Subtopic 1.

2 Temperature, volume and Pressure

Temperature: is a measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically, it
is a means of determining the internal energy contained within a given
system. In other words, it is a measure of the average kinetic energy of
the particles in an object, which is a type of energy associated with
motion.

It can be measured with a thermometer calibrated. When we measure an

object's temperature, we measure the average kinetic energy of the
particles in the object.

There are several scales used to measure temperature. Three of the

most common are Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit. Temperature scales
may be relative or absolute. A relative scale is based on the kinetic
behavior relative to a certain material. Relative scales are degree scales.
Both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are relative scales based on the
freezing point (or triple point) of water and its boiling point, but the size of
their degrees are different from each other. The Kelvin scale is an
absolute scale, which has no degrees. The Kelvin scale is based on
thermodynamics and not on the property of any specific material. The
Rankine scale is another absolute temperature scale. 1
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 Subtopic 1.2 Temperature, volume and Pressure

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 Subtopic 1.2 Temperature, volume and Pressure

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 Subtopic 1.2 Temperature, volume and Pressure
Class exercise

According to the topics seen, do the following:

1. Directions: Fill in the table making the corresponding temperature unit changes. Perform the
conversion procedure with the formulas.

Datos °C °F K Ra.
89 °C
- 45 °F
200 K
150 Ra.

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 Subtopic 1.2 Temperature, volume and Pressure
Difference between heat and temperature: Heat and temperature are a closely related topic, and
as such, the difference between the two can be a bit confusing. Heat is the total energy of molecular
motion in a substance while temperature is a measure of the average energy of molecular motion in
a substance. Heat energy depends on the speed of the particles, the number of particles (the size or
mass), and the type of particles in an object. Temperature does not depend on the size or type of
object. For example, the temperature of a small cup of water might be the same as the temperature of
a large tub of water, but the tub of water has more heat because it has more water and thus more
total thermal energy.

Which object
contains the most
heat, a boiling pot of
water or a gigantic
iceberg???

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 Subtopic 1.2 Temperature, volume and Pressure
Volume: Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for
example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains.
Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre.

The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container; i. e., the
amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the
container itself displaces. Three dimensional mathematical shapes are also assigned volumes.
Volumes of some simple shapes, such as regular, straight-edged, and circular shapes can be easily
calculated using arithmetic formulas. Volumes of complicated shapes can be calculated with
integral calculus if a formula exists for the shape's boundary. One-dimensional figures (such as lines)
and two-dimensional shapes (such as squares) are assigned zero volume in the three-dimensional
space.

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 Subtopic 1.2 Temperature, volume and Pressure
The volume of a solid (whether regularly or irregularly shaped) can be determined by fluid
displacement. Displacement of liquid can also be used to determine the volume of a gas. The
combined volume of two substances is usually greater than the volume of just one of the substances.
However, sometimes one substance dissolves in the other and in such cases the combined volume is
not additive

In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its
thermodynamic state. The specific volume, an intensive property, is the system's volume per unit of
mass. Volume is a function of state and is interdependent with other thermodynamic
properties such as pressure and temperature. For example, volume is related to the pressure and
temperature of an ideal gas by the ideal gas law.

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 Subtopic 1.2 Temperature, volume and Pressure
Pressure: (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area
over which that force is distributed. It can also be defined as the ratio of the force to the area (over
which the force is acting). There are 4 Types of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Absolute Pressure,
Differential Pressure, Gauge Pressure.

Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a
unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre
(N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi) is the traditional unit of pressure in the
imperial and U.S. customary systems.

Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the atmosphere (atm) is
equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the
centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in
terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.

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 Subtopic 1.2 Temperature, volume and Pressure
Pressure in thermodynamics: is a measure of the force exerted per unit area on the boundaries of
a substance (or system). It is caused by the collisions of the molecules of the substance with the
boundaries of the system.

As molecules hit the walls, they exert forces that try to push the walls outward. The forces resulting
from all of these collisions cause the pressure exerted by a system on its surroundings.

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 Subtopic 1.2 Temperature, volume and Pressure
Relationships among Pressure, Temperature, Volume, and Amount: Early scientists explored the
relationships among the pressure of a gas (P) and its temperature (T), volume (V), and amount (n) by
holding two of the four variables constant (amount and temperature, for example), varying a third
(such as pressure), and measuring the effect of the change on the fourth (in this case, volume). The
history of their discoveries provides several excellent examples of the scientific method:

 The Relationship between Pressure and Volume: Boyle's Law

 The Relationship between Temperature and Volume: Charles's Law
 The Relationship between Amount and Volume: Avogadro's Law

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