Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Fourth Year )
Kr Un – Civil Engineering
(Prepared by…………..)
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
In the name of Allah, the Compassionate,the Merciful
وهو الذي يرسل الرياح بشرا بين يدي رحمته حتى إذا أقلت
سحابا ثقاال سقناه لبلد ميت فأنزلنا به الماء فأخرجنا به من
كل الثمرات كذلك نخرج الموتى لعلكم تذكرون * األعراف57
1. Basic Hydrology Concept
1.1. Introduction
Water is vital for all living organisms on Earth.
For centuries, people have been investigating
where water comes from and where it goes, why
some of it is salty and some is fresh, why
sometimes there is not enough and sometimes too
much. All questions and answers related to water
have been grouped together into a discipline.
The name of the discipline is hydrology and is
formed by two Greek words: "hydro" and "logos"
meaning "water" and "science".
What is Hydrology?
– It is a science of water.
– It is the science that deals with the
occurrence, circulation and distribution of
water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere.
Watershed/
catchment
Watershed/
catchment
Catchment area….
If a permeable soil covers an impermeable substrate,
the topographical division of watershed will not
always correspond to the line that is effectively
delimiting the groundwater.
Watershed characteristics
Water Budget Equation
Evapo transpiration
Precipitation
Stream flow
(Runoff)
Inter flow
Infiltration
Base flow
Groundwater flow
1.3 World Water Budget
Total quantity of water in the world is
estimated as 1386 M km3
– 1337.5 M km3 of water is contained in
oceans as saline water
– The rest 48.5 M km3 is land water
13.8 M km3 is again saline
34.7 M km3 is fresh water
– 10.6 M km3 is both liquid and fresh
– 24.1 M km3 is a frozen ice and glaciers in the
polar regions and mountain tops
Estimated World Water Quantitites
96%
2% 1% Ocean-saline
1% Land - saline
Fresh - Liquid
Fresh - Frozen
Global annual water balance
SN Item Ocean Land
1 Area (Mkm2) 361.3 148.8
2 Precipitation (km3/year) 458,000 119,000
(mm/year) 1270 800
3 Evaporation (km3/year) 505,000 72,000
(mm/year) 1400 484
4 Runoff to ocean
Rivers (km3/year) 44,700
Groundwater (km3/year) 2,200
Total Runoff (km3/year) 47,000
(mm/year) 316
Water Balance of Continents
Area (M km^2)
50
45
40
30.3
30
20.7
20 17.8
8.7 9.8
10
0
Africa Asia Australia Europe N.Am erica S.Am erica
Precipitation (mm/yr)
2000
1648
1500
0
Africa Asia Australia Europe N.Am erica S.Am erica
Water Balance …….
Precipitation (mm/yr)
2000
1648
1500
0
Africa Asia Australia Europe N.Am erica S.Am erica
Evaporation (mm/yr)
1200
1065
1000
800
547 510
600
400
433 415 383 Drop of water …..
200 Matter…..
0
Africa Asia Australia Europe N.Am erica S.Am erica
700
600 583
500
400 319
293 287
300 226
200 139
100
0
Africa Asia Australia Europe N.Am erica S.Am erica
Water Balance of Oceans
1600 Area M km^2
1380
1400 Precp (mm/yr)
1210
1140
1200 1040 Evap. (mm/yr)
1010
1000
780
800
600
400 240
107 120 167
200 75
12
0
Atlantic Arctic Indian Pacific
400 350
200 230
200 130
70 60
0
Atlantic Arctic Indian Pacific
-200 -60