LECTURE MODULE

ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY: SAMPLE 1:

Analytic Geometry – is the study of geometry using a Find the equation of a line that passes through the
1
coordinate system called Cartesian Coordinate System. point (2, 3) and has a slope of 3.
Also known as Coordinate Geometry, or Cartesian SOLUTION:
Geometry. Note: Any of the forms of the line can be used.
Solutions depend on the given. GENERAL FORM is
Lines: the usually the form used for the FINAL ANSWER, if
Lines – the basic of analytic geometry formed by the question DID NOT SPECIFY the from unto
connecting at least to points. which the final answer be expressed.
Using Point-Slope Form:
Note: The lines pertained in Analytic Geometry are 𝑦 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
always straight lines. 𝑥 − 𝑥1
1 𝑦−3
Forms of a Line: =
3 𝑥−2
1(𝑥 − 2) = 3(𝑦 − 3)
1. General Form of a Line – the usual representation 𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑦 − 9
or form of a line. ∴ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 7 = 0
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
Where: Key Concepts on Points and Lines:
A, B – coefficients
C – constant of equation 1. Distance Between Two Points:
𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐
2. Slope-Intercept Form Where:
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 d – distance between points
Where:
b – y-intercept of the line
2. Midpoint of a Line Segment:
m – slope of the line

Note: when the slope is positive, the line is leaning to

the right; when negative, the line is leaning to the left;
when zero, the line is horizontal; when undefined, the
line is vertical.

3. Intercept Form
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
Where:
a – x-intercept of the line
b – y-intercept of the line
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚 𝟐
𝒙𝒎 = ; 𝒚𝒎 =
Note: intercept is the point by which the line intersects 𝟐 𝟐
the x-axis and the y-axis. Where:
(𝒙 𝒎 , 𝒚𝒎 ) – coordinates of the midpoint
4. Point-Slope Form
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 3. Distance Between a Point and a Line
𝒎= 𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒅𝑷𝑳 =
Where: √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) – coordinates of a point Where:
m – slope of the line (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) – coordinates of point
A, B, C – coefficients and constant from the general
5. Two-Point Form from of the line
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝟏
𝒎= = =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
Where:
(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) – coordinates of point 1
(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) – coordinates of point 2
 LECTURE MODULE
ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY

SAMPLE 2: Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines:

A line passes through the points (−1, 1) and (1, 4). 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
Find its distance to the point (7, −2) 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
SOLUTION: Where:
Using Two-Slope Form: 𝜽 – angle between two intersecting lines
𝑦 − 𝑦1
𝑚= Note: The above formula is taken from the concept of
𝑥 − 𝑥1
4−1 the trigonometric identity 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩).
𝑚=
1 − (−2)
3 Perpendicular Lines – intersecting lines meeting at
𝑚= right angles.
4
3 𝑦−1
= Formulas:
4 𝑥 − (−2)
3(𝑥 + 2) = 4(𝑦 − 1) 1
𝑚1 = −
3𝑥 + 6 = 4𝑦 − 4 𝑚2
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 10 = 0 Where:
Using the Formula for the distance between point and 𝒎𝟏 – slope of line 1
line: 𝒎𝟐 – slope of line 2
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑃𝐿 = The Conic Sections:
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
3(7) − 4(−2) + 10 Conic Sections – are locus of points and graphs
𝑑𝑃𝐿 = generated by cutting a cone with different planes.
√32 + (−4)2
∴ 𝒅𝑷𝑳 = 𝟕. 𝟖 The Conic Sections:

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines: 1. Circle – is a locus of a point which moves so that
Parallel Lines – a pair of two or more lines that will every point is equidistant from a fixed point, called
not intersect no matter how far they are extended. center.

Formulas:
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
Where:
𝒎𝟏 – slope of line 1
𝒎𝟐 – slope of line 2

Distance Between Two Parallel Lines:

Given two parallel lines with the following general

form:
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎

𝑪𝟏 − 𝑪𝟐
𝒅=
√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 Standard Equation of a Circle:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
Intersecting Lines – a pair of two meeting at a Where:
common point h, k – coordinates of the center
r – radius of the circle
Formulas:
𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 General Equation of a Circle:
Where: 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 𝟎
𝒎𝟏 – slope of line 1 Where:
𝒎𝟐 – slope of line 2 𝑨=𝑩
 LECTURE MODULE
ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
2. Parabola – is a locus of a point which moves so that General Equation of a Circle:
every point is equidistant from a fixed point, called 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 𝟎
focus, and a fixed line, called directrix.

𝐷𝑒 = 𝑎 𝐿𝑎 = 2𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑎 = 𝑐
Where:
Standard Equation of Horizontal Parabola: 𝑫 – distance of directrix to the center of ellipse
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = ±𝟒𝒂 ∙ (𝒚 − 𝒌) 𝒆 – eccentricity
Where: 𝑳 – length of latera recta
h, k – coordinates of the vertex
4a – length of the latus rectum 4. Hyperbola - the locus of a point which moves so
(+) – opening to the right that the difference of its distance from two fixed
(–) – opening to the left points, called foci, is constant.
Standard Equation of Vertical Parabola:
±𝟒𝒂 ∙ (𝒙 − 𝒉) = (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
Where:
h, k – coordinates of the vertex
4a – length of the latus rectum
Where:
h, k – coordinates of the vertex
4a – length of the latus rectum
(+) – opening upward
(–) – opening downward

General Equation of a Parabola:

Horizontal: Standard Equation of Horizontal Hyperbola:
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪𝒚 + 𝑫 = 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐
− =𝟏
Vertical: 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝑨𝒚𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪𝒚 + 𝑫 = 𝟎 Where:
a – semi-major axis
3. Ellipse – the locus of a point which moves so that b – semi-minor axis
the sum of its distance from two fixed points, called
foci, is constant. Standard Equation of Vertical Hyperbola:
(𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐
− =𝟏
Standard Equation of Horizontal Ellipse: 𝒉𝟐 𝒂𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐 ( 𝒚 − 𝒌 ) 𝟐 Where:
+ =𝟏 a – semi-major axis
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Where: b – semi-minor axis
a – semi-major axis
b – semi-minor axis

Standard Equation of Vertical Ellipse:

(𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐 ( 𝒚 − 𝒌 ) 𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒉𝟐 𝒂𝟐
Where:
a – semi-major axis
b – semi-minor axis