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Transport System and Engineering IG : setiawan_danny

Department of Civil Engineering IG : akademik_dannysetiawan
Faculty of Science and Technology F : Danny Setiawan
University of Technology Yogyakarta (UTY) E : danny.setiawan@staff.uty.ac.id
GEOMETRIC HIGHWAY - ENGINEERING
Geometrik Jalan Raya
Pertemuan Ke-1

Ir. Danny Setiawan, S.T., M.Sc.

-Transport System and Engineering-

Depatment of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Science and Technology
University of Technology Yogyakarta (UTY)
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OBJECTIVE
1. Mata kuliah ini bertujuan untuk memberi pengetahuan tentang
prinsip-prinsip geometrik jalan raya.
2. Memahami potongan melintang permukaan tanah alami dari
informasi survei yang diketahui.
3. Mampu membuat plot rencana jalan pada daerah galian, timbunan
atau kombinasi dari keduanya.
4. Mampu menghitung dan mendesain alinyemen horizontal dan
vertikal jalan sesuai dengan kriteria yang relevan.
5. Mampu merancang kurva kombinasi alinemen vertikal dan
horizontal.
 Geometric Highway / Geometrik Jalan Raya:
Didefinisikan sebagai suatu bangun jalan raya yang menggambarkan
tentang bentuk/ukuran jalan raya baik yang menyangkut penampang
melintang, memanjang, maupun aspek lain yang terkait dengan bebtuk
fisik jalan.

Highway Design / Desain Jalan:

Desain jalan raya dimana dimensi jalan raya dimaksudkan untuk
menginformasikan pergerakan lalu lintas yang aman, nyaman, dan
ekonomis
Introduction of Highway Engineering
• Transportation is essential for a nation's development and growth.
• Opportunities for engineering careers in transportation are exciting and
rewarding.
• New techniques are being applied for operating and maintaining the
systems safely and economically.
• Many organizations and agencies exist to plan, design, build, operate,
and maintain the nation's transportation system.
The Profession of Transportation
• For as long as the human race has existed, transportation has played a
significant role by facilitating trade, commerce, conquest, and social
interaction.
• The primary need for transportation has been economic, involving
personal travel in search of food or work, travel for the exchange of
goods and commodities, exploration , personal fulfillment, and the
improvement of a society or a nation.
The Profession of Transportation
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
• The speed, Cost, Capacity of transportation have a significant impact on
economic vitality,
• and to make maximum use of its natural resources.
• countries with advanced transportation systems are leaders in industry
and commerce.
The Profession of Transportation
Transportation Engineering
• One of the specialty areas of civil engineering
➢Development of facilities for the movement of goods and people
➢Planning, design, operation and maintenance
• Multidisciplinary study
Outline
Functional classification of roads
Road functions
Hierarchical structure of road networks
Mobility vs. accessibility
Mobility vs. transportation mode

Highway components
Cross-sections
Highway plan and profile
Interchanges
Rural and urban intersections
Transportation System
Definition of Transportation Modes
• A transportation system is an infrastructure that serves to move people
and goods efficiently. The transportation system consists of fixed
facilities, flow entities, and a control component.
• Efficient = safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical,
environmentally compatible.

• Major transportation subsystems

Land transportation: highway, rail
Air transportation: domestic, international
Water transportation: inland, coastal, ocean
Pipelines: oil, gas, other
Highway Transportation System
• Fixed facilities: roads, intersections, interchanges, service stations, etc.
• Flow entities: passenger cars, buses, trucks, pedestrians, etc.
• Control component: highway administration, local transportation
agencies, transportation engineering.
Highway Transportation System
• Definition
The application of technology and scientific principles to the planning,
functional design, operation, and management of roads, streets and
highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships
with other modes of transportation.
• Areas of highway transportation engineering:
• Planning of streets and highways
• Geometric design of road facilities
• Traffic operations and control
• Traffic safety
• Maintenance of road facilities and controls
Road Functions

Mobility

Accessibility
Hierarchical Structure of Road Networks
 Mobility vs. Accessibility
Hubungan antara akses, mobilitas, dan klasifikasi
fungsional dari jalan raya dan jalan tol.
Jalan tol dan jalan arteri mempunyai tingkat
mobilitas yang tinggi karena keduanya
memperkenankan kecepatan tinggi tetapi kedua
jenis jalan ini tidak menyediakan aksesibilitas yang
memadai bagi fasilitas sekitarnya.
Sebaliknya jalan local memiliki aksesibilitas yang
maksimum, namun mobilitas di jalan ini relative
buruk karena kecepatan yang rendah.
Oleh karena itu, sebuah kota atau daerah harus
berupaya untuk menyediakan porsi yang tepat
antara jalan tol, jalan arteri, jalan raya, dan jalan
lokal untuk menawarkan sistem yang aksesibilitas
dan mobilitas yang seimbang demi kemudahan
para penduduknya.
Mobility vs. Transportation Mode
Highway Components Cross-section
Highway Components - Highway plan and profile
Highway Components
Urban and Rural Intersections
Highway
Components
Interchanges
Outline of Highway Design
• Concepts
• Topography
• Vertical Alignment
• Fundamentals
• Crest Vertical Curves
• Sag Vertical Curves
• Examples
• Horizontal Alignment
• Fundamentals
• Superelevation
• Other Non-Testable Stuff
Concepts
• Alignment is a 3D problem broken down into two 2D problems
• Horizontal Alignment (plan view)
• Vertical Alignment (profile view)
• Topography
• Stationing
• Along horizontal alignment
• 12+00 = 1,200 ft.

