelo H. del Pilar. This conflict led Jose Rizal to make a decision to leave the reform
movement and to go home to Manila. His homecoming coincided with time when the
Friars and Spanish officials were angry because of the Noli Mi Tangere. The Noli had
just came out from the press.
Such phenomenon did not stop Rizal for going home. When he arrived in
Manila, he founded the La Liga Filipina and was inaugurated on July 3, 1872 in one of
the old house in Ilaya, Tondo. In this inauguration of “La Liga Filipina” was an
opportunity for Andres Bonifacio to meet Jose Rizal in person whom he admired and
idolized so much even when Rizal was still in Spain.
Three days after the inauguration of “La Liga Filipina,” Jose Rizal was arrested
and deported to Dapitan.
News about Rizal’s arrest and deportation to Dapitan spread and reached the
attention of Andres Bonifacio. Thus, at the night of July 7, 1872, Andres Bonifacio and
four others, namely; Deodato Arellano, Ladislao Diwa, Valentin Diaz, and Ladislao
Diwa founded the secret society known as the Kataas- taasang Sanggunian ng mg
Anak ng Bayan, in short, Katipunan. Its purpose is to rescue Rizal from the hands of
the Spaniards.
The Katipunan as the underground Society has three objectives, namely; a)

Political,is to work for the separation of the Philippines from Spain, b) Civic is about
the teaching of self-reliance, and c) Moral is about the teachings of good manners. It
is composed of three structure, the Supreme Council is the national level and the
highest council, the Provincial Council which is the provincial level, the Popular
Council which is the municipal level.
The society has three grades of membership, namely; the Katipon which is the
lowest, the Kawal which are those who graduated from the grade of Katipon, and the
Bayani which is the highest grade of the members. This is where Andres Bonifacio
belonged. The official newspaper was the “Kalayaan” and its official teachings is
contained in Kartilla.
The teachings of the Katipunan is contained in the Kartilla written by Emilio

Jacinto after realizing the importance of a primer to indoctrinate the members of the
society in its ideals. Kartilla is a word adopted the Spanish cartilla, which at the time
meant a primer for grade school students. The Kartilla consisted of thirteen
“teachings” which the members of the society were expected to follow.
20
For more information about this “Kartilla of the Katipunan,” you may read the
primary account of Emilio Jacinto in the following sources:
a) Emilio Jacinto, “Kartilla ng Katipunan” (Richardson, (2013). pp. 131-137)

[Declaration of Principles]

********
Act of Declaration of Independence

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
Guide Questions
a) Who is Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista?
b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “Act of

Declaration of Independence?”
c) What the content is all about? What important historical

information found in the document “Act of Declaration of
Independence ?”

Act of Declaration of Independence” in understanding the
grand narrative of Philippine history?
After the death of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo became the sole leader
of the revolutionary forces under the Revolutionary government established in
Tejeros. He transferred his headquarters from Cavite to Biak na Bato, San Miguel,
Bulacan.
There, Aguinaldo and his men had already established a republican

