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Pit Design
Pit Design
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otherwise, does not form part of any contract. Changes may be made in products or services at
any time without notice.
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documentation. For such permission, or to obtain extra copies please contact your local Gemcom
office or visit www.gemcomsoftware.com.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this manual, we assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damage resulting from the
use of the information contained herein.
Gemcom Software International Inc. Gemcom, the Gemcom logo, combinations thereof, and
Whittle, Surpac, GEMS, Minex, Gemcom InSite and PCBC are trademarks of Gemcom Software
International Inc. or its wholly-owned subsidiaries.
Contributors
Rowdy Bristol
Samantha Greene
Introduction
This tutorial demonstrates how to create pit and dump designs using Surpac.
Requirements
Prior to proceeding with this tutorial, you will need:
Objectives
The objective of this tutorial is to allow you to create a pit design.
Workflow
The process described in this tutorial is outlined below:
This workflow demonstrates the steps in this tutorial. There are other ways to achieve a result.
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Setup for This Tutorial Task: Set the Work Directory (Windows XP)
The name of the work directory is displayed in the title bar of the Surpac window.
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Setup for This Tutorial Task: Set the Work Directory (Windows Vista and Windows 7)
The name of the work directory is displayed in the title bar of the Surpac window.
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Setup for This Tutorial Task: Display the minedesign Toolbar and Menubar
For more information on setting up profiles and customising menus and toolbars, see the
Introduction to Surpac tutorial.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
A Simple Example
Creating a Simple Pit Design
In this example you will design a pit base around an ore zone at an elevation of 150, and then extend
it up to an elevation of 250 at a 45 degree pit wall angle.
Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
1. Click Reset graphics .
2. Open ore150.str in Graphics.
You will see a horizontal slice of ore zones at an elevation of 150.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
5. Choose Create > Digitise > Digitise new point at mouse location.
6. Click in graphics to create points 1, 2, and 3 as shown.
Note: Do not press ESC. You have not finished creating the string.
Note: Numbers 1, 2 and 3 will not be displayed in the graphics. They are shown on the
images so you know the order in which to create the points.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
8. Click three points at the northern end of the segment as shown, to create points 4, 5, and
6.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
11. Click and hold down the left mouse button at point 9, then drag to point 10 and release.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
Note: When you create closed segments in the XY plane (plan view), you will usually
create them in a clockwise direction. Clockwise segments are regarded as an area of
inclusion, and give expected results when you intersect them with other clockwise
segments.
13. Choose File > Save > string/DTM.
14. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
Next, you will delete some points to make the outline more convex.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
20. Hold the CTRL key down and click several points as shown.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
Design grade displays the current design gradient . Next, you will set the
string number for the the next pit outline, in this case, the top of the pit.
Note: This step is optional.
24. From the Status Bar at the bottom of the Surpac window, click Design string.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
The segments representing the top and bottom of the pit are displayed.
30. Hold down the right mouse key and drag down or to the left to zoom out.
31. Choose Display > 2D Grid.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
This procedure can be useful for determining the limits of a block model. Next, you will
create a DTM from this data.
33. Choose Surfaces > Create DTM from Layer.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
35. If you see a break line error, inspect the pit crest outline for crossing lines and delete
points where the lines cross as follows:
36. Choose Surfaces > Create DTM from Layer, and then click Apply.
37. Choose Display > 3D Grid.
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
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A Simple Example Task: Create a Simple Pit Design
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this task run _01_simple_pit.tcl. You will need to click
Apply on any forms presented.
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Data Preparation Task: View Geological Outlines
Data Preparation
Geological Outlines
Task: View Geological Outlines
1. Open zon1.str.
This file contains a range of geological slices taken through a solid of an ore body.
2. Click .
3. Choose View > Viewing planes > Define viewing planes.
4. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
5. Choose View > Viewing planes > Next section or click the Next section icon to move
the viewing slice through the data.
6. Choose View > Viewing planes > Remove viewing / cutting planes to restore the initial
view of the data.