Piilani Highway on Maui

Topography:
• Countur
• Leveling
• Scale
• Distance
• Cross-section
• Slope
Stationing
Horizontal Alignment

Vertical Alignment
Vertical Alignment
• Objective:
• Determine elevation to ensure
• Proper drainage
• Acceptable level of safety
• Primary challenge
• Transition between two grades
• Vertical curves Sag Vertical Curve
G1 G2
G1 G2
Crest Vertical Curve
Vertical Curve Fundamentals
• Parabolic function
• Constant rate of change of slope
• Implies equal curve tangents

y = ax + bx + c
2

• y is the roadway elevation x stations

(or feet) from the beginning of the curve
Vertical Curve Fundamentals
PVI
G1 δ
PVC G2
PVT
L/2

L
x
Choose Either:
• G1, G2 in decimal form, L in feet
y = ax + bx +2 c
2
y = ax + bx + •c G1, G2 in percent, L in stations
 Choose Either:
Relationships • G1, G2 in decimal form, L in feet
• G1, G2 in percent, L in stations
At the PVC : x = 0 and Y = c
dY
At the PVC : x = 0 and = b = G1
dx
d 2Y G2 − G1 G2 − G1
Anywhere: 2
= 2a = a=
dx L 2L
 •G1, G2 in percent
Other Properties •L in feet

G1 x

PVT
PVC

Y
Ym G2

PVI Yf
A = G1 − G2

A 2 AL AL
Y= x Ym = Yf =
200 L 800 200
Crest Vertical Curves
SSD

PVI
Line of Sight

G1 PVC PVT G2
h2
h1

L
For SSD < L For SSD > L
A(SSD) ( )
2 2
L= 200 h1 + h2
L = 2(SSD) −
(
100 2h1 + 2h2 ) 2
A
Crest Vertical Curves
• Assumptions for design
• h1 = driver’s eye height = 3.5 ft.
• h2 = tail light height = 2.0 ft.
For SSD < L For SSD > L
• Simplified Equations A(SSD)
2
L = 2(SSD ) −
2158
L=
2158 A

• Assuming L > SSD… 2

SSD
K=
2158
Horizontal Alignment
• Objective:
• Geometry of directional transition to ensure:
• Safety
• Comfort
• Primary challenge
• Transition between two directions Δ

• Horizontal curves
• Fundamentals
• Circular curves
• Superelevation
Horizontal Curve Fundamentals
PI
T Δ
 E
T = R tan
2 M
L
PC Δ/2 PT
 100 
L= R =
180 D
R R
 180 
100 
   18,000 Δ/2 Δ/2
D= =
R  R
Horizontal Curve Fundamentals
PI
T Δ
E
 1 
E = R − 1 M

 cos  2 
L
PC Δ/2 PT

 
M = R1 − cos 
 2 R R

Δ/2 Δ/2
  WV 2  WV 2
Superelevation : W sin  + f s W cos  + sin   = cos 
 gRv  gRv

Rv
Wp + Ff = Fcp

≈
Fc

e
W 1 ft

α
Cross Section
Superelevation Transition
Superelevation Transition
Spiral Curves

No Spiral

Spiral

from AASHTO’s A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 2001

Highway in Indonesia – Background
Highway in Indonesia – Background
➢Highway (Pavement) Engineering
➢Road Management System
➢Pavement Management System
➢Pavement Evaluation (Assessment)
➢Pavement Rehabilitation
Highway in Indonesia – Background
• Disain jalan membutuhkan elemen-elemen perancangan yang spesifik
seperti :
✓ jumlah lajur,
✓ lebar lajur,
✓ type dan lebar median,
✓ panjang lajur pendakian untuk truk dalam menerima perubahan kelandaian
(superelevasi), dan
✓ jari-jari tikungan.
• karakteristik kendaraan (performance dan dimensi) yang lewat sangat
mempengaruhi .
• Selanjutnya desain standar harus berubah dari waktu ke waktu untuk
merespons perubahan-perubahan dimensi dan performance, dan jumlah
kendaraan
 manusia hidup bermasyarakat

aktivitas perpindahan barang / orang

membutuhkan alat angkut (moda)

gerakan alat angkut

lalu lintas (kendaraan / pejalan kaki / hewan)

prasarana

darat udara laut

- jalan raya lentur / kaku bandar udara : pelabuhan : dermaga,
- jalan rel : rel, stasiun, apron, taxiway, gudang, dll
emplasemen,dll runway, dll
Thank you for your attention…
See you next week…
Primary References
• C. Jotin Khisty and B. Kent Lall (2005), Transportation Engineering:
An Introduction/Third Edition (Dasar-dasar Rekayasa
Transportasi/Edisi Ke-3/Jilid-1)
• Mannering, F.L.; Kilareski, W.P. and Washburn, S.S. (2005).
Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, Third Edition.
Chapter 3
• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO). (2001). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
Streets, Fourth Edition. Washington, D.C.