government at Biak-na-Bato, known as the Biak-na-Bato Republic. The provisional
constitution of this Republic was prepared by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who
copied, almost word for word from the Cuban constitution. The Biak-na-bato
Constitution was signed on November 1, 1897.
It is here in Biak na Bato where Gregorio del Pilar joined the Revolutionary
forces under Emilio Aguinaldo. By which he later led the battles and every time they
won the battles, promotion is granted by Aguinaldo.
21
While Emilio Aguinaldo was in Biak-na-Bato, Pedro Paterno, a Spaniard born in
the Philippines volunteered to act as mediator between Aguinaldo and Gov. Primo de
Rivera in order to end the conflict between the Spaniards and Filipinos. Emilio
Aguinaldo as the representative of the revolutionaries and Fernando Primo de Rivera
as the representative of the Spanish government agreed to end the conflict by signing
the agreement or pact known as the “Pact or Truce of Biak na Bato.”
One of the important provision of the Pact of Biak na Bato is the voluntary
exile of the revolutionists and the payment of 800, 000 Mexican pesos by the
Spaniards. To prove the sincerity of the Spaniards to the agreement, the
revolutionists asked 3 Spanish generals; two of whom would stay in the Biak na Bato
as hostages and one would accompany the revolutionists while in exile abroad.
On December 23, 1897, Generals Celestino Tejero and Ricardo Monet of the
Spanish army arrived in Biak-na-Bato and became hostages of the rebels. A ceasefire
was declared by both camps and an agreement between Aguinaldo and the Spanish
forces was made that the Spanish government would grant self-rule to the Philippines
in three years if Aguinaldo went to exile and surrender his arms. In exchange,
Aguinaldo would receive P800,000 (Mexican Pesos) in three (3) installments. A partial
payment of P400,000, will be paid upon the departure of Gen. Aguinaldo and his
men. Aguinaldo left for Hong Kong on December 27, 1897. The 200, 000 pesos will
be paid when arms surrendered by the revolutionists reached 700 arms. Some
Filipino generals, however, did not believe in the sincerity of the Spaniards. They
refused to surrender their arms. The remaining 200, 000 pesos would be paid when
the Te Deum is sung in Manila Cathedral. Nevertheless, the Te Deum was still sung
on January 23, 1898.
The departure of Aguinaldo’s troops did not end the conflict of the entire
Filipino people and the Spaniards but it ended only the conflict of Aguinaldo troops
and the Spaniards. This is the end of the First Phase of the Philippine Revolution.
On the other hand, the Biak-na-Bato Pact failed because the Filipinos and the
Spaniards did not trust each other. As a result, periodic clashes between the two
groups still took place even after Aguinaldo’s departure from the country. The
Spaniards did not pay the entire agreed amount.
While in Hongkong, the 400, 000 pesos paid by the Spaniards upon their
departure was deposited by Aguinaldo in Hongkong Banks. The amount would be
reserved for buying arms and ammunitions and only the interests will be withdrawn
as their allowance. However, one of the companions, Isabelo Artacho, demanded that
the money be divided among themselves but Aguinaldo refused. In return, Isabelo
Artacho sued Aguinaldo in Hongkong Supreme Court. To avoid the shame in
appearing in Hongkong Supreme Court, Aguinaldo secretly left for Singapore. While
in Singapore, he was met by Howard Bray who informed him that the American
Consul, Spencer Pratt, would like to interview him. Aguinaldo then allowed to be
interviewed. During the interview, Spencer Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to take side
with the Americans. The Americans would help the Filipinos obtained “independence”
from the Spaniards as what they did in Cuba. After independence is obtained, the
Americans would no longer be interested in the Philippines, citing that they were not
interested in Cuba though is nearer to the United States, how much more in the
Philippines which is far. Finally, Aguinaldo committed to take sides with the
Americans.
22
By then, Aguinaldo was advised by Spencer Pratt to go back to Hongkong and
Cmdr. George Dewey was waiting for him. His return to Hongkong was arranged by
Spencer Pratt himself. When he arrived in Hongkong, Cmdr.George Dewey had
already left for Manila and Consul Rounseville Wildman met him instead. Consul
Wildman informed Emilio Aguinaldo of the instructions of Cmdr. George Dewey
before he left for Manila that was to go back to the Philippines.
Emilio Aguinaldo followed the instructions to go back to the Philippines. Before

leaving Hongkong, he withdrew the money and gave to Consul R. Wildman the
amount of 117, 000 pesos to buy arms and ammunition. With his men, Aguinaldo
boarded the ship named Mc Culloch bound for the Philippines. Upon reaching Manila
Bay, Aguinaldo transferred to a barge that would bring him to the American warship
Olympia where Cmdr. George Dewey was on board. There in, both had the
conference. During such conference, Cmdr. George Dewey repeated all what had
said by Consul Spencer Pratt. With all the trust, Emilio Aguinaldo committed for the
second time to take side with the Americans, hoping that the Philippines would
eventually obtain independence.
Through the recommendation of Consul Wildman, Emilio Aguinaldo issued the

decree for establishment a Dictatorial Government (instead of Revolutionary
government) and installed himself as the Dictator. The decree nullified all the orders
he issued under the authority of the Biak na Bato Republic.
While leading the Dictatorial Government, he declared the Philippine

Independence on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite.
Source: https://www.google.com/search
The Filipino revolutionary forces under him witnessed and proclaimed the
sovereignty and independence of the Philippines from the Spanish colonial rule after
23
they were defeated in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 during the Spanish
American War. This historic event was declared as a national holiday and was
witnessed by thousands of people who gathered in Kawit to witness the declaration.
The declaration, however, was not recognized by the Family of Nations, more
so the United States or Spain. Instead, the Spanish government ceded the Philippines
to the United States in 1898 after the payment of $20 million by the latter to the
former by virtue of the Treaty of Paris signed on December 10, 1898. The $20 million
served as the payment for the damages of war as well as for the improvements done
by the Spaniards during the time they occupied the Philippines.
The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared and written by
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish, who also read the said declaration. This
declaration was signed by ninety-eight persons and this signified that the Filipinos
“are and have the right to be free and independent.”
The Philippine National Flag designed by Emilio Aguinaldo while he was in