Note: Geological outlines are a good source of information when performing pit design. They can
be obtained from slicing a geological model (solid or wireframe) or taken from bench by bench
interpretations.
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Whittle String File Interface
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this task run _02_view_geological_outlines.tcl. You will
need to click Apply on any forms presented.
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Whittle String File Interface
3. Open whit28.str.
You may want to use the two whittle files because they represent a two stage pit design.
In this case, whittle16 will be mined first and then a cutback will be done to mine
whittle28. Whittle28 is mainly an expansion of whittle16 to the south with only a little
area remaining in the north that would not be practical to mine in the cutback. By
comparing the two files during the pit design, any part of whittle28 to the north could be
included in whittle16 and mined at the same time.
5. Click Reset graphics .
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Surpac Block Model
6. Open wmod915.str.
This file is a combination of whittle16, whittle28 and the geological outlines at the 915
elevation.
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this task run _03_view_whittle_strings.tcl.
You will need to click Apply on any forms presented.
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Surpac Block Model
4. Click Apply.
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Surpac Block Model
8. Choose Block model > Constraints > Remove all graphical constraints.
9. Choose Block model > Constraints > New graphical constraint.
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Surpac Block Model
11. Choose Block model > Display > Colour model by attribute.
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Surpac Block Model
12. Enter the information as shown, click Scan and then click Apply.
The two Whittle pit shells 16 and 28 can now be seen displayed in different colours.
13. Choose Block model > Export > Block faces to DTM.
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Surpac Block Model
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Surpac Block Model
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Surpac Block Model
There are two results produced by the Slice Object function. The first result is a range of
string files called wmb885 to wmb1085 in increments of 10 which contain the extracted
horizontal sections. These files are saved to disk. The second result is a layer called slice
which contains the extracted sections. If required, you can activate this layer and save all
the sections to a single file.
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Data Preparation Task: View Whittle Outlines from the Surpac Block Model
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this task run _04_view_whittle_blockmodel.tcl. You will
need to click Apply on any forms presented.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Load the Constrained Block Model
4. Click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Load the Constrained Block Model
7. Click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Load the Constrained Block Model
You will use this macro later to change views of the data.
10. Choose Block model > Display > Colour model by attribute.
11. Enter the information as shown, click Scan, and then click Apply.
12. Choose Block model > Constraints > New graphical constraint.
13. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Load the Constrained Block Model
This shows all the blocks within Pit 28, between 880 and 890 elevations, coloured on gold
grade.
14. Click the macro record icon to end recording.
Next you will look at which blocks belong to the 16 pit and which belong to the 28 pit.
15. Click the macro record icon .
16. Enter the name pits and click Apply.
17. Choose Block model > Display > Colour model by attribute.
18. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Define the Starting String
19. Click the macro record icon to stop recording the macro.
Note: You can change between the two views of the data by running grade.tcl or
pits.tcl at the function prompt.
From previous analysis of the Whittle pit shells, we have decided to design the pit in two
phases. The first phase will be to the limits of Pit #16 to the south, and Pit #28 to the west,
north and east. The second phase of the pit design will be a push back to the south of the
first phase design to excavate the material between Whittle Pit #16 and 28.
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this section, run _05_load_constrained_
blockmodel.tcl. You will need to click Apply on any forms presented.
1. Open bas880.str.
2. Choose View > Zoom > Out.
3. In the Function Chooser, type HOF, and press ENTER.
The base is at an elevation of 880 and the blocks are between 880 and 890. For this
reason, if we had left Hide On we would not be able to see the base where it passes below
the blocks. With Hide Off, you should be able to see the whole outline, as shown.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Define Slopes and Berm Widths
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Define Slopes and Berm Widths
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Define Slopes and Berm Widths
The slope strings have a value in the first description field that defines the batter angle to
be applied within that polygon.