Hongkong and made by Marcela Agoncillo, assisted by Lorenza Agoncollo and Delfina
Herbosa were unfurled for the first time. The Marcha Filipina Magdalo (now Lupang
Hinirang), a composition made by Julian Felipe, was played by the San Francisco de
Malabon band.
For the primary source about this “Act of Declaration of Independence,” you
may read the account of Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista translated into English by
Sulpicio Guevarra in any of the following sources:
a) National Historical Institute. (1997). Documents of the 1898 Declaration of

Philippine Independence, The Malolos Constitution and the First Philippine Republic.
Manila: National Historical Institute. (pp. 19-23)[Proclamation].

c) https://filipino.biz.ph/history/declaration.html, accessed July 18, 2020
********
24
Political Caricatures of the American Era
Alfred McCoy
Guide Questions
a) Who is Alfred Mc Coy?
b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “Political

Caricatures of the American Era?”

information found in the document “Political Caricatures of
the American Era?”

Political Caricatures of the American Era” in understanding
the grand narrative of Philippine history?
On May 1, 1898 the US troops entered Manila Bay. At 5:41 a.m., Commodore
Dewey turned to the captain of his flagship, the Olympia, and said, “You may fire
when ready, Gridley.” The Spanish fleet were hiding at Sangley Point, Cavite. The US
Troops fired against the Spanish fleet. The Spaniards were almost massacred and
the situation got worse. Only miracle can save them. The four surviving Spanish
vessels, trapped in
25
the little harbor at Cavite, refused to surrender, and at 11:15 a.m. fighting resumed.
At 12:30 p.m., a signal was sent from the gunboat US Petrel to Dewey’s flagship:
“The enemy has surrendered.”
On the other hand, Aguinaldo’s troops surrounded the Walled City,

Intramuros. He negotiated an honorable surrender to Governor General Basilio
Augustin but the latter refused because for him, it was better to save the Spanish
honor than to save his life. Aguinaldo, cut off the water and food supplies entering
Intramuros. He hoped that the cut off of food and water to Intramuros would force
the Spanish officials to surrender.
Dewey’s decisive victory cleared the way for the U.S. Occupation of Manila in
August. He intentionally delayed the negotiation of surrender. By then, he was
waiting for the arrival of the three American reinforcements, the first was led by Gen.
Francis Greene, the second was led by Gen. Thomas Anderson, and the third was led
by Gen Arcthur Mac Arthur, who became the first Military Governor of Manila when
the Americans established the Military Government in the Archepilago.
While the negotiation of surrender was going on, the peninsular government
in Spain sent Gen. Basilio Agustin’s reliever as the next Spanish Governor-general,
Gen. Fermin Jaudenes. Gen. Jaudenes entered into a Spanish- American Secret
Agreement, that is to have the Mock Battle in Manila Bay.
In the Mock Battle, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and his men took side with the
Americans without his knowledge that the representatives of Spain and of America
secretly met in Paris, and concluded the treaty known as the “Treaty of Paris.” In
December 10, 1898 the Treaty of Paris officially ended the brief Spanish-American
War. This Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish sovereignty over the
Philippines and the start of the American occupation in the country.
The Philippines was ceded by the Spaniards to the Americans with the amount
of 20million dollars and officially it was under America by virtue of such Treaty of
Paris. The military Government was established in the Philippine Islands.
The Benevolent Assimilation Proclaimation issued by Pres. William Mc Kinley

indicated that the Philippines was already under America. Consequently, the San Juan
Bridge Incident happened, the Death of Gen. Antonio Luna in Cabanatuan, and the
death of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar in Tirad Pass, did not stopped the Americans to rule
the country. Finally, the capture of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and later served the
Americans, was the sure move that the Filipinos be under their total control.
During the American rule, the situations in the Philippine Society were express
in the form of editorial cartoons (also called Political Caricatures) in the “The Free
Press,” a daily newspaper.
Philippine political cartoons gained full expression during the American era.
Filipino artists recorded national attitudes toward the coming of the Americans as well
as the changing times. While the cartoons compiled in this book speak for
themselves, historian Alfre d McCoy’s extensive research in Philippine and American
archives provides a comprehensive background not only to the cartoons but to the
turbulent period as well. Artist-writer Alfredo Roces, who designed the book,
contributes an essay on Philippine graphic satire of the period.
26
For the primary source about this “Political Caricatures,” you may read the
account of Alfred McCoy in any of the following sources:
McCoy, Alfred. Political Caricatures of the American Era (Editorial cartoons)

Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History.
https://www.google.com/search
https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999565278802121
https://www.academia.edu/
********
27
Speech of Corazon Aquino Before the US Congress
Corazon C. Aquino
Guide Questions
a) Who is Corazon C. Aquino?
b) What are the events that resulted to the delivery of “ Speech of Corazon
Aquino before the US Congress on September 18, 1986?”
c) What the content of the speech is all about? What important historical
information found in the document “Speech of Corazon
Aquino before the US Congress?”
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “Speech of

Corazon Aquino before the US Congress” in understanding the
On August 21, 1983 Ninoy was assassinated at the tarmac of the Manila
International Airport. The entire Filipino people mourned for this event and roused
opposition against the Marcos government. Two years after, on November 3, 1985,
President Marcos announced that he is ready to call “snap election.”
It was on December 2, 1985 when Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of

Staff Gen. Fabian Ver and all military personnel charged with Ninoy’s murder in 1983
28
were acquitted by the Sandiganbayan. It was also the date when Pres. Marcos signed
Cabinet Bill No. 7, formally setting the Snap elections to February 7, 1986.
The Snap Election was the presidential race between Pres. Ferdinand E.
Marcos and his running mate Sen. Arturo Tolentino and Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino and
her running mate Salvador Laurel.
There was still no declared winner a week after the snap elections. The
National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) figures show that Cory and her
vice presidential running mate Salvador “Doy” Laurel are consistently in the lead. But
Commission on Elections (Comelec) tabulations show that Marcos is leading by 1.2 M
votes.
Twenty-nine computer programmers, many of them women, walked out from

the control center of the national canvassing office to protest the deliberate
manipulation of the official election results to favor Ferdinand Marcos. The
administration dominated Batasan Pambansa declares Marcos as President-elect and
Arturo Tolentino vice-president elect.
On the same day, Cory is similarly proclaimed president in a mammoth

“People’s Victory Rally” at Rizal Park. Cory called for a civil disobedience campaign.
She urged followers to boycott certain banks, publications and corporations to bear
pressure on Marcos to step down without bloodshed.
It was then on February 22, 1986 when Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile
and Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos announced, through Radio Veritas, their withdrawal of
support from the Marcos administration.
Thousands of people peacefully rally and pray along EDSA highway in what
became known as the People Power Revolution.
On February 25, 1986, Marcos took his oath of office before Chief Justice
Ramon Aquino in Malacañang Palace, while Cory was inducted into office by Justice
Claudio Teehankee at the Club Filipino, in San Juan. Marcos’ televised oath taking was
cut short after rebel soldiers captured TV Channel 4. Finally, Marcos and his family
flee to Honolulu.
On the same day, February 25, 1986, Cory, in her inaugural address, issued
her first edict: Proclamation No. 1 calling all appointive public officials to submit their
courtesy resignations. In her speech, she proceeded to reorganize the government
issuing Executive Order No. 1—appointing Cabinet ministers and task forces to help
her run the government.
One month after assuming the presidency, Cory issues Proclamation No. 3,
proclaiming her government a “revolutionary government.” With this, she suspends
the 1973 Constitution installed during martial law and promulgates a provisional
“Freedom Constitution,” which vests legislative making powers on her, pending the
enactment of the new constitution.
Cory issued Proclamation No. 9 on April 23, 1986, provided for the creation of
a constitutional commission (Concom) to draft a new charter “truly reflective of the
ideals and aspirations of the Filipino People,” on or before September 2 of the same
29
year. She appointed 48 men and women, led former justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma, to
be members of the Concom.
The reorganized Supreme Court declared the Aquino government as “not

merely a de facto government but in fact and in law a de jure government”, whose
legitimacy had been affirmed by the community of nations.
On September 18, 1986 Corazon C. Aquino made a historic speech before the
joint session of the US Congress. US Congress welcomes Aquino with a round of
applause that lasts a little over two minutes. “Three years ago, I left America in grief
to burry my husband Ninoy Aquino. I thought I had left it also to lay to rest his
restless dream of Philippine freedom. Today I have returned as a President of a free
people,” her speech began.
For the primary source about this “Speech of Corazon Aquino before the Joint
Session of the US Congress,” you may read or view the speech in any of the following
sources:
a) Watch Corazon C. Aquino’s speech by clicking any thes e links:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnnvbKyNCQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bavnuT4RlU

b) https://www.google.com/search
*********
30
Works of Luna and Amorsolo [Paintings]
Fernando Amorsolo
Juan Luna
Guide Questions
a) Who is Fernando Armosolo? Who is Juan Luna?
b) What are the events that resulted them to make such work of
arts?
c) What the painting is all about? What important historical
information found in their paintings?
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of their works in

understanding the grand narrative of Philippine history?
Fernando Amorsolo
Fernando Amorsolo was the son of Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacia Cueto.
His parents gave him life and saw the world on May 30, 1892 at Paco, Manila. He
spent most of his childhood in the small town of Daet, Camarines Norte where his
love for rural life became the foundation of his artistic outlook.
31
He is one of the significant figures in the world of painting in the Philippines.
His favorite themes as a painter are the rural sceneries and the Philippine rural
landscapes.
Some of his painting works are as follows:
• Planting Rice with Mayon Volcano (1949
• Along the Mountain Trail
• Rice Harvesting
• The Making of the Philippine Flag
• El Ciego (The Blind Man), 1929
• Afternoon meal of the rice workers, 1951, oil in canvas. Won first price at
the New York World’s Fair.
• A Basket of Mangoes, oil on canvas, 1949
• The Palay Maiden
• Washing scene, 1953
• Princess Urduja
• Baguio
• Landscape, 1951
• Lavandera
• Man with Cockerel
• Market Scene
• Old Spanish Church
• Portrait of an Old Lady
• Under the Arbor
• Washing the Carabao
• Water Carrier
Juan Luna
32
Juan Luna is a native of Badoc, Ilocos Norte, was born on October 23, 1857
to Don Joaquin Luna de San Pedro y Paredes and Dona Laurena Novicio.
His interest in art was due to the influence of his brother, Manuel, who was
also a painter. He took lessons under the famous painting teacher Lorenzo Guerero
and also enrolled at Academia de Dibiyo y Pintura under the Spaniard artist Agustin
Saez.
Juan Luna is considered as one of the greatest Filipino artists in history with
masterpieces such as the Spoliarium, The Death of Cleopatra, and Blood Compact. He
was mostly known for his works as being dramatic and dynamic, focusing on
romanticism and realism styles of art.
Some of Juan Luna’s Painting Works are as follows:

1. Spoliarium, 1884
2. The Parisian Life, 1892. The Parisan of Life is also known interior d’lum
Café literally means inside the coffee shop is oil on canvas painting. It portrayed a
scene inside a café in Paris with a woman identified as a prostitute representing
fallen in womanhood who was about to rise from a sofa overshadowing three men
placed at the far left corner of the painting.
3. La Bulaquena, 1895. La Bulaquena literally means “the woman from

Bulacan” The woman in the portrait could be one of the woman courted by Luna
when he lost his wife. Luna Killed his wife out of jealousy.
4. Governor Ramon Blanco, 1880's. Portrait of Governor Ramon Blanco,

Spanish Governor-general of the Philippines from 1893 to 1896.
5. Souvenir de 1899. It was completed by Luna on May 21, 1899 in Leitmeritz,

Bohemian, after his meeting with Rizal’s friend, Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt.
6. Odalisque, 1885
7. Ensueños de Amor, 1890
8. El Pacto de Sangre (The Blood Compact), 1886
9. Damas Romanas, 1882
10. The Battle of Lepanto
11. Portrait of Rizal
12. Esopo
13. Mi Hermana
14. Tampuhan
15. Espana y Filipinas, 1886
16. La Muerte de Cleopatra, 1881
17. En el Balcon, 1884
18. Puesta Del Sol, 1880’s
19. La Marquesa de Monte Olivar, 1881
For the images of Amorsolo’s and Luna’s work, you may read the book or browse
these websites as follows:
a) Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History.
33
c) https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1372/a-small-collection-of
fernando-amorsolos-paintings
d) https://www.pinterest.ph/elizf/fernando-amorsolo-paintings e)
https://www.pinterest.ph/bulalacao/fernando-amorsolo-paintings f)
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1315/a-collection-of-some-of
juan-lunas-masterpieces
g) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luna
********
34
Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
Source:
https://www.amazon.com
Guide Questions
a) Who is Emilio F. Aguinaldo?