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this section, run _07_define_slope_berm_
width.tcl. You will need to click Apply on any forms presented.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Define Ramps
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Create Crests and Toes
The base is expanded up by 10 metres vertically at the slope angles defined in the slopes
string file, and the ramp is designed anti-clockwise at the gradient of 15%, as shown
below:
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Create Crests and Toes
When designing pits from the base up, if any pit outlines are to be modified, (eg. to
capture more ore) it is always the toe outline that is adjusted.
Caution: Adjusting outlines can can exceed maximum pit slope. Always check that the
maximum slope angle is not exceeded when adjusting outlines.
4. Choose Expand string > By berm width.
5. In response to the prompt: Select the string to be expanded, click string 2.
6. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
This will create a 5 metre berm. In addition to defining berms of fixed width around the
whole pit, berm widths can also be taken from the slope string file or from the second
description field of all points on the outline being expanded. In this way berm widths can
vary in different positions in the pit.
The result of the berm width function is shown below. Note the different berm crossing
characteristics at the ramp crest and toe.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Create Crests and Toes
Before you decide whether to adjust this outline in order to match the Whittle pit as
closely as possible, you should show the Whittle pit blocks and geology on the bench
above, ie. the blocks between 890 and 900.
Each time you expand a string or segment it is good practice to check the resulting line for
any undesirable geometry. It is most common in areas where the pit outline contracts
rather than expands at the apex of acute angles. These may develop anywhere where the
outline has a high level of curvature. These instances may be corrected using the regular
string editing tools during the design.
7. Choose Block model > Constraints > Remove last graphical constraint.
8. Choose Block model > Constraints > New graphical constraint.
9. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Create Crests and Toes
You will go up one more bench before extending the pit outline to the north in order to
capture the ore which is outside the present pit outline.
10. Choose Expand string > By bench height.
The default values are the last entered values and therefore are correct for a 10 metre
bench height.
11. Click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Create Crests and Toes
In this instance, a small concave face has been formed on the east side of the pit.
13. Use the string editing tools (point move) to straighten the wall as shown.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Create Crests and Toes
Next you will display the Whittle pit blocks and geological model from 900 to 910
elevations.
14. Choose Block model > Constraints > Remove last graphical constraint.
15. Choose Block model > Constraints > New graphical constraint.
16. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Edit the Design
The outline of the Pit at the current level may be edited using Surpac's regular editing
tools at any time during the design process. As mentioned earlier, modifying the design
usually takes place following expand by berm width, to ensure a valid design is
maintained.
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this section, run _09_expand_bench_
height_berm_width.tcl. You will need to click Apply on any forms presented.
1. From the Edit menu, select a combination of the Point Move and Point Insert functions
to move and create points on the 900 toe outline until the toe resembles the image
below.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Edit the Design
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Edit the Design
7. Choose Block model > Constraints > Remove last graphical constraint.
This removes the last added constraint and in this case will bring back all pit 28 blocks.
8. Choose Block model > Constraints > New graphical constraint.
9. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Edit the Design
10. From the Edit menu, select a combination of the Point Move and Point Insert functions
to move and create points on the 910 toe outline until the toe looks approximately as
shown below.
Note: You can use your own judgement to shape these changes. The images shown
here are only a guide.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Edit the Design
You will now widen the ramp to 20 meters and change its gradient to 10%, in preparation
for a switchback.
Note: The Undo and Redo functions work extremely well when doing pit design. If
geometrical problems are encountered during the design, simply undo the last function
and then fix the area that caused the problem. Re-invoke the function and the new
outline should be created without the geometrical problem. This is a much better
technique than trying to fix the geometrical problem by editing the string after the
problem occurs.
11. Choose Pit design > Ramp properties.
12. Click any point on the outermost pit outline (ie. the 910 toe).
13. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
Note: In preparation for the upcoming switchback you will also change the Berm
crossing method to exit at crest so there is still a way to access the berm after putting in
the switchback.