b) What are the events that led him to record his Memoirs of
the Revolution or Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan?”
information found in the document “ Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan?”
“ Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” in understanding the
“Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” is Memoir of the Revolution of Emilio Aguinaldo

who joined Andres Bonifacio's Katipunan movement in 1894. He is a general and
leader of the Katipunan in Cavite area when open war broke out in 1896. He had
better military background and successes as leader of Katipuneros. His popularity
increased everytime he won the battle in Cavite while Andres Bonifacio frequently
defeated in the battle he led in Manila.
35
This tension came to a scene when Aguinaldo rigged elections and declared
himself president in place of Bonifacio. By the end of that same year, Aguinaldo
would have Bonifacio executed after a sham trial.Aguinaldo went into exile in late
1897, after surrendering to the Spanish, but was brought back to the Philippines by
American forces in 1898 to join in the fight that ousted Spain after almost four
centuries. Aguinaldo was recognized as the first president of the independent
Republic of the Philippines but was forced back into the mountains as a rebel leader
once more when the Filipino-American War broke out in 1901. He was captured by
the American soldiers in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901. He was brought to
Manila and presented to the American Governor. Finally, on April 9, 1901, Aguinaldo
took his oath of allegiance to the American government and appealed to the Filipino
people to recognize the American sovereignty over them.
For the primary account about this “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan,” you may
read the account of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo the following sources:
a) Emilio Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan. (pp. 78-82; 95-100;

177- 188; 212-227) [Memoirs]
b) Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History. Iloilo
City: Malones Printing Press & Publishing House.
c) https://www.google.com/search
d. Mga gunita ng himagsikan 1998, National Centennial Commission, Cavite Historical

Society, A.T.S. & Associatesin Tagalog - Pangsentenaryong ed. at
https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2330507W/Mga_gunita_ng_himagsikan accessed
July 20, 2020.
********
36
Raiders of the Sulu Sea
Icelle Gloria D. Borja- Estrada, et al
Guide Questions
a) Who is Icelle Gloria D. Borja- Estrada and her co authors?
b) What are the events that resulted to the making of this

documentary film “Raiders of the Sulu Sea?”
c) What the content of the film is all about? What important

historical information found in the document “Raiders of the
Sulu Sea?”

“Raiders of the Sulu Sea” in understanding the grand narrative
of Philippine history?
“Raiders of the Sulu Sea”is a Historiographic Documentary film focusing on

Zamboanga City depicting how the Spaniards defended the city with the Fort Pilar as
Spain’s last stronghold and bastion of defense and economic expansion in the South
of the Philippines . It depicts the Southeast Asian flourishing free trading in the area
and the adverse effects and repercussions when Europeans such as the English,
Dutch and Spanish who wanted to control the economy as well to colonize and
Christianize.
37
The film focuses on the slave raiding as retaliation on colonizers- the
sophisticated ancient maritime vessels such as the Lanong, Garay and the Salisipan
and tools of war such as the Barong, Kris, and the Kampilan and the well organized
forces that is launched for slave raiding the coasts of Mindanao Visayas, and Luzon,
between July to October called as the Pirate wind “ Pirate monsoon”
It also focused on the fate of the Captured Balangingi Leader called Panglima
Taupan and his family who eventually was exiled to the north of Luzon in Cagayan,
and was made to work in the Tobacco Plantation- and his descendants who went
back to Zamboanga and settled in the outskirts of Taluksangay with the surname
Dela Cruz Nuno- Maas Nuno, the ancestor of the present Nuno clan of Zamboanga.
Art Historian Icelle Gloria D. Borja- Estrada together with Dr. Samuel Tan and
Margarita Cohuangco and other International Asian Historians contributed to the
success of this film Produced by Oakfilms3 based on Singapore for Q channel,
Discovery Channel and the National Geographic for International Release.
There were no Muslims (Moros) in the Philippines prior to the year 1380. And
most definitely they were NOT the original inhabitants of Mindanao, Sulu, and
Palawan. Moros are Muslims and they are not an ethnicity or indigenous people.
Prior to the arrival of the Muslims, the Datus and the Rajas in each of their
own tribal domains or kingdoms ruled. The Tausugs, the Maranaos, the
Maguindanaoans, and all the other tribes had their own ancestral domains. None of
them were Muslims or Moros.
Never forget that the Moros (Muslims) were the first COLONIZERS of the
Philippines. They were the first EXPLOITERS of the Filipino people. The Sultanates
exploited the natural resources and the culture of the indigenous peoples. Now they
even call the traditional clothing, dances, food, customs, and tools of the tribal
indigenous peoples as Moro
(https://www.zamboanga.com/arts_and_culture/Icelle_raiders_of_sulu.html,
accessed July 21, 2020.)
For full version of this documentary film,” you may search the website given
or you may click this link below.
a) https://www.zamboanga.com/arts_and_culture/Icelle_raiders_of_sulu.ht
ml
b) https://www.google.com/search
38
Tasks
Instructions: Read or watch the primary accounts (documents or
films) about the historical events in the Philippines. These accounts
are first hand information for these were written by the people who
actually witness the events.
From these primary accounts (documents and films), be able
to do the following:
a) Describe the brief background of the author
b) Trace the historical background of the documentary film
c) Discuss the content and the importance of historical
information found in the documentary film
d) Explain the contribution and relevance of the
documentary film in understanding the grand narrative of
Philippine history.
Independent Activity
Instruction: After reading and doing the tasks of your chosen primary
accounts, be ready to describe your learning experiences.
Name and describe the learning experiences you gained (which you
didn’t know before you were exposed to primary sources) from each of the
primary accounts you chose and relate these to the present governance in
this time of COVID -19 Pandemic.
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
39
Post- Assessment
Instruction: Choose the BEST answer by writing the letter of your