14. Choose Expand string > By bench height.
15. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Edit the Design
18. Choose Block model > Constraints > Remove last graphical constraint.
19. Choose Block model > Constraints > New graphical constraint.
20. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Edit the Design
The block model between the elevations 920 and 930 is displayed.
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Basic Pit Design Tools Task: Edit the Design
Note: When performing the pit design, newly created design data is retained in
memory only, and is saved to the hard drive only when the Save File function is explicitly
chosen. To avoid the potential loss of work, your design should be saved regularly using
the Save File function.
Note: To see the end result of all of the steps performed in this section, run _10_edit_
design_and_ramp.tcl.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Restart a Pit Design
Note: This time you are loading the constrained model created in the previous section.
5. Choose Block model > Display.
6. Open pit928.con.
7. Run grade.tcl to set the colours by gold values.
8. Choose Block model > Constraints > New graphical constraint.
9. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
This will put the slope strings in a separate layer called slope strings layer. You are now
back to where you were before. The next step will be to define the ramp and continue
with the design. Before you do that you will modify the pit by using the design tools to
insert a switchback.
Note: To see the end result of all of the steps performed in this section, run _11_
restart_pit_design.tcl.
Note: String 99 is a temporary string number, which distinguishes the point or string
from others used in the design. It will be used here to generate a point at a specific
location, then a point from the pit outline will be snapped to it.
4. Choose Create > Points > By angle.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
5. Click the inside point and then the outside point as shown.
This will locate a new point for string 99, at an angle of 180 deg, and 20 metres from a
setup point.
7. From the Edit menu, choose Snap point from the status toolbar, then Move point.
Move the point shown to the new string 99 point.
This will position it correctly in order to start the ramp again and continue the design.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
11. From the Edit menu, select Point, then insert point and move point functions to design
the turnaround zone.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
Notice that the pit outline includes all of the Whittle outline so we will not adjust the toe
on this bench.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
24. Choose Block model > Constraints > Remove last graphical constraint.
25. Choose Block model > Constraints > New graphical constraint.
26. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
27. Extend the toe outline at the north end to capture the ore on this bench.
28. Use Expand String >>By bench heightand Expand String >>By berm widthto create the
950 toe.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
30. From the Pit design menu, select Ramp properties, and Delete the existing ramp.
31. From the Pit design menu, select New ramp to define a new ramp with properties as
before, except with an anti-clockwise direction.
32. Continue to the next toe at 960. Update the block model display. Your design should
resemble the image shown below.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
33. Continue using Expand string By bench height and Expand string By berm width for 2
more benches, until you reach the 980 elevation toe, as shown below.
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Additional Pit Design Tools Task: Design a Switchback
Note: To see the end result of all of the steps performed in this section,run _12_
design_switchbacks.tcl.
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Creating a DTM of a Pit Design Task: Clean Pit Design Strings
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Creating a DTM of a Pit Design Task: Clean Pit Design Strings
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Creating a DTM of a Pit Design Task: Create a DTM of a Pit Design
Note: If you continue to have intersections, you may wish to clean them manually
using the string edit tools in graphics.
10. When you are sure you have no intersections, save your file as pitdesign2.str
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Creating a DTM of a Pit Design Task: Create a DTM of a Pit Design
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Creating a DTM of a Pit Design Task: Create a DTM of a Pit Design
7. Choose Solids > Display > Condense colouring to give sharp boundaries to the colour
bands.
The pit with colour banding is displayed.
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Intersect Pit Design with Surface Topography Task: Intersect Pit Design and Topography
6. Open pit980.str.
A common way to intersect the design with the surface is to extend the design above the
topography.
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Intersect Pit Design with Surface Topography Task: Intersect Pit Design and Topography
7. Open pit1050.dtm.
This has been created by using the pit design tools previously described to extend the
design from the 980 elevation so that it is above the topography.
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Intersect Pit Design with Surface Topography Task: Intersect Pit Design and Topography
8. Open pit_topo_intersection.str.
The line of intersection between the pit design and the topography has been created by
using Surfaces > Clip or Intersect DTMs > Line of intersection between DTMs.
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Intersect Pit Design with Surface Topography Task: Intersect Pit Design and Topography
Note: To see all of the steps described in this section, run _13_intersect_design_and_
topo.tcl. You will need to click Apply on any forms presented.
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Grade and Tonnage Calculations Task: Create a Block Model Constraint of Material in a Pit
Note: The constraint file pit_design2.con is created, which is a list of all blocks within
this constraint.
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Grade and Tonnage Calculations Task: Create a Block Model Constraint of Material in a Pit
8. Spin the model around to see the blocks coloured by gold grade.
Most of the blocks are waste (gold=0), and are coloured dark blue.
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this section, run _15_create_pit_
constraint.tcl. You will need to click Apply on any forms presented.
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Grade and Tonnage Calculations Task: Calculate Grade and Tonnage of Material in Pit
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Grade and Tonnage Calculations Task: Calculate Grade and Tonnage of Material in Pit
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Grade and Tonnage Calculations Task: Calculate Grade and Tonnage of Material in Pit
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Grade and Tonnage Calculations Task: Calculate Grade and Tonnage of Material in Pit
Note: Your report should be similar in format, but the numbers may not be exactly the
same.
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this section, run _16_grade_and_
tonnage.tcl. You will need to click Apply on any forms presented.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
2. Open dcl1.str.
The image shown below is displayed.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
3. Open dtop1045.str.
4. Rescale the screen using a combination of window, zoom and pan tools until the screen
looks approximately like the image below:
The top of the dump is approximately 50 metres above the topography, at an elevation
of 1045 metres. The gradient of the centre line will be set during the dump design
process.
5. Choose Pit design > Select slope method.
6. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
14. Following the prompt, select the ramp centre line anywhere where there are no other
strings which you may accidentally snap to.
After selecting the ramp centre line, the dump top outline is modified slightly as shown in
the next image. This change is made to resolve geometry problems at the start of the
ramp.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
Note: In this design you will only have one safety berm at 1025 metres in this dump.
15. Choose Expand string > To elevation, and then click on the dump outline.
16. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
19. Check the point number to identify overlapping and close points.
20. Choose Edit > Point > Delete.
21. Delete any close to or overlapping points.
22. Choose Expand segment > By berm width.
23. Select string 2.
24. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
Now project the dump outline to the DTM of the topographic surface.
Choose Load a DTM surface and load top1, leaving the display DTM at N.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
30. Choose Surfaces > DTM File functions > Create DTM from string file.
31. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
Next you will clip a hole in the topographic surface around the Dump design. For a
boundary string, you will use the Dump design string that lies on the topographic surface
(string #4). Then you will append the clipped topographic string file and dump design
strings, and create a DTM of the surface. To achieve this you will use the previously
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Waste Dump Design Task: Design a Waste Dump
created topographic surface which has already been combined with the pit design strings.
The two files to combine are pit_and_topo2.str and dumpdesign1.str
32. Click the Reset graphics icon.
33. Open pit_and_topo2.str.
The pit and topograhy are displayed.
From the File tools menu, select Apply boundary string and enter the parameters as
shown below.
34. Open dumpdesign1.str to the current layer using the replace option.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Calculate Dump Volume
Note: To see all of the steps performed in this section, run _16_waste_dump_design.tcl. You will
need to click Apply on any forms presented.
Task: Calculate Dump Volume
Now you will calculate the total volume of the dump.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Calculate Dump Volume
The form below gives you the option of saving the DTM clipped within the boundary
string. This is done for visualization purposes as this allows you to colour the dump
differently to the surrounding topography.
Note: As a general rule of thumb you should only use clipped DTMs for visualization,
and not for other DTM functions.
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Waste Dump Design Task: Calculate Dump Volume
Upon applying the second Save A Modified Dtm form, the volume is calculated and
written to a note file called top1.not.
4. View top1.not in a text editor.
The report is displayed.
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