answer on the space provided before each number. Please be reminded
NOT to browse the content of this module when you answer this part.
______1. The author of “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan”

a. Pigafetta c. Placensia
______ 2. The “Customs of the Tagalog” was written by

a. Luna c. Placensia
______3. The leader in the ancient times whom the natives obeyed and
reverenced a. Datu c. Imam
b. Priestess d. Babaylan
______4. The “Kartilla ng Katipunan” was the primer of the Katipunan written by
______5. The meeting held in Tejeros in order to unite the 2 conflicting factions of
Katipuneros
a. Katipunan Meeting c. Tejeros Conference
b.Tejeros Meeting d. All of these
______6. The author of “Political Caricatures” of the American Era was

b. McCoy d. Aguinaldo
______7. When Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippine Indepence, who wrote
the “Act of the Declaration of Independence”
a. Pigafetta c. Bautista
_____8. Pres. Corazon Aquino delivered her speech in the United States
on September 18, 1986 in the
a. White House c. US Congress
b. World Health Organization d. United Nations Headquarter
______9. The documentary film depicting how the Spaniards defended Zamboanga
City and their last stronghold was
a. Fort San Felipe c. Fort Pilar
b. Fort San Pedro d. Fort Bonifacio
40
_____10. He is famous for his painting works on the rural sceneries and the
Philippine rural landscapes
a. Felix Hidalgo c. Guillermo Tolentino
b. Fernando Amorsolo d. Juan Luna
Instruction: Arrange the following events in its chronological

order by writing the number on the blank before the number. 1 for
first event and 10 for the last.
____1. Founding of Katipunan

____2. Discovery of the Philippines
____3. Publication of Editorial Cartoons
____4. Writing of Kartilla
____5. Arrival of Spanish Missionaries
____6. Pres. Aquino delivered the Speech
____7. Declaration of Independence from Spain
____8. Observance of the Indigenous Customs
____9. Tejeros Convention
____10.Execution of Bonifacio
*********
References
Aguinaldo, Emilio. Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan. (pp. 78-82; 95-100; 177-
188; 212-227) [Memoirs]
Aquino, Corazon. President Corazon Aguino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress Sept.
18, 1986 [Speech]
Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History. Iloilo City:
Malones Printing Press & Publishing House.
Blair, Emma Helen and James Alexander Robertson. (1961). The

Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. Mandaluyong: Cachos Hermanos
Inc.
Garcia, Mauro. (1979). Readings in Philippine History. Manila:

Filipiniana Book Guild.
McCoy, Alfred. Political Caricatures of the American Era (Editorial

Cartoons)
41
Pigafetta, Antonio, (1969). First Voyage Around the World. Manila: Filipiniana Book
Guild
Plasencia, Juan. Customs of the Tagalogs, (Garcia, (1979). pp. 221-234) [Friar
account]
Emilio Jacinto, “Kartilla ng Katipunan” (Richardson, (2013). pp. 131-137) [Declaration

of Principles]
National Historical Institute. (1997). Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine

Independence, The Malolos Constitution and the First Philippine Republic. Manila:
National Historical Institute. (pp. 19-23)[Proclamation].
McCoy, Alfred. Political Caricatures of the American Era (Editorial cartoons)
Mga gunita ng himagsikan 1998, National Centennial Commission, Cavite Historical

Society, A.T.S. & Associates, Mga gunita ng himagsikan 1998 in Tagalog -
Pangsentenaryong ed. at
https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2330507W/Mga_gunita_ng_himagsikan
https://utorontopress.com/us/first-voyage-around-the-world
http://malacanang.gov.ph/7013-andres-bonifacios-decalogue-and-the-kartilya-ng
katipunan/
https://filipino.biz.ph/history/declaration.html, accessed July 18,
2020 https://www.google.com/search
https://prezi.com/p/ph__5rxnezgp/political-caricatures-of-american-
era https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999565278802121
https://www.academia.edu/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnnvbKyNCQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bavnuT4RlU
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1372/a-small-collection-of-fernando
amorsolos-paintings
https://www.pinterest.ph/elizf/fernando-amorsolo-paintings
https://www.pinterest.ph/bulalacao/fernando-amorsolo-paintings
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1315/a-collection-of-some-of-juan-lunas
masterpieces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luna
https://www.pinterest.ph/annagleef/juan-luna-paintings
https://www.philippineartgallery.com/juan-luna.html
https://www.zamboanga.com/arts_and_culture/Icelle_raiders_of_sulu.html
42

Module 2 - Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources

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Module 2 - Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources

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Content and Contextual

a) Learned the historical facts and their connections with one

c) Demonstrated critical and analytical skills as they are exposed

I. Instruction: Choose the BEST answer by writing the letter of your

______4. Who among the following is the author of “Kartilla ng Katipunan?”

II. Instruction: Arrange the following events in its chronological order

First Voyage Around the Round

a) Who is Antonio Pigafetta?

c) What the content is all about? What important historical information

d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “First

Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese navigator who transferred his allegiance

a) Pigafetta, Antonio, (1969). First Voyage Around the World. Manila:

b) Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History.

a) Who is Juan de Plasencia?

c) What the content is all about? What important historical information

d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document

a) Plasencia, Juan. Customs of the Tagalogs, (Garcia, (1979). pp.

c) Blair, Emma Helen and James Alexander Robertson. (1961). The

a) Who is Emilio Jacinto?

c) What is the content of the document all about? What

d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “

The Katipunan as the underground Society has three objectives, namely; a)

The teachings of the Katipunan is contained in the Kartilla written by Emilio

a) Emilio Jacinto, “Kartilla ng Katipunan” (Richardson, (2013). pp. 131-137)

b) Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History.

Act of Declaration of Independence

a) Who is Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista?

b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “Act of

c) What the content is all about? What important historical

d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “

There, Aguinaldo and his men had already established a republican

Emilio Aguinaldo followed the instructions to go back to the Philippines. Before

Through the recommendation of Consul Wildman, Emilio Aguinaldo issued the

While leading the Dictatorial Government, he declared the Philippine

The Philippine National Flag designed by Emilio Aguinaldo while he was in

a) National Historical Institute. (1997). Documents of the 1898 Declaration of

b) Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History.

c) https://filipino.biz.ph/history/declaration.html, accessed July 18, 2020

a) Who is Alfred Mc Coy?

b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “Political

c) What the content is all about? What important historical

d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “

On the other hand, Aguinaldo’s troops surrounded the Walled City,

The Benevolent Assimilation Proclaimation issued by Pres. William Mc Kinley

McCoy, Alfred. Political Caricatures of the American Era (Editorial cartoons)

a) Who is Corazon C. Aquino?

d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “Speech of

It was on December 2, 1985 when Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of

Twenty-nine computer programmers, many of them women, walked out from

On the same day, Cory is similarly proclaimed president in a mammoth

The reorganized Supreme Court declared the Aquino government as “not

a) Watch Corazon C. Aquino’s speech by clicking any thes e links:

b) Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History.

a) Who is Fernando Armosolo? Who is Juan Luna?

d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of their works in

Some of Juan Luna’s Painting Works are as follows:

3. La Bulaquena, 1895. La Bulaquena literally means “the woman from

4. Governor Ramon Blanco, 1880's. Portrait of Governor Ramon Blanco,

5. Souvenir de 1899. It was completed by Luna on May 21, 1899 in Leitmeritz,

a) Who is Emilio F. Aguinaldo?

“Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” is Memoir of the Revolution of Emilio Aguinaldo

a) Emilio Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan. (pp. 78-82; 95-100;